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Jiang G, Ayaki T, Maki T, Yasuda K, Yoshii D, Kaji S, Takahashi R. Evaluation of BCAS1-positive immature oligodendrocytes after cerebral ischemic stroke and SVD. Neurosci Lett 2023; 812:137405. [PMID: 37479175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic cerebrovascular disease is an important cause of physical disability and dementia. Oligodendrocytes (OLGs), which differentiate from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), are crucial for remyelination of the damaged brain and functional recovery. Breast carcinoma amplified sequence 1 (BCAS1) has recently been shown to be highly expressed in newly formed pre-myelinating oligodendrocytes (pre-mOLGs), while its expression level is reduced in mature OLGs. In this study, we analyzed BCAS1 expression by immunohistochemical analysis of human post-mortem brain tissue from six stroke patients (death within 2 months after stroke onset) and eight small vessel disease (SVD) patients. Control post-mortem brain tissue was from eight age-matched patients without any obvious central nervous system (CNS) pathology. The Olig2 expression in the area corresponding to the same section of the BCAS1-stained slice was analyzed to determine the total oligodendrocyte lineage. The percentage of differentiating OPCs in the oligodendrocyte lineage was calculated as the ratio of BCAS1+ to Olig2+ cells (BCAS1+/Olig2+). The stroke and SVD cases showed demyelination with decreased expression of myelin basic protein (MBP, a mature OLG marker). The stroke cases showed significantly increased numbers of early-stage BCAS1+ cells with an immature morphology and Olig2+ cells (pan-oligodendrocyte lineages) in the peri-infarct areas in both the cortex and white matter, but showed no increase in the number of late-stage BCAS1+ cells with a mature morphology. In contrast, the SVD cases showed no significant increase in Olig2+ and BCAS1+ cells. These results indicated that remyelination dysfunction could be attributed to insufficient maturation of OPCs in stroke and impaired recruitment of OPCs in SVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Ayaki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Yasuda
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshii
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Kaji
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Li L, Li X, Han R, Wu M, Ma Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Li Y. Therapeutic Potential of Chinese Medicine for Endogenous Neurogenesis: A Promising Candidate for Stroke Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050706. [PMID: 37242489 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Strokes are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults worldwide. Extensive preclinical studies have shown that neural-stem-cell-based treatments have great therapeutic potential for stroke. Several studies have confirmed that the effective components of traditional Chinese medicine can protect and maintain the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells through different targets and mechanisms. Therefore, the use of Chinese medicines to activate and promote endogenous nerve regeneration and repair is a potential treatment option for stroke patients. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding neural stem cell strategies for ischemic strokes and the potential effects of these Chinese medicines on neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Rui Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Meirong Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yaolei Ma
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuzhao Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Matta R, Feng Y, Sansing LH, Gonzalez AL. Endothelial cell secreted VEGF-C enhances NSC VEGFR3 expression and promotes NSC survival. Stem Cell Res 2021; 53:102318. [PMID: 33836422 PMCID: PMC8243729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although delivery of neural stem cell (NSC) as a therapeutic treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) provides promise, NSC delivery typically has extremely low survival rates. Here, we investigate endothelial cell (EC) and pericyte (PC) interactions with NSC, where our results demonstrate that EC, and not PC, promote NSC cell proliferation and reduce cytotoxicity under glucose deprivation (GD). Additionally, NSC proliferation was increased upon treatment with EC conditioned media, inhibited with antagonism of VEGFR3. In an NSC + EC coculture we detected elevated levels of VEGF-C, not seen for NSC cultured alone. Exogenous VEGF-C induced NSC upregulation of VEGFR3, promoted proliferation, and reduced cytotoxicity. Finally, we delivered microbeads containing NSC + EC into a murine ICH cavity, where VEGF-C was increasingly present in the injury site, not seen upon delivery NSC encapsulated alone. These studies demonstrate that EC-secreted VEGF-C may promote NSC survival during injury, enhancing the potential for cell delivery therapies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Matta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Anjelica L Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Zhu HF, Shao Y, Qin L, Wang JH, Feng S, Jiang YB, Wan D. Catalpol Enhances Neurogenesis And Inhibits Apoptosis Of New Neurons Via BDNF, But Not The BDNF/Trkb Pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:4145-4157. [PMID: 31849446 PMCID: PMC6911350 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s223322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background The role of catalpol in brain neurogenesis and newborn neuron survival has not been previously determined in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Methods Fifty-four rats were divided into 6 groups: pMCAO (model, n=9); sham operation (NS, n=9); catalpol treatment (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg subgroups, n=9 each); K252a (n=9); and K252a+catalpol 5 mg/kg (n=9) with stroke. The effects of catalpol