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Sweeney EE, Sekhri P, Telaraja D, Chen J, Chin SJ, Chiappinelli KB, Sanchez CE, Bollard CM, Cruz CRY, Fernandes R. Engineered tumor-specific T cells using immunostimulatory photothermal nanoparticles. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:S1465-3249(23)00094-4. [PMID: 37278683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive T cell therapy (ATCT) has been successful in treating hematological malignancies and is currently under investigation for solid-tumor therapy. In contrast to existing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell and/or antigen-specific T cell approaches, which require known targets, and responsive to the need for targeting a broad repertoire of antigens in solid tumors, we describe the first use of immunostimulatory photothermal nanoparticles to generate tumor-specific T cells. METHODS Specifically, we subject whole tumor cells to Prussian blue nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy (PBNP-PTT) before culturing with dendritic cells (DCs), and subsequent stimulation of T cells. This strategy differs from previous approaches using tumor cell lysates because we use nanoparticles to mediate thermal and immunogenic cell death in tumor cells, rendering them enhanced antigen sources. RESULTS In proof-of-concept studies using two glioblastoma (GBM) tumor cell lines, we first demonstrated that when PBNP-PTT was administered at a "thermal dose" targeted to induce the immunogenicity of U87 GBM cells, we effectively expanded U87-specific T cells. Further, we found that DCs cultured ex vivo with PBNP-PTT-treated U87 cells enabled 9- to 30-fold expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Upon co-culture with target U87 cells, these T cells secreted interferon-ɣ in a tumor-specific and dose-dependent manner (up to 647-fold over controls). Furthermore, T cells manufactured using PBNP-PTT ex vivo expansion elicited specific cytolytic activity against target U87 cells (donor-dependent 32-93% killing at an effector to target cell (E:T) ratio of 20:1) while sparing normal human astrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the same donors. In contrast, T cells generated using U87 cell lysates expanded only 6- to 24-fold and killed 2- to 3-fold less U87 target cells at matched E:T ratios compared with T cell products expanded using the PBNP-PTT approach. These results were reproducible even when a different GBM cell line (SNB19) was used, wherein the PBNP-PTT-mediated approach resulted in a 7- to 39-fold expansion of T cells, which elicited 25-66% killing of the SNB19 cells at an E:T ratio of 20:1, depending on the donor. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide proof-of-concept data supporting the use of PBNP-PTT to stimulate and expand tumor-specific T cells ex vivo for potential use as an adoptive T cell therapy approach for the treatment of patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Sweeney
- George Washington Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Palak Sekhri
- George Washington Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deepti Telaraja
- George Washington Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- George Washington Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samantha J Chin
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine B Chiappinelli
- George Washington Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carlos E Sanchez
- George Washington Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Russell Y Cruz
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Rohan Fernandes
- George Washington Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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2
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Shen S, Wu Q, Liu J, Wu L, Zhang R, Uemura Y, Yu X, Chen L, Liu T. Analysis of human glioma-associated co-inhibitory immune checkpoints in glioma microenvironment and peripheral blood. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211056505. [PMID: 34923867 PMCID: PMC8725225 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211056505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One biomarker for a better therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors is
high expression of checkpoint in tumor microenvironment The purpose of this
study is to investigate the expression of immune checkpoints in human glioma
microenvironment and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. First, single-cell
suspension from 20 fresh high-grade glioma (HGG) specimens were obtained, and
analyzed for lymphocyte composition, then six co-inhibitory immune checkpoints
were analyzed at the same time. Second, 36 PBMC specimens isolated from HGG
blood samples were analyzed for the same items. In GME, there were four distinct
subtypes of cells, among them, immune cells accounted for an average of 51.3%.
