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Lôbo IMDB, Bordallo CDOS, Sacramento JM, Leite LDO, Santana PDS. Phytosterol supplementation in capsules or tablets as adjunctive treatment for hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 57:718-729. [PMID: 37739728 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exploration of lipid-lowering resources, such as phytosterols, for the complementary nutritional treatment of hypercholesterolemia is relevant to reduce cardiovascular risk. The use of phytosterols in capsules or tablets can bring advantages in the context of diet therapy, but such format is still less studied when compared to fortified foods. OBJECTIVE Systematically review randomized clinical trials on the effects of phytosterol supplementation, in capsules or tablets, on the lipid profile and its use in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in adults. DESIGN A systematic review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, with a PROSPERO protocol registered under number CRD42021249539. The process was conducted by two independent reviewers. Only randomized clinical trials with phytosterol supplementation in adult individuals with hypercholesterolemia were included. The terms were searched in the databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, Embase, LILACS and Web of Science, without restriction of time and language. The manual search was also performed through the list of references of articles included in this review. RESULTS The searches resulted in 977 articles. 22 articles were selected, whose full text was read, and according to the eligibility criteria 10 were incorporated into the review. The studies were separated into groups according to the association of the intervention with changes in lifestyle and the characteristics extracted from the studies were summarized and displayed in tables. Most studies have revealed a positive association between phytosterol supplementation and cholesterol reduction, despite the short duration of interventions. CONCLUSION The analyzed studies showed that phytosterol supplements can be useful to modulate the lipid profile, helping to reduce the plasma concentration of LDL cholesterol. However, more research with the aforementioned supplementation in such pharmaceutical formats should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabele Maria de Barros Lôbo
- University of the State of Bahia, Department of Life Sciences - Campus I, Street Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41150-000, Brazil; Federal University of Bahia, School of Nutrition, Street Basilio da Gama, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 40110-040, Brazil.
| | - Carine de Oliveira Souza Bordallo
- University of the State of Bahia, Department of Life Sciences - Campus I, Street Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41150-000, Brazil.
| | - Joselita Moura Sacramento
- University of the State of Bahia, Department of Life Sciences - Campus I, Street Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41150-000, Brazil.
| | - Luana de Oliveira Leite
- University of the State of Bahia, Department of Life Sciences - Campus I, Street Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41150-000, Brazil; Federal University of Bahia, School of Nutrition, Street Basilio da Gama, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 40110-040, Brazil.
| | - Poliana da Silva Santana
- University of the State of Bahia, Department of Life Sciences - Campus I, Street Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41150-000, Brazil.
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2
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Ademuyiwa OH, Fasogbon BM, Bamidele OP, Ukpo GE. Ameliorative effect of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves on hyper-cholesterolemic rats: The egg yolk induced model. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17379. [PMID: 37441376 PMCID: PMC10333609 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading killers in the world today, and hyperlipidemia is one of the main risk factors. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia is rising dramatically worldwide and is mostly felt in poorer nations. The majority of communities and individuals in Africa are known to turn to ethnomedicine for their medical requirements. The tropical plant Carica papaya, which is grown for its edible, ripe fruit in Africa, was used in folk medicine for treatment of cardiovascular issues as well as a number of serious illnesses. This study assessed the anticholesterolemic property of the ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya leaves, adapting the egg yolk-induced hyperlipidaemia model in Wistar albino rats. This study prepared egg yolk to induce hyperlipidaemia in the Wistar rats, then treated some groups with the extract of Carica papaya leaves, and other groups with the standard drug Fenofibrate. The Wistar rats in the control group were given 2% acacia instead of egg yolk. The total cholesterol, triglycerides, as well as biological and haematological parameters, were determined. The Carica papaya leaves extracts significantly (p<0.05) decreased the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels at all doses administered, but the extract and the standard drug had no significant effect on HDL cholesterol. An inverse relationship between the Carica papaya leaves extract doses and the cholesterol levels was observed placing the efficacy in the order of 100 mg/kg > 250 mg/kg > Fenofibrate (2.29 mg/kg) > 500 mg/kg. With the potential efficacy of Carica papaya leaves extract in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and, as a result, cardiovascular diseases, more research on bioactive molecule isolation/characterisation for pharmaceutical use or incorporation into functional food products for CVD management is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Grace Eigbibhalu Ukpo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria
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3
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Yang JW, Ji HF. Phytosterols as bioactive food components against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34871105 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2006137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols are bioactive food components widely present in cell membranes of plants, especially in nuts and oilseeds. In recent years, many studies have shown that phytosterols possess therapeutic potentials for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This review summarizes the effects of phytosterols from in vitro and in vivo studies to lower the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), and the evidence supporting the potential of phytosterols against NAFLD. The potential mechanisms by which phytosterols improve NAFLD may include (i) competition with cholesterol; (ii) regulation of key factors involved in cholesterol and TG metabolism; and (iii) inhibition of liver inflammation and (iv) regulation of liver fatty acid composition. In summary, phytosterols are potential natural ingredients with good safety profile against NAFLD, which deserve more future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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4
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Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Barghchi H, Pahlavani N, Barati M, Amiri Y, Fadel A, Khosravi M, Talebi S, Arzhang P, Ziaei R, Ghavami A. Biological and pharmacological effects and nutritional impact of phytosterols: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2021; 36:299-322. [PMID: 34729825 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs), classified into plant sterols and stanols, are bioactive compounds found in foods of plant origin. PSs have been proposed to exert a wide number of pharmacological properties, including the potential to reduce total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and thereby decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Other health-promoting effects of PSs include anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Also, anticancer effects have been strongly suggested, as phytosterol-rich diets may reduce the risk of cancer by 20%. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the available evidence regarding the beneficial physiological and pharmacological activities of PSs, with special emphasis on their therapeutic potential for human health and safety. Also, we will explore the factors that influence the physiologic response to PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyas Nattagh-Eshtivani
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hanieh Barghchi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yasaman Amiri
- Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdulmannan Fadel
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Talebi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pishva Arzhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutritional Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rahele Ziaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abed Ghavami
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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5
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Kopeć A, Zawistowski J, Kitts DD. Benefits of Anthocyanin-Rich Black Rice Fraction and Wood Sterols to Control Plasma and Tissue Lipid Concentrations in Wistar Kyoto Rats Fed an Atherogenic Diet. Molecules 2020; 25:E5363. [PMID: 33212852 PMCID: PMC7698440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study reports on the relative effects of administrating a cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-rich black rice fraction (BRF), a standardized wood sterol mixture (WS), and a combination of both to lower plasma and target tissue lipid concentrations in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats fed atherogenic diets. Methods: Male WKY (n = 40) rats were randomly divided into five groups, which included a nonatherogenic control diet and atherogenic diets that included a positive control and atherogenic diets supplemented with BRF or WS, respectively, and a combination of both BRF + WS. Plasma and target tissue liver, heart and aorta cholesterol, and triacylglycerides (TAG) content were also measured. Results: Rats fed atherogenic diets exhibited elevated hyperlipidemia compared to counterparts fed nonatherogenic diets (p < 0.001); this effect was mitigated by supplementing the atherogenic diets with BRF and WS, respectively (p < 0.05). Combining BRF with WS to enrich the supplement lowered cholesterol similar to the WS effect (p < 0.05) and lowered TAG characteristic to the BRF effect (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Rats fed diets containing BRF or WS effectively mitigate the hypercholesterolemia and elevated TAG induced by feeding an atherogenic diet. The benefit of adding BRF + WS together is relevant to the lipid parameter measured and is target tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kopeć
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 31-149 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Zawistowski
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia 209-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - David D. Kitts
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia 209-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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6