on behavior, neurogenesis surrounding the infarction ipsilateral to pMCAO, and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor (TrkB) were evaluated. Vehicle or, K252a (i.p.), an inhibitor of TrkB phosphorylase. Results Repeated administration of catalpol reduced neurological deficits and significantly improved neurogenesis. Catalpol increased the number of newborn immature neurons, as determined by BrdU+-Nestin+ and BrdU+-Tuj-1+ staining, and downregulated cleaved caspase 3 in Tuj-1+ cells at day 7 following stroke. Moreover, catalpol increased the protein expression of Tuj-1, MAP2, and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, as determined using Western blot. Catalpol also significantly increased brain levels of BDNF, but not TrkB, resulting in enhanced survival of newborn neurons via inhibition of apoptosis. Conclusion Catalpol may contribute to neurogenesis in infarcted brain regions and help promote the survival of newborn neurons by activating BDNF, but not BDNF/TrkB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Feng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Huan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wan
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
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Ita K. The potential use of transdermal drug delivery for the prophylaxis and management of stroke and coronary artery disease. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:1322-1327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farzaneh M. The Interplay of MicroRNAs in the Inflammatory Mechanisms Following Ischemic Stroke. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:548-561. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Aires R, Monteiro BL, Scárdua RF, da Rós Peruch B, Barbosa LS, Penha MR, Guimarães MC, Nogueira BV. G-CSF prevents cerebral infarction and maintain muscle strength in experimental model of ischemic stroke. BMC Proc 2014. [PMCID: PMC4204148 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-8-s4-p42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Vishwakarma SK, Bardia A, Tiwari SK, Paspala SA, Khan AA. Current concept in neural regeneration research: NSCs isolation, characterization and transplantation in various neurodegenerative diseases and stroke: A review. J Adv Res 2014; 5:277-94. [PMID: 25685495 PMCID: PMC4294738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since last few years, an impressive amount of data has been generated regarding the basic in vitro and in vivo biology of neural stem cells (NSCs) and there is much far hope for the success in cell replacement therapies for several human neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. The discovery of adult neurogenesis (the endogenous production of new neurons) in the mammalian brain more than 40 years ago has resulted in a wealth of knowledge about stem cells biology in neuroscience research. Various studies have done in search of a suitable source for NSCs which could be used in animal models to understand the basic and transplantation biology before treating to human. The difficulties in isolating pure population of NSCs limit the study of neural stem behavior and factors that regulate them. Several studies on human fetal brain and spinal cord derived NSCs in animal models have shown some interesting results for cell replacement therapies in many neurodegenerative diseases and stroke models. Also the methods and conditions used for in vitro culture of these cells provide an important base for their applicability and specificity in a definite target of the disease. Various important developments and modifications have been made in stem cells research which is needed to be more specified and enrolment in clinical studies using advanced approaches. This review explains about the current perspectives and suitable sources for NSCs isolation, characterization, in vitro proliferation and their use in cell replacement therapies for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases and strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Vishwakarma
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500 058 Andhra Pradesh, India
- Paspala Advanced Neural (PAN) Research Foundation, Narayanguda, Hyderabad, 500 029 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Avinash Bardia
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500 058 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh K. Tiwari
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500 058 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Syed A.B. Paspala
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500 058 Andhra Pradesh, India
- Paspala Advanced Neural (PAN) Research Foundation, Narayanguda, Hyderabad, 500 029 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Aleem A. Khan
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500 058 Andhra Pradesh, India
- Paspala Advanced Neural (PAN) Research Foundation, Narayanguda, Hyderabad, 500 029 Andhra Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains a vexing public health problem. Although progress has been made in prevention and supportive care, efforts to protect the brain from ischemic cell death have failed. Thus, no new treatment has made it from bench to bedside since tissue plasminogen activator was introduced in 1996. The brain has a remarkable capacity for self-preservation, illustrated by the protective responses induced by ischemia, preconditioning and exercise. Here we describe the mechanisms underlying brain self-protection, with the goal of identifying features that could provide insight into stroke therapy. Unlike traditional therapeutic approaches based on counteracting selected pathways of the ischemic cascade, endogenous neuroprotection relies on coordinated neurovascular programs that support cerebral perfusion, mitigate the harmful effects of cerebral ischemia and promote tissue restoration. Learning how the brain triggers and implements these protective measures may advance our quest to treat stroke.
