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Zhu H, Chen P, Ding X, Zhao Y. Relationship Between Urinary Iodine Concentration and the Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Horm Metab Res 2024; 56:368-372. [PMID: 38447949 DOI: 10.1055/a-2258-8258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the iodine intake in the resident population in Xi'an and analyze the relationship between iodine nutritional status and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid nodules (TNs). A total of 2507 people were enrolled in Xi'an. Venous serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and thyroid ultrasonography were collected. Patients with abnormal TSH were checked for free thyroxine (FT4) and triiodothyronine (FT3). Adults in Xi'an had median UICs of 220.80 μg/L and 178.56 μg/l, respectively. A sum of 16.78% of people had subclinical hypothyroidism. Both iodine excess and iodine deficit increased the frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism. The lowest was around 15.09% in females with urine iodine levels between 200 and 299 μg/l. With a rate of 10.69%, the lowest prevalence range for males was 100-199 μg/l. In Xi'an, 11.37% of people have TNs. In comparison to other UIC categories, TN occurrences were higher in females (18.5%) and males (12%) when UIC were below 100 μg/l. In conclusion, iodine intake was sufficient in the Xi'an area, while the adults' UIC remains slightly higher than the criteria. Iodine excess or deficiency can lead to an increase in the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism. Patients with iodine deficiency are more likely to develop TNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachao Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanru Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Gong B, Wang Y, Zhang JA, Zhang Q, Zhao J, Li J, Wang X, Han Y, Yu Z, Zhang C, Peng B, Xing Y, Li Q, Wang P, Li Y, Teng W, Shan Z. Effects of altitude on thyroid disorders according to Chinese three-rung, ladder-like topography: national cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:26. [PMID: 38167020 PMCID: PMC10762831 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese topography appears a three-rung ladder-like distribution of decreasing elevation from northwest to southeast, which is divided by two sloping edges. Previous studies have reported that prevalence of thyroid diseases differed by altitude, and geographical factors were associated with thyroid disorders. To explore the association between three-rung ladder-like regions and thyroid disorders according to unique Chinese topographic features, we conducted an epidemiological cross-sectional study from 2015-2017 that covered all 31 mainland Chinese provinces. METHODS A total of 78,470 participants aged ≥ 18 years from a nationally representative cross-sectional study were included. Serum thyroid peroxidase antibody, thyroglobulin antibody, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels; urine iodine concentration; and thyroid volume were measured. The three-rung ladder-like distribution of decreasing elevation from northwest to southeast in China was categorized into three topographic groups according to elevation: first ladder, > 3000 m above sea level; second ladder, descending from 3000-500 m; and third ladder, descending from 500 m to sea level. The third ladder was further divided into groups A (500-100 m) and B (< 100 m). Associations between geographic factors and thyroid disorders were assessed using linear and binary logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Participants in the first ladder group were associated with lower thyroid peroxidase (β = -4.69; P = 0.00), thyroglobulin antibody levels (β = -11.08; P = 0.01), and the largest thyroid volume (β = 1.74; P = 0.00), compared with the other groups. The second ladder group was associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (odds ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [1.18-1.43]) and subclinical hypothyroidism (odds ratio = 0.61, 95%confidence interval [0.57-0.66]) (P < 0.05) compared with the first ladder group. Group A (third ladder) (500-100 m) was associated with thyroid nodules and subclinical hypothyroidism (P < 0.05). Furthermore, group B (< 100 m) was positively associated with autoimmune thyroiditis, thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibody positivity, and negatively associated with overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and goiter compared with the first ladder group(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION We are the first to investigate the association between different ladder regions and thyroid disorders according to unique Chinese topographic features. The prevalence of thyroid disorders varied among the three-rung ladder-like topography groups in China, with the exception of overt hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshen Gong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Youmin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of An-Hui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, P. R. China
| | - Jin-An Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Affiliated With Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jiashu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Xichang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Bingcong Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Yumin Xing
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Qiuxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Yongze Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, P. R. China.