The myeloid cell population (CD11b+) was the most common immune cell
identified, accounting for 36.14% on average; the remaining were most
CD3+CD4+ and
CD3+/CD8−/CD4− T lymphocytes. In these
cells, we detected the expression of BTLA, LAG3, Tim-3, CTLA-4, and VISTA on
varying degrees. While in PBMCs, the result showed that when compared with
healthy volunteers, the proportion of NK cells decreased significantly in HGG
samples (p < 0.01). Moreover, the expression of BTLA, LAG3,
and Tim-3 in CD45+ immune cells in PBMC was more remarkable in glioma
samples. In conclusion, the CD11b+ myeloid cells were the predominant
immune cells in GME. Moreover, some immune checkpoints displayed a more
remarkable expression on the immune cells in GME. And the profile of checkpoint
expression in PBMC was partially consistent with that in GME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Centre, 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyan Wu
- Institute of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Centre, 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Centre, 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Institute of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Centre, 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Centre, 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Centre, 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Institute of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Centre, 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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3
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El Baba R, Herbein G. Immune Landscape of CMV Infection in Cancer Patients: From "Canonical" Diseases Toward Virus-Elicited Oncomodulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730765. [PMID: 34566995 PMCID: PMC8456041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an immensely pervasive herpesvirus, persistently infecting high percentages of the world population. Despite the apparent robust host immune responses, HCMV is capable of replicating, evading host defenses, and establishing latency throughout life by developing multiple immune-modulatory strategies. HCMV has coexisted with humans mounting various mechanisms to evade immune cells and effectively win the HCMV-immune system battle mainly through maintaining its viral genome, impairing HLA Class I and II molecule expression, evading from natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity, interfering with cellular signaling, inhibiting apoptosis, escaping complement attack, and stimulating immunosuppressive cytokines (immune tolerance). HCMV expresses several gene products that modulate the host immune response and promote modifications in non-coding RNA and regulatory proteins. These changes are linked to several complications, such as immunosenescence and malignant phenotypes leading to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and oncomodulation. Hence, tumor survival is promoted by affecting cellular proliferation and survival, invasion, immune evasion, immunosuppression, and giving rise to angiogenic factors. Viewing HCMV-induced evasion mechanisms will play a principal role in developing novel adapted therapeutic approaches against HCMV, especially since immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer therapeutic strategies. Since tumors acquire immune evasion strategies, anti-tumor immunity could be prominently triggered by multimodal strategies to induce, on one side, immunogenic tumor apoptosis and to actively oppose the immune suppressive microenvironment, on the other side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranim El Baba
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Franche-Comté UBFC, Besançon, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Franche-Comté UBFC, Besançon, France
- Department of Virology, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Besançon (CHRU) Besançon, Besancon, France
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4
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Briones J, Espulgar W, Koyama S, Takamatsu H, Tamiya E, Saito M. The future of microfluidics in immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:895-910. [PMID: 33110208 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidic techniques have enabled researchers to study sensitivities to immune checkpoint therapy, to determine patients' response to particular antibody treatment. Utilization of this technology is helpful in antibody discovery and in the design of personalized medicine. A variety of microfluidic approaches can provide several functions in processes such as immunologic, genomic, and/or transcriptomic analysis with the aim of improving the efficacy and coverage of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). To achieve this requires researchers to overcome the challenges in the current state of the technology. This review looks into the advancements in microfluidic technologies applied to researches on immune checkpoint blockade treatment and its potential shift from proof-of-principle stage to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Briones
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wilfred Espulgar
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- AIST PhotoBIO-OIL, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,AIST PhotoBIO-OIL, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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5
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Shen S, Chen L, Liu J, Yang L, Zhang M, Wang L, Zhang R, Uemura Y, Wu Q, Yu X, Liu T. Current state and future of co-inhibitory immune checkpoints for the treatment of glioblastoma. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:555-568. [PMID: 32944390 PMCID: PMC7476097 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the interaction between a tumor and the immune system, immune checkpoints play an important role, and in tumor immune escape, co-inhibitory immune checkpoints are important. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can enhance the immune system’s killing effect on tumors. To date, impressive progress has been made in a variety of tumor treatments; PD1/PDL1 and CTLA4 inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in some tumors. However, glioblastoma (GBM) still lacks an effective treatment. Recently, a phase III clinical trial using nivolumab to treat recurrent GBM showed no significant improvement in overall survival compared to bevacizumab. Therefore, the use of immune checkpoints in the treatment of GBM still faces many challenges. First, to clarify the mechanism of action, how different immune checkpoints play roles in tumor escape needs to be determined; which biomarkers predict a benefit from ICIs treatment and the therapeutic implications for GBM based on experiences in other tumors also need to be determined. Second, to optimize combination therapies, how different types of immune checkpoints are selected for combined application and whether combinations with targeted agents or other immunotherapies exhibit increased efficacy need to be addressed. All of these concerns require extensive basic research and clinical trials. In this study, we reviewed existing knowledge with respect to the issues mentioned above and the progress made in treatments, summarized the state of ICIs in preclinical studies and clinical trials involving GBM, and speculated on the therapeutic prospects of ICIs in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Pediatric Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lingxiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Qiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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6