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Abstract
Immunity and inflammation are key elements of the pathobiology of stroke, a devastating illness second only to cardiac ischemia as a cause of death worldwide. While the immune system participates in the brain damage produced by ischemia, the damaged brain, in turn, exerts a powerful immunosuppressive effect that promotes fatal intercurrent infections and threatens the survival of stroke patients. Inflammatory signaling is instrumental in all stages of the ischemic cascade, from the early damaging events triggered by arterial occlusion, to the late regenerative processes underlying post-ischemic tissue repair. Recent developments have revealed that stroke, like multiple sclerosis, engages both innate and adaptive immunity. But, unlike multiple sclerosis, adaptive immunity triggered by newly exposed brain antigens does not have an impact on the acute phase of the damage. Nevertheless, modulation of adaptive immunity exerts a remarkable protective effect on the ischemic brain and offers the prospect of new stroke therapies. However, immunomodulation is not devoid of deleterious side effects, and gaining a better understanding of the reciprocal interaction between the immune system and the ischemic brain is essential to harness the full therapeutic potential of the immunology of stroke.
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Shimada IS, Spees JL. Stem and progenitor cells for neurological repair: minor issues, major hurdles, and exciting opportunities for paracrine-based therapeutics. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:374-80. [PMID: 21268056 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of cultured stem and progenitor cells is a key element in the rapidly growing field of regenerative medicine. Based on their ability to rescue and/or repair injured tissue and partially restore organ function, multiple types of stem/progenitor cells have already entered into clinical trials. However, despite several decades of intense research, the goal to apply culture-expanded stem/progenitor cells in a manner that can effectively replace cells after injury has yet to be realized. Many sources of potentially useful cells are available, but something is clearly missing. In addition, recent studies suggest that paracrine effects of secreted or released factors are responsible for most of the benefits observed after cell transplantation, rather than direct cell replacement. These data call into question the need for cell transplantation for many types of therapy, in particular for acute injuries such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In this review, we examine current progress in the area of cell transplantation and minor issues and major hurdles regarding the clinical application of different cell types. We discuss the "paracrine hypothesis" for the action of transplanted stem/progenitor cells as an opportunity to identify defined combinations of biomolecules to rescue and/or repair tissues after injury. Although many of the concepts in this review will apply to multiple injury/repair systems, we will focus primarily on stem/progenitor cell-based treatments for neurological disorders and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei S Shimada
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, Vermont 05446, USA
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Acute hepatocyte growth factor treatment induces long-term neuroprotection and stroke recovery via mechanisms involving neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:1251-62. [PMID: 21119693 PMCID: PMC3099629 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is an interesting candidate for acute stroke treatment as shown by continuous infusion or gene delivery protocols. However, little is known about HGF-mediated long-term effects. The present study therefore analyzed long-term effects of an acute intrastriatal HGF treatment (5 μg) after a 45-minute stroke, with regard to brain injury and neurologic recovery. Hepatocyte growth factor induced long-term neuroprotection as assessed by infarct volume and neuronal cell death analysis for as long as 4 weeks after stroke, which was associated with sustained neurologic recovery as evidenced by corner-turn and tight-rope tests. Analyzing underlying mechanisms of HGF-induced sustained neuroprotection, enhanced cell proliferation followed by increased neuronal differentiation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) was observed in the ischemic striatum of HGF-treated mice, which persisted for up to 4 weeks. In line with this, HGF promoted neurosphere formation as well as proliferation of NPC and decreased caspase-3-dependent hypoxic injury in vitro. Preservation of blood-brain barrier integrity 24 hours after stroke was furthermore noticed in animals receiving HGF, which was associated with the inhibition of matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 at 4 and 24 hours, respectively. We suggest that sustained recruitment of proliferating cells together with improved neurovascular remodeling provides an explanation for HGF-induced long-term neuroprotection.