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Wang S, Bu Y, Shao Q, Cai Y, Sun D, Fan L. A Cohort Study on the Effects of Maternal High Serum Iodine Status During Pregnancy on Infants in Terms of Iodine Status and Intellectual, Motor, and Physical Development. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:133-144. [PMID: 37103640 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to explore the effects of maternal iodine excess during pregnancy on infants' neurodevelopment and physical development. A total of 143 mother-child pairs were enrolled in this cohort study. Maternal blood samples were collected during the obstetric examination. A mother-child questionnaire survey was conducted, and infants' blood samples were collected during the newborn physical examination. Infants' single-spot urine samples were collected, and intellectual, motor, and physical development were assessed at 2 months of age. The median (IQR) maternal serum iodine concentrations (SICs) in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy were 91.2 (74.4, 102.2) μg/L, 81.2 (70.6, 94.8) μg/L, and 82.0 (68.9, 100.3) μg/L, respectively. In the first trimester of pregnancy, infants' psychomotor developmental index (PDI), body mass index (BMI) and weight-for-length Z score (WLZ) were higher with maternal suitable SIC (40 ~ 92 μg/L) than with maternal excess SIC (P < 0.05). Infants' PDI, BMI, weight-for-age Z score (WAZ) and WLZ were negatively correlated with maternal SIC (P < 0.05). Maternal excess SIC had a slightly negative effect on infants' MDI (OR = 1.304, P = 0.035, 95% CI = 1.019 ~ 1.668), PDI (OR = 1.124, P = 0.001, 95% CI = 1.052 ~ 1.200) and BMI (OR = 0.790, P = 0.005, 95% CI = 0.669 ~ 0.933). In the third trimester, infants' length-for-age Z score (LAZ) was higher with maternal high SIC (> 92 μg/L) (P = 0.015), and maternal SIC was positively correlated with infants' urine iodine concentration (UIC) (P = 0.026). Maternal iodine excess in the first trimester had a slightly negative effect on infants' intellectual, motor, and physical development. In the third trimester, maternal iodine excess only may have a positive impact on infants' height. Additionally, maternal iodine status was closely related to infants' iodine status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ye Bu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qingliang Shao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yan Cai
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Lijun Fan
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Xu T, Guo W, Ren Z, Wei H, Tan L, Zhang W. Study on the Relationship Between Serum Iodine and Thyroid Dysfunctions: a Cross-Sectional Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:3613-3625. [PMID: 36319829 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between serum iodine (SIC) and thyroid dysfunctions in adults is poorly understood, and this study aimed to explore their relationship. A total of 1320 participants were included in the final analysis. We collected basic demographic information, blood, and spot urine samples to determine serological indices and iodine nutritional status. The median (IQR) of urinary iodine (UIC)/urinary creatinine (UCr), UIC, SIC were 138.1 (91.1, 207.6) μg/g, 155.8 (94.5, 211.1) μg/L, and 70.6 (59.8, 83.9) μg/L, respectively. The 90% reference ranges for UIC/UCr and SIC were 66.5-349.8 mg/g and 49.3-97.1 μg/L. SIC was positively correlated with UIC and UIC/UCr. The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism in female was significantly higher than that in male (P = 0.02, P = 0.002). In male, subjects above the upper reference value of SIC (97.1 μg/L) had a higher risk of subclinical hyperthyroidism (OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 1.29, 12.8) and overt hypothyroidism (OR = 5.59, 95% CI: 1.88, 6.42). In female, subjects below the lower reference value of SIC (49.3 μg/L) had a higher risk of overt hypothyroidism (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.10, 4.06), TgAb positive (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.15, 3.32) and TPOAb positive (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.41, 4.26). In conclusion, serum iodine can be used as an indicator to evaluate iodine nutritional status and thyroid dysfunctions. Higher serum iodine concentration was associated with an increased risk of subclinical hyperthyroidism and overt hypothyroidism in men; lower serum iodine concentration was associated with an increased risk of overt hypothyroidism and positive TgAb and TPOAb in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxing Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research On Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research On Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Ma C, Zhong J, Zou Y, Liu Z, Li H, Pang J, Liu X, Zejipuchi, Tian L, Hou L, Wang D, Cheng X, Qiu L. Establishment of Reference Intervals for Thyroid-Associated Hormones Using refineR Algorithm in Chinese Population at High-Altitude Areas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:816970. [PMID: 35222276 PMCID: PMC8874314 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.816970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Diagnosis of thyroid disease among individuals dwelling at high altitude remains a challenge. Reference intervals (RIs) for thyroid-associated hormones among Tibetans living at various high altitudes were established to improve diagnosis. Methods One thousand two hundred eighty-one subjects were randomly recruited from Nyingchi, Shigatse/Lhasa, and Ali of Tibet. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured by the Cobas e601 electrochemiluminescence analyzer. We used multiple linear regression and variance component analysis to assess the effect of sex, age, and altitude on hormones. RIs were established by refineR algorithm and compared with those provided by the manufacturer. Results Serum TSH was significantly lower in males than in females, while FT3 and FT4 were higher in males. Both FT3 and FT4 decreased with increasing age. FT3 increased with altitude, while TSH and FT4 were less influenced by altitude. The RI for TSH was 0.764–5.784 μIU/ml, while for FT4, the RIs were 12.36–19.38 pmol/L in females and 14.84–20.18 pmol/L in males. The RIs for FT3 at Nyingchi, Shigatse/Lhasa, and Ali in females were 4.09–4.98, 4.31–5.45, and 4.82–5.58 pmol/L, while in males, the values were 4.82–5.41, 4.88–5.95, and 5.26–6.06 pmol/L, respectively. The obtained RIs for TSH and FT4 were generally higher, while that for FT3 was narrower than the RIs provided by Cobas. Conclusions Specific RIs were established for thyroid-associated hormones among Tibetans, which were significantly different from those provided by the manufacturer.
