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Wojciechowicz B, Laguette MJN, Sawczuk M, Humińska-Lisowska K, Maciejewska-Skrendo A, Ficek K, Michałowska-Sawczyn M, Leońska-Duniec A, Kaczmarczyk M, Chycki J, Trybek G, September AV, Cięszczyk P. Are KIF6 and APOE polymorphisms associated with power and endurance athletes? Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1283-1289. [PMID: 32867607 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1817983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms within physiologically relevant KIF6 and APOE genes were examined in the context of athletic performance. KIF6 and ApoE are involved in cardiovascular health, modulation of lipid level and neurotransmission amongst others. The aim of this study was to examine whether three polymorphisms, KIF6 rs20455T > C, APOE rs429358T > C and APOE rs7412 C > T, were associated with athletic status of an athlete defined as performance type (endurance or power). Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR on buccal genomic DNA from 204 Polish athletes including 104 endurance and 100 power athletes, and 161 sedentary individuals. APOE rs429358 genotype frequencies differed significantly between power athletes and sedentary individuals (p = 0.046). KIF6 rs20455 and APOE rs7412 were found to be epistatically associated with the power athletic status (p = 0.032). KIF6 rs20455, APOE rs429358 and APOE rs7412 were associated with athletic status of Polish athletes. In the future, these polymorphisms could contribute to predictive models aimed at assessment of an individual's athletic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Wojciechowicz
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - M-J Nancy Laguette
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Human Biology Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, ESSM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity and Sport, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marek Sawczuk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kinga Humińska-Lisowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Ficek
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Agata Leońska-Duniec
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Physical Education Department, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Faculty of Physical Education, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Trybek
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Alison V September
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Human Biology Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, ESSM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity and Sport, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paweł Cięszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
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Kim H, Lee JK. The effects of combined exercise program on health and physical fitness factors according to a BglI RFLP in renin gene in middle-aged obese women. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.18.03853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms and food-intake behavior in young, normal female subjects in Japan. Nutrition 2012; 29:60-5. [PMID: 22858200 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether angiotensinogen (AGT) gene polymorphisms are associated with food preferences in young, normal female subjects. METHODS Fifty-two young, normal female subjects (21-22 y old) were recruited. After a 12-h fast, blood samples were obtained to examine the AGT gene polymorphisms (rs699 and rs7079), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D), and adrenergic β3 receptor (ADRB3) gene polymorphisms (rs4994). A trained dietitian interviewed the participants to determine the portion size and frequency of food eaten for 1 wk by using the established questionnaire FFQg 3.0. RESULTS The genotypes of the AGT Met235Thr polymorphisms were TT:TC:CC = 2:19:31 (T:C = 0.22:0.78). The genotypes of AGT rs7079 were CC:CA:AA = 26:21:5 (C:A = 0.70:0.30), and those of ACE were DD:DI:II = 5:28:19 (D/I = 0.37:0.63). The genotypes of ADRB3 Trp64Arg were TT:TC:CC = 38:11:3 (T:C = 0.84:0.16). The total caloric intake was greater for those with the MM/MT genotype of AGT Met235Thr than for those with the TT genotype (1993 versus 1698 kcal/d, P < 0.05). The consumption of total lipids, cholesterol, and unsaturated free fatty acids was also higher in those with the MM/MT genotype of AGT Met235Thr than in those with the TT genotype. However, the AGT polymorphism (rs7079) and the ACE I/D were not associated with food preferences. In contrast, the subjects with ADRB3 Trp64 tended to show a high energy intake and preferences for proteins and lipids including fatty acids and cholesterol. They ate more fish and meat. Multiple regression analysis showed that the energy intake in subjects with the MM/MT genotype was independently determined by total lipids (B = 11.7, P < 0.0001) and carbohydrates (B = 4.6, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The AGT Met235Thr polymorphism was significantly associated with a higher caloric intake owing to total fat and carbohydrate consumption.