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Tavares AKMM, Ribas SA, Paravidino VB, Sgambato MR, Rodrigues RDRM, da Rocha CMM, Sichieri R, Cunha DB. Effect of phytosterol capsule supplementation associated with the National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet on low-density lipoprotein in children and adolescents with dyslipidemia: A double-blind crossover trial. Nutrition 2020; 82:111051. [PMID: 33290971 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of phytosterol capsule supplementation associated with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step 2 diet on LDL-C levels in children and adolescents with dyslipidemia. METHODS This is a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial conducted with children and adolescents (n = 31; mean ± SD, age 9.0 ± 2.22 years, BMI zscore 1.65 ± 1.47 kg/m2) with dyslipidemia. After a run-in period, the participants were randomly allocated to control or intervention groups. The intervention group received capsules containing 1.5 g/day of phytosterols, and the control group received capsules containing 2 g/day of sunflower oil for 8 weeks. Patients in both groups were instructed to follow the NCEP Step 2 diet during the study. The primary outcome was LDL-C and secondary outcomes were total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, triglyceride, insulin, blood pressure, and anthropometric measures. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed using the proc mixed procedure in SAS. RESULTS The rate of change for LDL-C was not different between intervention and control groups (p=0.30). No significant reduction was also observed for TC (p=0.47), HDL-C (p=0.97), insulin (p=0.27), triglycerides (p=0.38), systolic blood pressure (p=0.11), and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.57) compared to control group. Although we observed a high adherence to the capsule intake (95.7% in phytosterol and 93.8% in the control group), the low adherence to the diet may have contributed to explaining the results. CONCLUSION Daily phytosterol capsules supplementation associated with the NCEP Step 2 diet did not reduce LDL-cholesterol concentrations in children and adolescents with dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Augusta Ribas
- Department of Nutrition in Public Health, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor Barreto Paravidino
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Physical Education and Sports, Naval Academy - Brazilian Navy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michele Ribeiro Sgambato
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rosely Sichieri
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diana Barbosa Cunha
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Scavo MP, Cutrignelli A, Depalo N, Fanizza E, Laquintana V, Gasparini G, Giannelli G, Denora N. Effectiveness of a Controlled 5-FU Delivery Based on FZD10 Antibody-Conjugated Liposomes in Colorectal Cancer In vitro Models. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E650. [PMID: 32664186 PMCID: PMC7408534 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of controlled delivery therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) reduces toxicity and side effects. Recently, we have suggested that the Frizzled 10 (FZD10) protein, a cell surface receptor belonging to the FZD protein family that is overexpressed in CRC cells, is a novel candidate for targeting and treatment of CRC. Here, the anticancer effect of novel immuno-liposomes loaded with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), decorated with an antibody against FZD10 (anti-FZD10/5-FU/LPs), was evaluated in vitro on two different CRC cell lines, namely metastatic CoLo-205 and nonmetastatic CaCo-2 cells, that were found to overexpress FZD10. The anti-FZD10/5-FU/LPs obtained were extensively characterized and their preclinical therapeutic efficacy was evaluated with the MTS cell proliferation assay based on reduction of tetrazolium compound, scratch test, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes (FE-SEM) investigation and immunofluorescence analysis. The results highlighted that the cytotoxic activity of 5-FU was enhanced when encapsulated in the anti-FZD10 /5-FU/LPs at the lowest tested concentrations, as compared to the free 5-FU counterparts. The immuno-liposomes proposed herein possess a great potential for selective treatment of CRC because, in future clinical applications, they can be encapsulated in gastro-resistant capsules or suppositories for oral or rectal delivery, thereby successfully reaching the intestinal tract in a minimally invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Principia Scavo
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. deBellis”, Via Turi 26 Castellana Grotte, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Nicoletta Depalo
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (N.D.); (E.F.)
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (N.D.); (E.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.L.); (N.D.)
| | | | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology “de Bellis”, Via Turi 26 Castellana Grotte, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.L.); (N.D.)
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (N.D.); (E.F.)
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8
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Feng S, Belwal T, Li L, Limwachiranon J, Liu X, Luo Z. Phytosterols and their derivatives: Potential health‐promoting uses against lipid metabolism and associated diseases, mechanism, and safety issues. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1243-1267. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Feng
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light IndustryZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Jarukitt Limwachiranon
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingquan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesZhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University Hangzhou 311300 People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Research InstituteZhejiang University Ningbo 315100 People's Republic of China
- Fuli Institute of Food ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