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Ding Q, Shen L, Nie X, Lu B, Pan X, Su Z, Yan A, Yan R, Zhou Y, Li L, Xu J. MiR-223-3p overexpression inhibits cell proliferation and migration by regulating inflammation-associated cytokines in glioblastomas. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1330-1339. [PMID: 30033329 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma(GBM) is most common brain tumor in adults. Currently standard treatments have limited effect to increase the survival, because there are still largely unclear mechanisms in glioblastoma development. miR-223 was involved in various types of cancer, however, the function of miR-223-3p in GBM was still unclear. In our study, real-time PCR was performed to exam the expression level of miR-223-3p and NLRP3 (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor family PYRIN domain containing-3) in GBM tissues. Following that, mimic or inhibitor of miR-223-3p were used to modulate miR-223-3p expression in GBM cell lines respectively. Then, we analyzed cell proliferation and migration by cell counting kit and transwell assay. Further, western blot was performed to detect several inflammation-associated cytokines level in GBM cell lines. We found that miR-223-3p was decreased but NLRP3 was increased in GBM tissues. Treatment with miR-223-3p mimic inhibits cell proliferation and migration via decreasing several inflammation-associated cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8 and IL-18. Importantly, these effects induced by miR-223-3p could be attenuated by NLRP3 overexpression, which was considered as one of target genes of miR-223-3p. In conclusion, these results indicated that miR-223-3p might act as a suppressor and a potential therapy target of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Ding
- Department of Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi Road 198, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi Road 198, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohu Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi Road 198, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi Road 198, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuyan Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi Road 198, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongzhou Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi Road 198, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ai Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi Road 198, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renfu Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi Road 198, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi Road 198, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi Road 198, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Sonali, Viswanadh MK, Singh RP, Agrawal P, Mehata AK, Pawde DM, Narendra, Sonkar R, Muthu MS. Nanotheranostics: Emerging Strategies for Early Diagnosis and Therapy of Brain Cancer. Nanotheranostics 2018; 2:70-86. [PMID: 29291164 PMCID: PMC5743839 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotheranostics have demonstrated the development of advanced platforms that can diagnose brain cancer at early stages, initiate first-line therapy, monitor it, and if needed, rapidly start subsequent treatments. In brain nanotheranostics, therapeutic as well as diagnostic entities are loaded in a single nanoplatform, which can be further developed as a clinical formulation for targeting various modes of brain cancer. In the present review, we concerned about theranostic nanosystems established till now in the research field. These include gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles and dendrimers for the advanced detection and treatment of brain cancer with advanced features. Also, we included the role of three-dimensional models of the BBB and cancer stem cell concept for the advanced characterization of nanotheranostic systems for the unification of diagnosis and treatment of brain cancer. In future, brain nanotheranostics will be able to provide personalized treatment which can make brain cancer even remediable or at least treatable at the primary stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Matte Kasi Viswanadh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Rahul Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Poornima Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Abhishesh Kumar Mehata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Datta Maroti Pawde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Narendra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Roshan Sonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Madaswamy Sona Muthu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi - 221005, India
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8
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Co-delivery of tumor-derived exosomes with alpha-galactosylceramide on dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 411:182-190. [PMID: 28947140 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine-based immunotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has shown apparent benefit in animal experiments and early-phase clinical trials, but the survival benefit is variable. In this work, we analyzed the mechanism of the potent antitumor immune response induced in vivo by tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific DCs with an invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell adjuvant in orthotopic glioblastoma-bearing rats vaccinated with tumor-derived exosomes and α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) -pulsed DCs. Compared with traditional tumor lysate, exosomes were utilized as a more potent antigen to load DCs. iNKT cells, as an effective cellular adjuvant activated by α-GalCer, strengthened TAA presentation through their interaction with DCs. Co-delivery of tumor-derived exosomes with α-GalCer on a DC-based vaccine showed powerful effects in glioblastoma immunotherapy. This vaccine induced strong activation and proliferation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, synergistically breaking the immune tolerance and improving the immunosuppressive environment.
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9
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Insights into molecular therapy of glioma: current challenges and next generation blueprint. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:591-613. [PMID: 28317871 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma accounts for the majority of human brain tumors. With prevailing treatment regimens, the patients have poor survival rates. In spite of current development in mainstream glioma therapy, a cure for glioma appears to be out of reach. The infiltrative nature of glioma and acquired resistance substancially restrict the therapeutic options. Better elucidation of the complicated pathobiology of glioma and proteogenomic characterization might eventually open novel avenues for the design of more sophisticated and effective combination regimens. This could be accomplished by individually tailoring progressive neuroimaging techniques, terminating DNA synthesis with prodrug-activating genes, silencing gliomagenesis genes (gene therapy), targeting miRNA oncogenic activity (miRNA-mRNA interaction), combining Hedgehog-Gli/Akt inhibitors with stem cell therapy, employing tumor lysates as antigen sources for efficient depletion of tumor-specific cancer stem cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (dendritic cell vaccination), adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells, and combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with conventional therapeutic modalities. Thus, the present review captures the latest trends associated with the molecular mechanisms involved in glial tumorigenesis as well as the limitations of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. In this article we also critically discuss the next generation molecular therapeutic strategies and their mechanisms for the successful treatment of glioma.