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Borresen J, Ian Lambert M. The Quantification of Training Load, the Training Response and the Effect on Performance. Sports Med 2009; 39:779-95. [DOI: 10.2165/11317780-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jiao J, Nakajima A, Janssen WGM, Bindokas VP, Xiong X, Morrison JH, Brorson JR, Tang YP. Expression of NR2B in cerebellar granule cells specifically facilitates effect of motor training on motor learning. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1684. [PMID: 18301761 PMCID: PMC2246013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is believed that gene/environment interaction (GEI) plays a pivotal role in the development of motor skills, which are acquired via practicing or motor training. However, the underlying molecular/neuronal mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we reported that the expression of NR2B, a subunit of NMDA receptors, in cerebellar granule cells specifically enhanced the effect of voluntary motor training on motor learning in the mouse. Moreover, this effect was characterized as motor learning-specific and developmental stage-dependent, because neither emotional/spatial memory was affected nor was the enhanced motor learning observed when the motor training was conducted starting at the age of 3 months old in these transgenic mice. These results indicate that changes in the expression of gene(s) that are involved in regulating synaptic plasticity in cerebellar granule cells may constitute a molecular basis for the cerebellum to be involved in the GEI by facilitating motor skill learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Jiao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - William G. M. Janssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vytautas P. Bindokas
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John H. Morrison
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James R. Brorson
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ya-Ping Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- *E-mail:
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Pescatello LS, Turner D, Rodriguez N, Blanchard BE, Tsongalis GJ, Maresh CM, Duffy V, Thompson PD. Dietary calcium intake and renin angiotensin system polymorphisms alter the blood pressure response to aerobic exercise: a randomized control design. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2007; 4:1. [PMID: 17204161 PMCID: PMC1779272 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary calcium intake and the renin angiotensin system (RAS) regulate blood pressure (BP) by modulating calcium homeostasis. Despite similar BP regulatory effects, the influence of dietary calcium intake alone and combined with RAS polymorphisms on the BP response following acute aerobic exercise (i.e., postexercise hypotension) has not been studied. Thus, we examined the effect of dietary calcium intake and selected RAS polymorphisms on postexercise hypotension. Methods Subjects were men (n = 50, 43.8 ± 1.3 yr) with high BP (145.3 ± 1.5/85.9 ± 1.1 mm Hg). They completed three experiments: non-exercise control and two cycle bouts at 40% and 60% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Subjects provided 3 d food records on five protocol-specific occasions. Dietary calcium intake was averaged and categorized as low (<880 mg/d = LowCa) or high (≥ 880 mg/d = HighCa). RAS polymorphisms (angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion, ACE I/D; angiotensin II type 1 receptor, AT1R A/C) were analyzed with molecular methods. Genotypes were reduced from three to two: ACE II/ID and ACE DD; or AT1R AA and AT1R CC/AC. Repeated measure ANCOVA tested if BP differed among experiments, dietary calcium intake level and RAS polymorphisms. Results Systolic BP (SBP) decreased 6 mm Hg after 40% and 60% VO2max compared to non-exercise control for 10 h with LowCa (p < 0.01), but not with HighCa (p ≥ 0.05). Under these conditions, diastolic BP (DBP) did not differ between dietary calcium intake levels (p ≥ 0.05). With LowCa, SBP decreased after 60% VO2max versus non-exercise control for 10 h among ACE II/ID (6 mm Hg) and AT1R AA (8 mm Hg); and by 8 mm Hg after 40% VO2max among ACE DD and AT1R CC/CA (p < 0.01). With HighCa, SBP (8 mm Hg) and DBP (4 mm Hg) decreased after 60% VO2max compared to non-exercise control for 10 h (p < 0.05), but not after 40% VO2max (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion SBP decreased after exercise compared to non-exercise control among men with low but not high dietary calcium intake. Dietary calcium intake interacted with the ACE I/D and AT1R A/C polymorphisms to further modulate postexercise hypotension. Interactions among dietary calcium intake, exercise intensity and RAS polymorphisms account for some of the variability in the BP response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debbie Turner
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of CT, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Nancy Rodriguez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of CT, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Bruce E Blanchard
- Department of Kinesiology, University of CT, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of CT, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Valerie Duffy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of CT, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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Moran CN, Vassilopoulos C, Tsiokanos A, Jamurtas AZ, Bailey MES, Montgomery HE, Wilson RH, Pitsiladis YP. The associations of ACE polymorphisms with physical, physiological and skill parameters in adolescents. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:332-9. [PMID: 16391565 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in the human Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with many heritable traits, including physical performance. Herein we report the results of a study of several physical, physiological and skill parameters and lifestyle in 1,027 teenage Greeks. We show that there is a strong association (P < 0.001) between the ACE I/D (insertion/deletion) polymorphism and both handgrip strength and vertical jump in females, homozygotes for the I-allele exhibiting higher performance-related phenotype scores, accounting for up to 4.5% of the phenotypic variance. The association is best explained by a model in which the D-allele is dominant, with the mean phenotypic value in the I/D heterozygotes being close to that of the mean of the DD homozygotes. The association acts across the phenotype distribution in a classical polygenic manner. Other polymorphisms that define major ACE haplotypes in European populations (rs4424958, rs4311) show weaker associations with these performance-related phenotypes than does I/D. Similarly, diplotypes defined by these polymorphisms do not explain significantly larger amounts of the variance than I/D alone. As ACE I/D is the polymorphism most strongly associated with circulating ACE activity in European populations, we propose that the functional allelic differences that influence ACE activity also mediate the associations with the performance-related phenotypes studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N Moran
- Institute of Diet, Exercise and Lifestyle, IDEAL, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Brutsaert TD, Parra EJ. What makes a champion? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 151:109-23. [PMID: 16448865 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Variation in human athletic performance is determined by a complex interaction of socio-cultural, psychological, and proximate physiological factors. Human physiological trait variance has both an environmental and genetic basis, although the classic gene-environment dichotomy is clearly too simplistic to understand the full range of variation for most proximate determinants of athletic performance, e.g., body composition. In other words, gene and environment interact, not just over the short term, but also over the lifetime of an individual with permanent effects on the adult phenotype. To further complicate matters, gene and environment may also be correlated. That is, genetically gifted individuals may be identified as children and begin training pulmonary, cardiovascular, and muscle systems at an early critical age. This review covers evidence in support of a genetic basis to human athletic performance, with some emphasis on the recent explosion of candidate gene studies. In addition, the review covers environmental influences on athletic performance with an emphasis on irreversible environmental effects, i.e., developmental effects that may accrue during critical periods of development either before conception (epigenetic effects), during fetal life (fetal programming), or during childhood and adolescence. Throughout, we emphasize the importance of gene-environment interaction (G x E) as a means of understanding variation in human physiological performance and we promote studies that integrate genomics with developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Brutsaert
- Department of Anthropology, 1400 Washington Ave., The University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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