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Zou Y, Liu Z, Li H, Hou L, Pang J, Liu X, Zejipuchi, Tian L, Zhang Q, Ma C, Yu S, Wang D, Guo X, Cheng X, Yang H, Qiu L. Evaluation of bone metabolism-associated biomarkers in Tibet, China. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e24068. [PMID: 34699640 PMCID: PMC8649332 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To measure and evaluate the distribution and possible contributing factors of seven bone metabolism‐associated biomarkers in Tibet, a plateau province of China. Methods A total of 1615 individuals were recruited from Tibet at three different altitudes. The levels and possible contributing factors of serum calcium, serum phosphorus, ALP, 25OHD, PINP, CTX, and PTH were evaluated. Results In total, 1246 Tibetan adults (males: n = 543) were eventually enrolled in this study. Multiple linear regression recognized age, sex, altitude, and BMI as the major effect factors. The levels of ALP, PINP, and CTX in males continuously decreased with age; however, those in females increased after approximately 39 years of age. Males had higher 25OHD levels (23.9 vs. 15.4 ng/ml) but lower levels of serum phosphorus (1.12 vs. 1.19 mmol/L) and PTH (41.3 vs. 47.4 pg/ml) than females. Before the age of 50, males had higher levels of calcium, ALP, PINP, and CTX than females, and the opposite trend was observed after the age of 50. The highest levels of serum calcium and phosphorus and the lowest levels of PINP and CTX were found in the Shigatse/Lhasa region, suggesting a better bone metabolism status. Compared with reports from plain areas of China, significantly higher levels of PINP (65.3 vs. 49.36 ng/ml) and CTX (0.46 vs. 0.37 ng/ml) were recorded in Tibetan adults. Conclusion A more active bone turnover status was found in Tibetan adults than in individuals from the plain areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijuan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibet Lhasa, China
| | - Honglei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Li'an Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jinrong Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibet Lhasa, China
| | - Xiaoxing Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ali District People's Hospital, Tibet Ali, China
| | - Zejipuchi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sang Zhu Zi District People's Hospital, Tibet, Shigatse City, China
| | - Liping Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tibet City, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chaochao Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Danchen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuzhi Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqi Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibet Lhasa, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Hlucny K, Alexander BM, Gerow K, Larson-Meyer DE. Reflection of Dietary Iodine in the 24 h Urinary Iodine Concentration, Serum Iodine and Thyroglobulin as Biomarkers of Iodine Status: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:2520. [PMID: 34444680 PMCID: PMC8398459 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The iodine status of the US population is considered adequate, but subpopulations remain at risk for iodine deficiency and a biomarker of individual iodine status has yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 3 day titration diet, providing known quantities of iodized salt, is reflected in 24 h urinary iodine concentration (UIC), serum iodine, and thyroglobulin (Tg). METHODS A total of 10 participants (31.3 ± 4.0 years, 76.1 ± 6.3 kg) completed three, 3 day iodine titration diets (minimal iodine, US RDA, (United States Recommended Daily Allowance), and 3× RDA). The 24 h UIC, serum iodine, and Tg were measured following each diet. The 24 h UIC and an iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were completed at baseline. RESULTS UIC increased an average of 19.3 μg/L for every gram of iodized salt consumed and was different from minimal to RDA (p = 0.001) and RDA to 3× RDA diets (p = 0.04). Serum iodine was different from RDA to 3× RDA (p = 0.006) whereas Tg was not responsive to diet. Baseline UIC was associated with iodine intake from milk (r = 0.688, p = 0.028) and fish/seafood (r = 0.646, p = 0.043). CONCLUSION These results suggest that 24 h UIC and serum iodine may be reflective of individual iodine status and may serve as biomarkers of iodine status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Hlucny
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| | - Brenda M. Alexander
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| | - Ken Gerow
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| | - D. Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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