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10
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Bing ZT, Yang GH, Xiong J, Guo L, Yang L. Identify signature regulatory network for glioblastoma prognosis by integrative mRNA and miRNA co-expression analysis. IET Syst Biol 2016; 10:244-251. [PMID: 27879479 PMCID: PMC8687286 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2016.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor in adults. Patients with this disease have a poor prognosis. The objective of this study is to identify survival-related individual genes (or miRNAs) and miRNA -mRNA pairs in GBM using a multi-step approach. First, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis and survival analysis are applied to identify survival-related modules from mRNA and miRNA expression profiles, respectively. Subsequently, the role of individual genes (or miRNAs) within these modules in GBM prognosis are highlighted using survival analysis. Finally, the integration analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression as well as miRNA target prediction is used to identify survival-related miRNA -mRNA regulatory network. In this study, five genes and two miRNA modules that significantly correlated to patient's survival. In addition, many individual genes (or miRNAs) assigned to these modules were found to be closely linked with survival. For instance, increased expression of neuropilin-1 gene (a member of module turquoise) indicated poor prognosis for patients and a group of miRNA -mRNA regulatory networks that comprised 38 survival-related miRNA -mRNA pairs. These findings provide a new insight into the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Tong Bing
- Department of Computational Physics, Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hui Yang
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Guo
- College of Electrical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Computational Physics, Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Dunn-Pirio AM, Vlahovic G. Immunotherapy approaches in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Cancer 2016; 123:734-750. [PMID: 27875627 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Despite standard-of-care treatment, consisting of maximal surgical resection followed by chemoradiation, both morbidity and mortality associated with this disease remain very poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more efficacious and well tolerated therapies. Advancing knowledge of the intricate interplay between malignant gliomas and the immune system, coupled with the recent launch of immunotherapy research for other cancers, has led to a veritable increase in immunotherapy investigation for glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas. This clinical review highlights the recent breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy and the complex correlation of the immune system with primary brain tumors, with special attention to multiple immunotherapy modalities currently being investigated for malignant glioma, including peptide vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, oncolytic viruses, chimeric T-cell receptors, and checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer 2017;123:734-50. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasie M Dunn-Pirio
- The Preston Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gordana Vlahovic
- The Preston Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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12
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Sayour EJ, De Leon G, Pham C, Grippin A, Kemeny H, Chua J, Huang J, Sampson JH, Sanchez-Perez L, Flores C, Mitchell DA. Systemic activation of antigen-presenting cells via RNA-loaded nanoparticles. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1256527. [PMID: 28197373 PMCID: PMC5283636 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1256527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While RNA-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown promise, the advancement of cellular therapeutics is fraught with developmental challenges. To circumvent the challenges of cellular immunotherapeutics, we developed clinically translatable nanoliposomes that can be combined with tumor-derived RNA to generate personalized tumor RNA-nanoparticles (NPs) with considerable scale-up capacity. RNA-NPs bypass MHC restriction, are amenable to central distribution, and can provide near immediate immune induction. We screened commercially available nanoliposomal preparations and identified the cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) as an efficient mRNA courier to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). When administered intravenously, RNA-NPs mediate systemic activation of APCs in reticuloendothelial organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. RNA-NPs increase percent expression of MHC class I/II, B7 co-stimulatory molecules, and maturation markers on APCs (all vital for T-cell activation). RNA-NPs also increase activation markers on tumor APCs and elicit potent expansion of antigen-specific T-cells superior to peptide vaccines formulated in complete Freund's adjuvant. We demonstrate that both model antigen-encoding and physiologically-relevant tumor-derived RNA-NPs expand potent antitumor T-cell immunity. RNA-NPs were shown to induce antitumor efficacy in a vaccine model and functioned as a suitable alternative to DCs in a stringent cellular immunotherapy model for a radiation/temozolomide resistant invasive murine high-grade glioma. Although cancer vaccines have suffered from weak immunogenicity, we have advanced a RNA-NP formulation that systemically activates host APCs precipitating activated T-cell frequencies necessary to engender antitumor efficacy. RNA-NPs can thus be harnessed as a more feasible and effective immunotherapy to re-program host-immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias J Sayour
- Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gabriel De Leon
- Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christina Pham
- Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam Grippin
- Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hanna Kemeny
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua Chua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John H Sampson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Catherine Flores
- Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
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Zhang L, Yang X, Sun Z, Li J, Zhu H, Li J, Pang Y. Dendritic cell vaccine and cytokine-induced killer cell therapy for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2605-2610. [PMID: 27073525 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the survival time, immune response and safety of a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy (DC-CIK) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The present retrospective study enrolled 507 patients with advanced NSCLC; 99 patients received DC-CIK [immunotherapy group (group I)] and 408 matched patients did not receive DC-CIK, and acted as the control [non-immunotherapy group (group NI)]. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), quality of life (QOL) and safety were analyzed in group I. The follow-up period for the two groups was 489.2±160.4 days. The overall survival (OS) time was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. DTH was observed in 59 out of 97 evaluated patients (60.8%) and 67 out of 98 evaluated patients (68.4%) possessed an improved QOL. Fever and a skin rash occurred in 36 out of 98 patients (36.7%) and 7 out of 98 patients (7.1%) in group I. DTH occurred more frequently in patients with squamous cell carcinoma compared with patients with adenocarcinoma (77.1 vs. 40.4%; P=0.0013). Radiotherapy was not associated with DC-CIK-induced DTH (72.7 vs. 79.6%; P=0.18), but chemotherapy significantly reduced the rate of DTH (18.2 vs. 79.6%; P=0.00). The OS time was significantly increased in group I compared with group NI (P=0.03). In conclusion, DC-CIK may induce an immune response against NSCLC, improve the QOL, and prolong the OS time of patients, without adverse effects. Therefore, the present study recommends DC-CIK for the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China; Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medicine Centre, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China