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9
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Jones PJH, Shamloo M, MacKay DS, Rideout TC, Myrie SB, Plat J, Roullet JB, Baer DJ, Calkins KL, Davis HR, Barton Duell P, Ginsberg H, Gylling H, Jenkins D, Lütjohann D, Moghadasian M, Moreau RA, Mymin D, Ostlund RE, Ras RT, Ochoa Reparaz J, Trautwein EA, Turley S, Vanmierlo T, Weingärtner O. Progress and perspectives in plant sterol and plant stanol research. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:725-746. [PMID: 30101294 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that foods with added plant sterols or stanols can lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review summarizes the recent findings and deliberations of 31 experts in the field who participated in a scientific meeting in Winnipeg, Canada, on the health effects of plant sterols and stanols. Participants discussed issues including, but not limited to, the health benefits of plant sterols and stanols beyond cholesterol lowering, the role of plant sterols and stanols as adjuncts to diet and drugs, and the challenges involved in measuring plant sterols and stanols in biological samples. Variations in interindividual responses to plant sterols and stanols, as well as the personalization of lipid-lowering therapies, were addressed. Finally, the clinical aspects and treatment of sitosterolemia were reviewed. Although plant sterols and stanols continue to offer an efficacious and convenient dietary approach to cholesterol management, long-term clinical trials investigating the endpoints of cardiovascular disease are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maryam Shamloo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dylan S MacKay
- George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Semone B Myrie
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Division of Metabolism, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center-Portland, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David J Baer
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara L Calkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; and the UCLA Mattel's Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Henry Ginsberg
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Helena Gylling
- University of Helsinki and the Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammad Moghadasian
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert A Moreau
- Eastern Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Mymin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard E Ostlund
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University, St Louis, USA
| | - Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; Abteilung für Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Oldenburg, Germany
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10
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Dumolt JH, Rideout TC. The Lipid-lowering Effects and Associated Mechanisms of Dietary Phytosterol Supplementation. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 23:5077-5085. [PMID: 28745211 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170725142337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PS) are plant-based structural analogous of mammalian cholesterol that have been shown to lower blood cholesterol concentrations by ~10%, although inter-individual response to PS supplementation due to subject-specific metabolic and genetic factors is evident. Recent work further suggests that PS may act as effective triglyceride (TG)-lowering agents with maximal TG reductions observed in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Although PS have been demonstrated to interfere with cholesterol and perhaps TG absorption within the intestine, they also have the capacity to modulate the expression of lipid regulatory genes through liver X receptor (LXR) activation. Identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in key cholesterol and TG regulating genes, in particular adenosine triphosphate binding cassette G8 (ABCG8) and apolipoprotein E (apoE) have provided insight into the potential of utilizing genomic identifiers as an indicator of PS responsiveness. While PS supplementation is deemed safe, expanding research into the atherogenic potential of oxidized phytosterols (oxyphytosterols) has emerged with their identification in arterial lesions. This review will highlight the lipid-lowering utility and associated mechanisms of PS and discuss novel applications and future research priorities for PS pertaining to in utero PS exposure for long-term cardiovascular disease risk protection and combination therapies with lipidlowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerad H Dumolt
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, United States
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, United States
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11
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El-Anany AM, Ali RFM. Hypolipidemic effect of coffee silver skin in rats fed a high-fat diet. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Cabral CE, Klein MRST. Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 109:475-482. [PMID: 29267628 PMCID: PMC5729784 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols are bioactive compounds found in foods of plant origin, which can be
divided into plant sterols and plant stanols. Clinical studies consistently
indicate that the intake of phytosterols (2 g/day) is associated with a
significant reduction (8-10%) in levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
(LDL-cholesterol). Thus, several guidelines recommend the intake of 2 g/day of
plant sterols and/or stanols in order to reduce LDL-cholesterol levels. As the
typical western diet contains only about 300 mg/day of phytosterols, foods
enriched with phytosterols are usually used to achieve the recommended intake.