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Buga AM, Vintilescu R, Pop OT, Popa–Wagner A. Brain Aging and Regeneration after Injuries: an Organismal approach. Aging Dis 2011; 2:64-79. [PMID: 22396867 PMCID: PMC3295043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline of locomotor, sensory and cognitive performance in humans and experimental animals. The rate and pattern of organismal senescence may be regulated in part by changes in multiple genes involved in multiple processes. While this theory is supported by genetic data in lower organisms, a lack of direct experimental evidence in higher organisms has contributed to a broader acceptance of the "stochastic aging" model, in which accumulating, random damaging biological events play an important role. However, these insults alone cannot account for the inexorable deterioration and loss of function that characterizes aging. The higher the complexity of a system, the less obvious is the effect of genetic regulation on aging and the life span, indicating that epigenetic factors play an important role in aging. Most importantly, we present evidence that aging systems do retain some capacity for regeneration and functional recovery after injuries to the central nervous system like cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Buga
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chair of Biochemistry, Craiova, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Neurology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Raluca Vintilescu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chair of Biochemistry, Craiova, Romania
| | - Oltin Tiberiu Pop
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chair of Biochemistry, Craiova, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Neurology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa–Wagner
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chair of Biochemistry, Craiova, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Neurology, University of Greifswald, Germany
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Jin K, Mao X, Xie L, Greenberg RB, Peng B, Moore A, Greenberg MB, Greenberg DA. Delayed transplantation of human neural precursor cells improves outcome from focal cerebral ischemia in aged rats. Aging Cell 2010; 9:1076-83. [PMID: 20883527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation may have a role in restoring brain function after stroke, but how aging might affect the brain's receptivity to such transplants is unknown. We reported previously that transplantation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived NPCs together with biomaterial (Matrigel) scaffolding into the brains of young adult Sprague-Dawley rats 3 weeks after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reduced infarct volume and improved neurobehavioral performance. In this study, we compared the effect of NPC and Matrigel transplants in young adult (3-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) Fisher 344 rats from the National Institute on Aging's aged rodent colony. Distal MCAO was induced by electrocoagulation, and hESC-derived NPCs were transplanted into the infarct cavity 3 weeks later. Aged rats developed larger infarcts, but infarct volume and performance on the cylinder and elevated body swing tests, measured 6-8 weeks post-transplant, were improved by transplantation. We conclude that advanced age does not preclude a beneficial response to NPC transplantation following experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Jin
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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16
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Barone FC. Post-stroke pharmacological intervention: promoting brain recovery from injury in the future. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:650-3. [PMID: 20804774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Barone
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Christophidis LJ, Gorba T, Gustavsson M, Williams CE, Werther GA, Russo VC, Scheepens A. Growth hormone receptor immunoreactivity is increased in the subventricular zone of juvenile rat brain after focal ischemia: a potential role for growth hormone in injury-induced neurogenesis. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:497-506. [PMID: 19524466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During recovery from an ischemic brain injury, a cerebral growth hormone (GH) axis is activated. Whilst GH has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective both in vitro and in vivo, a role for GH in neuro-restorative processes after brain injury has yet to be studied. OBJECTIVE To explore a role for GH in injury-induced neurogenesis by examining GH receptor (GH-R) immunoreactivity within the subventricular zone (SVZ) of juvenile rats after brain injury and by testing the proliferative capacity of GH on embryonic mouse neural stem cells. DESIGN Twenty-one day old rats were subjected to unilateral hypoxic-ischemia of the brain and sacrificed 1-15days later. Coronal brain sections from these animals and age-matched naïve controls were immunostained for GH-R and cell markers of neurogenesis. The level of GH-R immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral and contralateral SVZ of each animal was semi-quantified both by independent blinded scoring by two examiners and blinded image analysis. To examine the effect of GH on proliferation of embryonic mouse neural stem cells, cells were treated with increasing concentrations of rat pituitary GH for 48h in the presence of 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. RESULTS The level of GH-R immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral SVZ was significantly increased 5days after injury vs. the contralateral SVZ, coinciding both spatially and temporally with injury-induced neurogenesis. The population of GH-R immunopositive cells in the ipsilateral SVZ at this time was found to include proliferating cells (Ki67 immunopositive), neural progenitor cells (nestin immunopositive) and post-proliferative migratory neuroblasts (doublecortin immunopositive). Stimulation of embryonic mouse NSCs with physiological concentrations of rat pituitary GH elicited a dose-dependent proliferative response. CONCLUSION These results indicate a novel role for GH and its receptor in injury-induced neurogenesis, and suggest that GH treatment may potentiate endogenous neuro-restorative processes after brain injury.