| | - Xuejing Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medicine Centre, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China; Shanghai Claison Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201201, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medicine Centre, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China; Shanghai Claison Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201201, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medicine Centre, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medicine Centre, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medicine Centre, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China
| | - Yan Pang
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medicine Centre, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China
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Pham CD, Flores C, Yang C, Pinheiro EM, Yearley JH, Sayour EJ, Pei Y, Moore C, McLendon RE, Huang J, Sampson JH, Wechsler-Reya R, Mitchell DA. Differential Immune Microenvironments and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade among Molecular Subtypes of Murine Medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:582-95. [PMID: 26405194 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite significant strides in the identification and characterization of potential therapeutic targets for medulloblastoma, the role of the immune system and its interplay with the tumor microenvironment within these tumors are poorly understood. To address this, we adapted two syngeneic animal models of human Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-driven and group 3 medulloblastoma for preclinical evaluation in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS Multicolor flow cytometric analyses were used to phenotype and characterize immune infiltrating cells within established cerebellar tumors. We observed significantly higher percentages of dendritic cells, infiltrating lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages in murine SHH model tumors compared with group 3 tumors. However, murine group 3 tumors had higher percentages of CD8(+) PD-1(+) T cells within the CD3 population. PD-1 blockade conferred superior antitumor efficacy in animals bearing intracranial group 3 tumors compared with SHH group tumors, indicating that immunologic differences within the tumor microenvironment can be leveraged as potential targets to mediate antitumor efficacy. Further analysis of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody localization revealed binding to PD-1(+) peripheral T cells, but not tumor infiltrating lymphocytes within the brain tumor microenvironment. Peripheral PD-1 blockade additionally resulted in a marked increase in CD3(+) T cells within the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first immunologic characterization of preclinical models of molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma and demonstration that response to immune checkpoint blockade differs across subtype classification. Our findings also suggest that effective anti-PD-1 blockade does not require that systemically administered antibodies penetrate the brain tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Pham
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Catherine Flores
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Changlin Yang
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | | | - Elias J Sayour
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yanxin Pei
- Cancer and Immunology Department, Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Colin Moore
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jianping Huang
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John H Sampson
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
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16
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Everson RG, Antonios JP, Lisiero DN, Soto H, Scharnweber R, Garrett MC, Yong WH, Li N, Li G, Kruse CA, Liau LM, Prins RM. Efficacy of systemic adoptive transfer immunotherapy targeting NY-ESO-1 for glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:368-78. [PMID: 26330563 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is an ideal treatment modality to specifically target the diffusely infiltrative tumor cells of malignant gliomas while sparing the normal brain parenchyma. However, progress in the development of these therapies for glioblastoma has been slow due to the lack of immunogenic antigen targets that are expressed uniformly and selectively by gliomas. METHODS We utilized human glioblastoma cell cultures to induce expression of New York-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (NY-ESO-1) following in vitro treatment with the demethylating agent decitabine. We then investigated the phenotype of lymphocytes specific for NY-ESO-1 using flow cytometry analysis and cytotoxicity against cells treated with decitabine using the xCelligence real-time cytotoxicity assay. Finally, we examined the in vivo application of this immune therapy using an intracranially implanted xenograft model for in situ T cell trafficking, survival, and tissue studies. RESULTS Our studies showed that treatment of intracranial glioma-bearing mice with decitabine reliably and consistently induced the expression of an immunogenic tumor-rejection antigen, NY-ESO-1, specifically in glioma cells and not in normal brain tissue. The upregulation of NY-ESO-1 by intracranial gliomas was associated with the migration of adoptively transferred NY-ESO-1-specific lymphocytes along white matter tracts to these tumors in the brain. Similarly, NY-ESO-1-specific adoptive T cell therapy demonstrated antitumor activity after decitabine treatment and conferred a highly significant survival benefit to mice bearing established intracranial human glioma xenografts. Transfer of NY-ESO-1-specific T cells systemically was superior to intracranial administration and resulted in significantly extended and long-term survival of animals. CONCLUSION These results reveal an innovative, clinically feasible strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Everson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Joseph P Antonios
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Dominique N Lisiero
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Horacio Soto
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Rudi Scharnweber
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Matthew C Garrett
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Carol A Kruse
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
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Alifieris C, Trafalis DT. Glioblastoma multiforme: Pathogenesis and treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:63-82. [PMID: 25944528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Each year, about 5-6 cases out of 100,000 people are diagnosed with primary malignant brain tumors, of which about 80% are malignant gliomas (MGs). Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) accounts for more than half of MG cases. They are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite current multimodality treatment efforts including maximal surgical resection if feasible, followed by a combination of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, the median survival is short: only about 15months. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumors has presented opportunities for newer therapies to evolve and an expectation of better control of this disease. Lately, efforts have been made to investigate tumor resistance, which results from complex alternate signaling pathways, the existence of glioma stem-cells, the influence of the blood-brain barrier as well as the expression of 0(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. In this paper, we review up-to-date information on MGs treatment including current approaches, novel drug-delivering strategies, molecular targeted agents and immunomodulative treatments, and discuss future treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Mitchell DA, Sayour EJ, Reap E, Schmittling R, DeLeon G, Norberg P, Desjardins A, Friedman AH, Friedman HS, Archer G, Sampson JH. Severe adverse immunologic reaction in a patient with glioblastoma receiving autologous dendritic cell vaccines combined with GM-CSF and dose-intensified temozolomide. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 3:320-5. [PMID: 25387895 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination of patients with cancer-targeting tumor-associated antigens is a promising strategy for the specific eradication of invasive malignancies with minimal toxicity to normal tissues. However, as increasingly potent modalities for stimulating immunologic responses are developed for clinical evaluation, the risk of inflammatory and autoimmune toxicities also may be exacerbated. In this report, we describe the induction of a severe (grade 3) immunologic reaction in a patient with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) receiving autologous RNA-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccines admixed with GM-CSF and administered coordinately with cycles of dose-intensified temozolomide. Shortly after the eighth administration of the admixed intradermal vaccine, the patient experienced dizziness, flushing, conjunctivitis, headache, and the outbreak of a disseminated macular/papular rash and bilateral indurated injection sites. Immunologic workup of patient reactivity revealed sensitization to the GM-CSF component of the vaccine and the production of high levels of anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies during vaccination. Removal of GM-CSF from the DC vaccine allowed continued vaccination without incident. Despite the known lymphodepletive and immunosuppressive effects of temozolomide, these observations demonstrate the capacity for the generation of severe immunologic reactivity in patients with GBM receiving DC-based therapy during adjuvant dose-intensified temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane A Mitchell
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
| | - Elias J Sayour
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Elizabeth Reap
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert Schmittling
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gabriel DeLeon
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Pamela Norberg
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Annick Desjardins
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Allan H Friedman
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Henry S Friedman
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gary Archer
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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Vaccine therapies for patients with glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2014; 119:531-46. [PMID: 25163836 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a high-grade glial tumor with an extremely aggressive clinical course and a median overall survival of only 14.6 months following maximum surgical resection and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. A central feature of this disease is local and systemic immunosuppression, and defects in patient immune systems are closely associated with tumor progression. Immunotherapy has emerged as an important adjuvant in the therapeutic armamentarium of clinicians caring for patients with GBM. The fundamental aim of immunotherapy is to augment the host antitumor immune response. Active immunotherapy utilizes vaccines to stimulate adaptive immunity against tumor-associated antigens. A vast array of vaccine strategies have advanced from preclinical study to active clinical trials in patients with recurrent or newly diagnosed GBM, including those that employ peptides, heat shock proteins, autologous tumor cells, and dendritic cells. In this review, the rationale for glioma immunotherapy is outlined, and the prevailing forms of vaccine therapy are described.
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Tarassishin L, Casper D, Lee SC. Aberrant expression of interleukin-1β and inflammasome activation in human malignant gliomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103432. [PMID: 25054228 PMCID: PMC4108401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant form of primary brain tumor with grave prognosis. Mounting evidence supports that chronic inflammation (such as chronic overactivation of IL-1 system) is a crucial event in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. IL-1 also is an important cytokine with species-dependent regulations and roles in CNS cell activation. While much attention is paid to specific anti-tumor immunity, little is known about the role of chronic inflammation/innate immunity in glioma pathogenesis. In this study, we examined whether human astrocytic cells (including malignant gliomas) can produce IL-1 and its role in glioma progression. Methods We used a combination of cell culture, real-time PCR, ELISA, western blot, immunocytochemistry, siRNA and plasmid transfection, micro-RNA analysis, angiogenesis (tube formation) assay, and neurotoxicity assay. Results Glioblastoma cells produced large quantities of IL-1 when activated, resembling macrophages/microglia. The activation signal was provided by IL-1 but not the pathogenic components LPS or poly IC. Glioblastoma cells were highly sensitive to IL-1 stimulation, suggesting its relevance in vivo. In human astrocytes, IL-1β mRNA was not translated to protein. Plasmid transfection also failed to produce IL-1 protein, suggesting active repression. Suppression of microRNAs that can target IL-1α/β did not induce IL-1 protein. Glioblastoma IL-1β processing occurred by the NLRP3 inflammasome, and ATP and nigericin increased IL-1β processing by upregulating NLRP3 expression, similar to macrophages. RNAi of annexin A2, a protein strongly implicated in glioma progression, prevented IL-1 induction, demonstrating its new role in innate immune activation. IL-1 also activated Stat3, a transcription factor crucial in glioma progression. IL-1 activated glioblastoma-conditioned media enhanced angiogenesis and neurotoxicity. Conclusions Our results demonstrate unique, species-dependent immune activation mechanisms involving human astrocytes and astrogliomas. Specifically, the ability to produce IL-1 by glioblastoma cells may confer them a mesenchymal phenotype including increased migratory capacity, unique gene signature and proinflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Tarassishin
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Diana Casper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sunhee C Lee
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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T cells redirected to interleukin-13Rα2 with interleukin-13 mutein--chimeric antigen receptors have anti-glioma activity but also recognize interleukin-13Rα1. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1121-31. [PMID: 24841514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Outcomes for patients with glioblastoma remain poor despite aggressive multimodal therapy. Immunotherapy with genetically modified T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting interleukin (IL) 13Rα2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, epidermal growth factor variant III or erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma A2 has shown promise for the treatment of glioma in preclinical models. On the basis of IL13Rα2 immunotoxins that contain IL13 molecules with one or two amino acid substitutions (IL13 muteins) to confer specificity to IL13Rα2, investigators have constructed CARS with IL13 muteins as antigen-binding domains. Whereas the specificity of IL13 muteins in the context of immunotoxins is well characterized, limited information is available for CAR T cells. METHODS We constructed four second-generation CARs with IL13 muteins with one or two amino acid substitutions, and evaluated the effector function of IL13-mutein CAR T cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS T cells expressing all four CARs recognized IL13Rα1 or IL13Rα2 recombinant protein in contrast to control protein (IL4R) as judged by interferon-γ production. IL13 protein produced significantly more IL2, indicating that IL13 mutein-CAR T cells have a higher affinity to IL13Rα2 than to IL13Rα1. In cytotoxicity assays, CAR T cells killed IL13Rα1- and/or IL13Rα2-positive cells in contrast to IL13Rα1- and IL13Rα2-negative controls. Although we observed no significant differences between IL13 mutein-CAR T cells in vitro, only T cells expressing IL13 mutein-CARs with an E13K amino acid substitution had anti-tumor activity in vivo that resulted in a survival advantage of treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights that the specificity/avidity of ligands is context-dependent and that evaluating CAR T cells in preclinical animal model is critical to assess their potential benefit.