Although phytosterols decrease LDL-cholesterol levels, there is no evidence that
they reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases; on the contrary, some studies
suggest an increased risk of atherosclerosis with increasing serum levels of
phytosterols. This review aims to address the evidence available in the
literature on the relationship between phytosterols and risk of cardiovascular
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Cabral
- Divisão de Nutrição - Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina Simas Torres Klein
- Divisão de Nutrição - Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil.,Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada - Instituto de Nutrição - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil
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Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:35-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanol ester in a new type of product matrix, a chewable dietary supplement. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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15
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Scavo MP, Gentile E, Wolfram J, Gu J, Barone M, Evangelopoulos M, Martinez JO, Liu X, Celia C, Tasciotti E, Vilar E, Shen H. Multistage vector delivery of sulindac and silymarin for prevention of colon cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:694-703. [PMID: 26513752 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited condition secondary to germline mutations in the APC gene, thus resulting in the formation of hundreds of colonic adenomas that eventually progress into colon cancer. Surgical removal of the colon remains the only treatment option to avoid malignancy, as long-term exposure to chemopreventive agents such as sulindac (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and silymarin (phytoestrogen) is not feasible. Here, we have developed a multistage silicon-based drug delivery platform for sulindac and silymarin that preferentially interacts with colon cancer cells as opposed to normal intestinal mucosa. Preferential binding and internalization of these drugs into colon cancer cells was obtained using a targeting strategy against the protein meprin A, which we demonstrate is overexpressed in human colon cancer cells and in the small intestine of Apc(Min/+) mice. We propose that this delivery system could potentially be used to reduce drug-induced side effects in FAP patients, thus enabling long-term prevention of adenoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Principia Scavo
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Emanuela Gentile
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianhua Gu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroentrology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70121, Italy
| | - Michael Evangelopoulos
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan O Martinez
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Pescara 66013, Italy
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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16
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Rideout TC, Marinangeli CPF, Harding SV. Triglyceride-Lowering Response to Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption. J AOAC Int 2015; 98:707-715. [PMID: 25941890 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.sgerideout] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PS) have long been recognized for their cholesterol-lowering action, however, recent work has highlighted triglyceride (TG)-lowering responses to PS that may have been overlooked in previous human interventions and mechanistic animal model studies. This review assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the effect of dietary PS supplementation on blood TG concentrations by examining the average therapeutic response, potential mechanisms, and metabolic and genetic factors that may contribute to inter-individual variability. Data from human intervention trials demonstrates that, compared to baseline concentrations, PS supplementation results in a variable TG-lowering response ranging from 0.8 to 28%. It is evident that hypertriglyceridemic individuals (>1.7 mmol/L) have a greater TG-lowering response to PS (11-28%) than subjects with normal plasma TG concentrations (0.8-7%). Although a genetic basis for the variable TG-lowering effects of PS is probable, there are only limited studies to draw on. The available data suggest that polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene may affect responsiveness, with PS-induced reductions in TG more readily evident in apoE2 than apoE3 or E4 subjects. Although only a minimal number of animal model studies have been conducted to specifically examine the mechanisms whereby PS may reduce blood TG concentrations, it appears that there may be multiple mechanisms involved including interruption of intestinal fatty acid absorption and modulation of hepatic lipogenesis and very low density lipoprotein packaging and secretion. In summary, the available data suggest that PS may be an effective therapy to lower blood TG, particularly in hypertriglyceridemic individuals. However, before PS can be widely recommended as a TG-lowering therapy, studies that are specifically powered and designed to fully access therapeutic responses and the mechanisms involved are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Rideout
- University at Buffalo, School of Public Health and Health Professions, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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17
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Malina DMT, Fonseca FA, Barbosa SA, Kasmas SH, Machado VA, França CN, Borges NC, Moreno RA, Izar MC. Additive effects of plant sterols supplementation in addition to different lipid-lowering regimens. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:542-52. [PMID: 26228672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plant sterol (PS) supplementation has been widely used alone or combined with lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs) to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The effects of PS added to high-intensity LLT are less reported, especially regarding the effects on cholesterol synthesis and absorption. METHODS A prospective, randomized, open-label study, with parallel arms and blinded end points was designed to evaluate the effects of addition of PS to LLT on LDL cholesterol, markers of cholesterol synthesis, and absorption. Eighty-six patients of both genders were submitted to a 4-wk run-in period with atorvastatin 10 mg (baseline). Following, subjects received atorvastatin 40 mg, ezetimibe 10 mg, or combination of both drugs for another 4-wk period (phase I). In phase II, capsules containing 2.0 g of PSs were added to previous assigned treatments for 4 wk. Lipids, apolipoproteins, plasma campesterol, β-sitosterol, and desmosterol levels were assayed at all time points. Within and between-group analyses were performed. RESULTS Compared with baseline, atorvastatin 40 mg reduced total and LDL cholesterol (3% and 22%, respectively, P < .05), increased β-sitosterol, campesterol/cholesterol, and β-sitosterol/cholesterol ratios (39%, 47%, and 32%, respectively, P < .05); ezetimibe 10 mg reduced campesterol and campesterol/cholesterol ratio (67% and 70%, respectively, P < .05), and the combined therapy decreased total and LDL cholesterol (22% and 38%, respectively, P < .05), campesterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol/cholesterol ratio (54%, 40%, and 27%, P < .05). Addition of PS further reduced total and LDL cholesterol by ∼ 7.7 and 6.5%, respectively, in the atorvastatin therapy group and 5.0 and 4.0% in the combined therapy group (P < .05, for all), with no further effects in absorption or synthesis markers. CONCLUSIONS PS added to LLT can further improve lipid profile, without additional effects on intestinal sterol absorption or synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M T Malina