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Arai K, Jin G, Navaratna D, Lo EH. Brain angiogenesis in developmental and pathological processes: neurovascular injury and angiogenic recovery after stroke. FEBS J 2009; 276:4644-52. [PMID: 19664070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiologic responses in brain after stroke are highly complex. Thus far, a singular focus on saving neurons alone has not revealed any clinically effective neuroprotectants. To address this limitation, the concept of a neurovascular unit was developed. Within this conceptual framework, brain function and dysfunction are manifested at the level of cell-cell signaling between neuronal, glial and vascular elements. For stroke, coordinated responses at the neurovascular interface will mediate acute as well as chronic events in ischemic and hemorrhagic brain tissue. In this minireview, we briefly survey two representative examples of neurovascular responses in stroke. During the early acute phase of neurovascular injury, blood-brain barrier perturbations should predominate with key roles for various matrix proteases. During the delayed phase, brain angiogenesis may provide the critical neurovascular substrates for neuronal remodeling. In this minireview, we propose the hypothesis that the biphasic nature of neurovascular responses represents an endogenous attempt by damaged parenchyma to trigger brain angiogenesis and repair. This phenomenon may allow acute deleterious signals to transition into beneficial effects during stroke recovery. Understanding how neurovascular signals and substrates make the transition from initial injury to angiogenic recovery will be important if we are to find new therapeutic approaches for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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The potential of neural stem cells to repair stroke-induced brain damage. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117:469-80. [PMID: 19283395 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute injuries to CNS such as stroke induce neural progenitor proliferation in adult brain which might be an endogenous attempt to self-repair. This process is known to be altered by several exogenous and endogenous modulators including growth factors that could help to reinforce the post-stroke neurogenesis. Increasing the neurogenesis may be a future therapeutic option to decrease the cognitive and behavioral deficits following stroke. In addition, transplantation of various types of stem cells into the injured brain is currently thought to be an exciting option to replace the neurons lost in the post-ischemic brain. These include immortalized stem cell lines, neural progenitors prepared from embryonic and adult animals and mesenchymal stem cells. Using exogenous stem cells in addition to modulating endogenous neurogenesis, we may be able to repair the injured brain after a devastating stroke. This article reviewed the current literature of these two issues.
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Abstract
Here we show that conditional deletion of Pten in a subpopulation of adult neural stem cells in the subependymal zone (SEZ) leads to persistently enhanced neural stem cell self-renewal without sign of exhaustion. These Pten null SEZ-born neural stem cells and progenies can follow the endogenous migration, differentiation, and integration pathways and contribute to constitutive neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. As a result, Pten deleted animals have increased olfactory bulb mass and enhanced olfactory function. Pten null cells in the olfactory bulb can establish normal connections with peripheral olfactory epithelium and help olfactory bulb recovery from acute damage. Following a focal stroke, Pten null progenitors give rise to greater numbers of neuroblasts that migrate to peri-infarct cortex. However, in contrast to the olfactory bulb, no significant long-term survival and integration can be observed, indicating that additional factors are necessary for long-term survival of newly born neurons after stroke. These data suggest that manipulating PTEN-controlled signaling pathways may be a useful step in facilitating endogenous neural stem/progenitor expansion for the treatment of disorders or lesions in regions associated with constitutive neurogenesis.