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Wilson TA, Karajannis MA, Harter DH. Glioblastoma multiforme: State of the art and future therapeutics. Surg Neurol Int 2014; 5:64. [PMID: 24991467 PMCID: PMC4078454 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.132138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary malignancy of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the proven benefit of surgical resection and aggressive treatment with chemo- and radiotherapy, the prognosis remains very poor. Recent advances of our understanding of the biology and pathophysiology of GBM have allowed the development of a wide array of novel therapeutic approaches, which have been developed. These novel approaches include molecularly targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and gene therapy. METHODS We offer a brief review of the current standard of care, and a survey of novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of GBM. RESULTS Despite promising results in preclinical trials, many of these therapies have demonstrated limited therapeutic efficacy in human clinical trials. Thus, although survival of patients with GBM continues to slowly improve, treatment of GBM remains extremely challenging. CONCLUSION Continued research and development of targeted therapies, based on a detailed understanding of molecular pathogenesis can reasonably be expected to yield improved outcomes for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - David H Harter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
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Immunomodulatory effects of hemagglutinin- (HA-) modified A20 B-cell lymphoma expanded as a brain tumor on adoptively transferred HA-Specific CD4+ T cells. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:165265. [PMID: 24693228 PMCID: PMC3947776 DOI: 10.1155/2014/165265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, the mouse A20 B-cell lymphoma engineered to express hemagglutinin (HA) antigen (A20HA) was used as a systemic tumor model. In this work, we used the A20HA cells as a brain tumor. HA-specific CD4(+) T cells were transferred intravenously in a tail vein 5 days after A20HA intracranial inoculation and analyzed on days 2, 9, and 16 after the adoptive transfer by different methods. The transferred cells demonstrated state of activation as early as day 2 after the adoptive transfer and most the of viable HA-specific cells became anergic on day 16. Additionally, symptoms of systemic immunosuppression were observed in mice with massive brain tumors at a late stage of the brain tumor progression (days 20-24 after the A20HA inoculation). Despite that, a deal of HA-specific CD4(+) T cells kept the functional activity even at the late stage of A20HA tumor growth. The activated HA-specific CD4(+) T cells were found also in the brain of brain-tumor-bearing mice. These cells were still responding to reactivation with HA-peptide in vitro. Our data support an idea about sufficient role of both the tumor-specific and -nonspecific mechanisms inducing immunosuppression in cancer patients.
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Zhang H, Tian M, Xiu C, Wang Y, Tang G. Enhancement of antitumor activity by combination of tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells and celecoxib in a rat glioma model. Oncol Res 2013; 20:447-55. [PMID: 24308155 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13685487925176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines for treatment of gliomas has emerged as a meaningful and feasible treatment approach for inducing long-term survival, but this approach so far has failed to generate significant clinical responses. In the present study, we demonstrated that glioma lysate-pulsed DCs in combination with celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor, showed more significantly enhanced antitumor activity with increased apoptosis of tumor cells, reduced neovascularization, and developed a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in tumor-bearing rats. Celecoxib may reduce production of prostaglandin E2 and modulate the balance between T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines by increasing the pivotal Thl cytokine interleukin-12 and reducing Th2 cytokine interleukin-10. Taken together, our results demonstrated that selective inhibition of COX-2 using celecoxib combined with DC-based immunotherapy could act as an important novel strategy for improving future treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University School of Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Wolpert F, Tritschler I, Steinle A, Weller M, Eisele G. A disintegrin and metalloproteinases 10 and 17 modulate the immunogenicity of glioblastoma-initiating cells. Neuro Oncol 2013; 16:382-91. [PMID: 24327582 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are emerging reports that the family of a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAM) are involved in the maintenance of the malignant phenotype of glioblastomas. Notably, ADAM proteases 10 and 17 might impair the immune recognition of glioma cells via the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D by cleavage of its ligands from the cell surface. Glioblastoma-initiating cells (GIC) with stem cell properties have been identified as an attractive target for immunotherapy. However, GIC immunogenicity seems to be low. METHODS AND RESULTS Here,we show that ADAM10 and ADAM17 are expressed on the cell surface of GIC and contribute to an immunosuppressive phenotype by cleavage of ULBP2. The cell surface expression of ULBP2 is enhanced upon blocking ADAM10 and ADAM17, and treatment with ADAM10 and ADAM17specific inhibitors leads to enhanced immunerecognition of GIC by natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, ADAM10 and ADAM17 constitute suitable targets to boost an immune response against GIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wolpert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.W., I.T., M.W., G.E.); Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.S.)