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Fonseca
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sílvio A Barbosa
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Soraia H Kasmas
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria A Machado
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina N França
- Health Sciences Post-Graduation Division, University of Santo Amaro-UNISA, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria C Izar
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Zetina-Esquivel AM, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Guzmán-Garcia C, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Castell-Rodríguez AE, Ble-Castillo JL, Avila-Fernandez A, Juárez-Rojop IE, Díaz-Zagoya JC. Effect of <i>Carica papaya</i> Leaf Extract on Serum Lipids and Liver Metabolic Parameters of Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet. Health (London) 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2015.79134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Castellanos-Jankiewicz A, Del Bosque-Plata L, Tejero ME. Combined effect of plant sterols and dietary fiber for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 69:93-100. [PMID: 24831917 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-014-0419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major contributor for disease burden in both the developed and developing world and an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Phytosterols (PhS) and dietary fiber (DF) act as low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering agents, offering an effective treatment against high blood cholesterol and CVD. The aim of this review was to consider clinical evidence that analyzed the combination of PhS and DF in a cereal carrier for lowering LDL-C. Electronic database searches were carried out to identify peer-reviewed journal articles, from which five intervention studies that combined both components in a cereal carrier were identified and included in the present review. LDL-C lowering effects varied widely among studies, due to large heterogeneity in study design, subject baseline characteristics, length of the interventions, PhS and DF dosage and type of DF used. In relation to a time of intake, three studies suggested a frequency or distribution of the product's consumption during the day, while two studies did not consider this factor. Overall, the selected studies found significant differences on LDL-C concentrations, although not all of them reached the expected outcomes. Future research should be conducted to explore the effect that different types of DF exert on LDL-C when combined with PhS, and to analyze the effect of the product's time of intake in order to suggest an optimal moment of the day for its consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Castellanos-Jankiewicz
- Laboratorio de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur No. 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, México, DF, 14610, Mexico,
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McKenney JM, Jenks BH, Shneyvas E, Brooks JR, Shenoy SF, Cook CM, Maki KC. A Softgel Dietary Supplement Containing Esterified Plant Sterols and Stanols Improves the Blood Lipid Profile of Adults with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Replication Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:244-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Amir Shaghaghi M, Abumweis SS, Jones PJ. Cholesterol-Lowering Efficacy of Plant Sterols/Stanols Provided in Capsule and Tablet Formats: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 113:1494-1503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Haimeur A, Messaouri H, Ulmann L, Mimouni V, Masrar A, Chraibi A, Tremblin G, Meskini N. Argan oil prevents prothrombotic complications by lowering lipid levels and platelet aggregation, enhancing oxidative status in dyslipidemic patients from the area of Rabat (Morocco). Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:107. [PMID: 23870174 PMCID: PMC3751630 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is now established that patients with hyperlipidemia have a high risk of atherosclerosis and thrombotic complications, which are two important events responsible for the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease. In the context of managing dyslipidemia by means of dietary advice based on the consumption of argan oil, we wanted to investigate the effect of virgin argan oil on plasma lipids, and for the first time, on the platelet hyperactivation and oxidative status associated with dyslipidemia. This study concerns patients recruited in the area of Rabat in Morocco. Methods 39 dyslipidemic (79% women) patients were recruited for our study in the area of Rabat in Morocco. They were randomly assigned to the two following groups: the argan group, in which the subjects consumed 25 mL/day of argan oil at breakfast for 3 weeks, and the control group in which argan oil was replaced by butter. Results After a 3-week consumption period, blood total cholesterol was significantly lower in the argan oil group, as was LDL cholesterol (23.8% and 25.6% lower, respectively). However, the HDL cholesterol level had increased by 26% at the end of the intervention period compared to baseline. Interestingly, in the argan oil group thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was lower, and oxidative status was enhanced as a result of lower platelet MDA and higher GPx activity, respectively. Conclusions In conclusion, our results, even if it is not representative of the Moroccan population, show that argan oil can prevent the prothrombotic complications associated with dyslipidemia, which are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Haimeur
- IUT Département Génie Biologique, Université du Maine, PRES L'UNAM, EA 2160 MMS (Mer, Molécules, Santé), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Le Mans, Laval, France
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