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Ginsberg MD. Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: past, present and future. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:363-89. [PMID: 18308347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke refers to strategies, applied singly or in combination, that antagonize the injurious biochemical and molecular events that eventuate in irreversible ischemic injury. There has been a recent explosion of interest in this field, with over 1000 experimental papers and over 400 clinical articles appearing within the past 6 years. These studies, in turn, are the outgrowth of three decades of investigative work to define the multiple mechanisms and mediators of ischemic brain injury, which constitute potential targets of neuroprotection. Rigorously conducted experimental studies in animal models of brain ischemia provide incontrovertible proof-of-principle that high-grade protection of the ischemic brain is an achievable goal. Nonetheless, many agents have been brought to clinical trial without a sufficiently compelling evidence-based pre-clinical foundation. At this writing, around 160 clinical trials of neuroprotection for ischemic stroke have been initiated. Of the approximately 120 completed trials, two-thirds were smaller early-phase safety-feasibility studies. The remaining one-third were typically larger (>200 subjects) phase II or III trials, but, disappointingly, only fewer than one-half of these administered neuroprotective therapy within the 4-6h therapeutic window within which efficacious neuroprotection is considered to be achievable. This fact alone helps to account for the abundance of "failed" trials. This review presents a close survey of the most extensively evaluated neuroprotective agents and classes and considers both the strengths and weakness of the pre-clinical evidence as well as the results and shortcomings of the clinical trials themselves. Among the agent-classes considered are calcium channel blockers; glutamate antagonists; GABA agonists; antioxidants/radical scavengers; phospholipid precursor; nitric oxide signal-transduction down-regulator; leukocyte inhibitors; hemodilution; and a miscellany of other agents. Among promising ongoing efforts, therapeutic hypothermia, high-dose human albumin therapy, and hyperacute magnesium therapy are considered in detail. The potential of combination therapies is highlighted. Issues of clinical-trial funding, the need for improved translational strategies and clinical-trial design, and "thinking outside the box" are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron D Ginsberg
- Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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Zacchigna S, Lambrechts D, Carmeliet P. Neurovascular signalling defects in neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:169-81. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Carmichael ST. Themes and strategies for studying the biology of stroke recovery in the poststroke epoch. Stroke 2008; 39:1380-8. [PMID: 18309162 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.499962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This review will focus on the emerging principles of neural repair after stroke, and on the overlap between cellular mechanisms of neural repair in stroke and clinical principles of recovery and rehabilitation. SUMMARY OF REVIEW Stroke induces axonal sprouting and neurogenesis. Axonal sprouting occurs in tissue adjacent to the stroke and its connected cortical areas, and from sites that are contralateral to the infarct. Neurogenesis produces newly born immature neurons in peri-infarct striatum and cortex. Stimulation of both axonal sprouting and neurogenesis is associated with improved recovery in animal models of stroke. A unique cellular environment in the poststroke brain supports neural repair: an association of angiogenic and remodeling blood vessels with newly born immature neurons in a neurovasclar niche. Controversies in the field of neural repair after stroke persist, and relate to the locations of axonal sprouting in animal models of stroke and how these correlate to patterns of human remapping and recovery, and to the different models of stroke used in studies of neurogenesis. CONCLUSIONS On a cellular level, the phenomenology of neural repair after stroke has been defined and unique regenerative environments in the poststroke brain identified. As the field moves toward specific studies of causal mechanisms in poststroke repair, it will need to maintain a perspective of the animal models suited to the study of neural repair after stroke as they relate to the patterns of recovery in humans in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Neuroscience Research Building, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Ohab JJ, Carmichael ST. Poststroke neurogenesis: emerging principles of migration and localization of immature neurons. Neuroscientist 2007; 14:369-80. [PMID: 18024854 DOI: 10.1177/1073858407309545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke induces proliferation of newly born neurons in the subventricular zone, migration of these immature neurons away from the SVZ, and localization within peri-infarct tissues. These 3 processes of proliferation, migration, and localization constitute distinct spatial and temporal zones within poststroke neurogenesis with distinct molecular and cell-cell signaling environments. Immature neurons migrate after stroke in close association with blood vessels and astrocytic processes, in a process that involves matrix metalloproteinases. This poststroke migration shares similar features with normal neuroblast migration in the rostral migratory stream. Immature neurons localize in the peri-infarct cortex in a neurovascular niche where neurogenesis is causally linked to angiogenesis through the vascular factors SDF-1 and angiopoietin-1. Other vascular and neuronal growth factors have also been linked to poststroke neuroblast localization in peri-infarct tissue, including erythropoietin. Most data on poststroke neurogenesis derive from laboratory rodents, which may have an abnormal or blunted degree of neurogenesis and neuroplasticity compared to normal, wild rodents. This will likely affect translational application of the principles of poststroke neurogenesis from mouse to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ohab
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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