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Interferon regulatory factor 3 alters glioma inflammatory and invasive properties. J Neurooncol 2013; 113:185-94. [PMID: 23512614 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, highly malignant primary tumor of the brain with poor prognosis. Even with the improved therapy regimen including temozolomide, the average survival rate is less than 2 years. Additional approaches to therapy targeting multiple aspects of glioma progression are in need. In the present work, we have tested the possibility that upregulation of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) can inhibit glioma invasiveness, proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors in cultures of malignant glioma cell lines (U271, U87 and SNB-19). IRF3 is an essential transcription factor involved in TLR3/4-mediated signaling and generation of type I interferons. Although IRF3 has been suggested as a potential tumor suppressor gene, its role in glioma remains uninvestigated. In this study, we find that human glioma immune activation is potently elicited by a cytokine combination, IL-1/IFNγ (or poly IC), but not by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), similar to primary human astrocytes. GBM biopsy specimens show little detectable IRF3 immunoreactivity, and in vitro adenovirus-mediated IRF3 gene transfer in glioma cells modulates IL-1/IFNγ-induced cytokine and chemokine genes, resulting in upregulation of IFNβ and IP-10 (IRF3-stimulated genes) and downregulation of proinflammatory and angiogenic genes including IL-8, TNFα and VEGF (IRF3-represssed genes). Cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) also induce the expression of miR-155 and miR-155*, the microRNAs crucial in immunity and inflammation-induced oncogenesis and this is dose-dependently suppressed by IRF3. Importantly, IRF3 also inhibits glioma proliferation, migration and invasion. Together, these data suggest that IRF3 can suppress glioma progression. Agents that promote IRF3 activation and expression (such as IRF3 gene transfer) could be explored as potential future therapy.
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Abstract
The outcome for patients with the most common primary brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), remains poor. Several immunotherapeutic approaches are actively being pursued including antibodies and cell-based therapies. While the blood-brain barrier protects brain tumor cells from therapeutic antibodies, immune cells have the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier and migrate into GBM tumors to exert their therapeutic function. Results of Phase I clinical studies with vaccines to induce GBM-specific T cells are encouraging and Phase II clinical trials are in progress. Nonvaccine-based cell therapy for GBM has been actively explored over the last four decades. Here we will review past clinical experience with adoptive cell therapies for GBM and summarize current strategies on how to improve these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chow
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Chang H, Fontenay GV, Han J, Cong G, Baehner FL, Gray JW, Spellman PT, Parvin B. Morphometic analysis of TCGA glioblastoma multiforme. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12:484. [PMID: 22185703 PMCID: PMC3271112 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our goals are to develop a computational histopathology pipeline for characterizing tumor types that are being generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for genomic association. TCGA is a national collaborative program where different tumor types are being collected, and each tumor is being characterized using a variety of genome-wide platforms. Here, we have developed a tumor-centric analytical pipeline to process tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for visualization and cell-by-cell quantitative analysis. Thus far, analysis is limited to Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma tissue sections. The final results are being distributed for subtyping and linking the histology sections to the genomic data. Results A computational pipeline has been designed to continuously update a local image database, with limited clinical information, from an NIH repository. Each image is partitioned into blocks, where each cell in the block is characterized through a multidimensional representation (e.g., nuclear size, cellularity). A subset of morphometric indices, representing potential underlying biological processes, can then be selected for subtyping and genomic association. Simultaneously, these subtypes can also be predictive of the outcome as a result of clinical treatments. Using the cellularity index and nuclear size, the computational pipeline has revealed five subtypes, and one subtype, corresponding to the extreme high cellularity, has shown to be a predictor of survival as a result of a more aggressive therapeutic regime. Further association of this subtype with the corresponding gene expression data has identified enrichment of (i) the immune response and AP-1 signaling pathways, and (ii) IFNG, TGFB1, PKC, Cytokine, and MAPK14 hubs. Conclusion While subtyping is often performed with genome-wide molecular data, we have shown that it can also be applied to categorizing histology sections. Accordingly, we have identified a subtype that is a predictor of the outcome as a result of a therapeutic regime. Computed representation has become publicly available through our Web site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chang
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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Dai XJ, Jiang WJ, Wang WM, Zhao SJ. Drug or vaccine?: selecting the appropriate treatment for malignant glioma patients. Drugs 2010; 70:1477-86. [PMID: 20687616 DOI: 10.2165/11538040-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common and aggressive form of brain tumour. Current combinations of aggressive surgical resection, radiation therapy and chemotherapy regimens do not significantly improve long-term patient survival for these cancers. Therefore, investigative therapies including tumour vaccines have targeted this devastating condition. This article reviews evidence and data on chemotherapy and immunotherapy for a personalized medicine approach in order to enable physicians to select the appropriate treatment for glioma patients. Dendritic cell- and peptide-based therapy for gliomas seems to be safe and without major adverse effects. Gene-modified vaccines have also shown promise in the treatment of malignant gliomas. The concept of 'personalized medicine' is currently important in oncology treatment development. Using a personalized medicine approach, it may be necessary to evaluate the molecular genetic abnormalities in individual patient tumours, and such findings should be the mainstay of immunotherapeutic strategies designed for the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-jun Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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