1
|
Saadi S, Nacer NE, Saari N, Mohammed AS, Anwar F. The underlying mechanism of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damages in triggering cancer incidences: Insights into proteomic and genomic sciences. J Biotechnol 2024; 383:1-12. [PMID: 38309588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The attempt of this review article is to determine the impact of nuclear and mitochondrial damages on the propagation of cancer incidences. This review has advanced our understanding to altered genes and their relevant cancerous proteins. The progressive raising effects of free reactive oxygen species ROS and toxicogenic compounds contributed to significant mutation in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA where the incidence of gastric cancer is found to be linked with down regulation of some relevant genes and mutation in some important cellular proteins such as AMP-18 and CA-11. Thereby, the resulting changes in gene mutations induced the apparition of newly polymorphisms eventually leading to unusual cellular expression to mutant proteins. Reduction of these apoptotic growth factors and nuclear damages is increasingly accepted by cell reactivation effect, enhanced cellular signaling and DNA repairs. Acetylation, glycation, pegylation and phosphorylation are among the molecular techniques used in DNA repair for rectifying mutation incidences. In addition, the molecular labeling based fluorescent materials are currently used along with the bioconjugating of signal molecules in targeting disease translocation site, particularly cancers and tumors. These strategies would help in determining relevant compounds capable in overcoming problems of down regulating genes responsible for repair mechanisms. These issues of course need interplay of both proteomic and genomic studies often in combination of molecular engineering to cible the exact expressed gene relevant to these cancerous proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Saadi
- Institute de la Nutrition, de l'Alimentation et des Technologies Agroalimetaires INATAA, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Génie Agro-Alimentaire (GeniAAl), INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 UFC1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25000, Algeria.
| | - Nor Elhouda Nacer
- Department of Biology of Organisms, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, Batna 05000, Algeria
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | | | - Farooq Anwar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; Honorary Research Fellow: Metharath University, 99 Moo 10, Bangtoey, Samkhok, Pathum Thani 12160, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
TRAN NYT, LE TD, DAO PT, BACH GL, HUYNH PX, TRAN QN. Evaluation of different extraction methods on the polyphenols yield, flavonoids yield, and antioxidant activity of the pomelo flavedo extract from Da Xanh (Citrus maxima [burm] merr.) variety. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.97021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Yen Thi TRAN
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam; Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam; Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam
| | - Truong Dang LE
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam; Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam
| | - Phat Tan DAO
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam; Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam
| | - Giang Long BACH
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam; Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong F, Ding Z, Zhang K, Duan W, Qin Y, Su Z, Bi Y. Optimization of extraction flavonoids from Exocarpium Citri Grandis and evaluation its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113178. [PMID: 32736047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Exocarpium Citri Grandis (ECG; Huajuhong in Chinese) is a precious traditional Chinese medicine with a history of hundreds of years in China. It has been demonstrated to possess numerous pharmacological properties, including antitussive, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic. However, no in-depth report exists on the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of ECG. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of ECG flavonoids extract in vitro and in vivo so as to lay the foundation for further researches in this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total flavonoids (TF) and naringin were separately extracted from ECG, and the components of TF were identified by HPLC-MS. The antioxidant capacities of TF and naringin were determined by 2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging tests, and digestive enzymes activity inhibition assays in vitro in order to evaluate their hypoglycemic properties. Furthermore, diabetic mice experiments were performed to assess the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of TF and naringin in vivo. RESULTS Five compounds were identified from TF, including naringin, rhoifolin, poncirin, bergaptol, and naringenin. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TF and naringin to DPPH-free radicals were 0.269 and 1.946 mg/mL, respectively. TF and naringin demonstrated a certain inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase and a weaker inhibitory effect on α-amylase. The results of animal experiments showed that TF and naringin had no significant effect on the blood glucose levels, but they could lead to significant (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) increase in the serum insulin level and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels with concomitant reduction in the total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in diabetic mice. In addition, TF and naringin could reduce the liver index of diabetic mice (p < 0.01) and reduce the kidney index at low doses (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of TF is mainly derived from naringin, and other active ingredients in TF also have the effects of alleviating oxidative stress, inhibiting digestive enzyme activity and reducing blood lipids. Our results thus provide a scientific basis for the application of ECG in antidiabetic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fansheng Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhendong Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weijie Duan
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Yaru Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhipeng Su
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongguang Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic hyperactivation limits the application of MTT assay in the estimation of radiation induced growth inhibition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1531. [PMID: 29367754 PMCID: PMC5784148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic viability based high throughput assays like MTT and MTS are widely used in assessing the cell viability. However, alteration in both mitochondrial content and metabolism can influence the metabolic viability of cells and radiation is a potential mitochondrial biogenesis inducer. Therefore, we tested if MTT assay is a true measure of radiation induced cell death in widely used cell lines. Radiation induced cellular growth inhibition was performed by enumerating cell numbers and metabolic viability using MTT assay at 24 and 48 hours (hrs) after exposure. The extent of radiation induced reduction in cell number was found to be larger than the decrease in MTT reduction in all the cell lines tested. We demonstrated that radiation induces PGC-1α and TFAM to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis leading to increased levels of SDH-A and enhanced metabolic viability. Radiation induced disturbance in calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis also plays a crucial role by making the mitochondria hyperactive. These findings suggest that radiation induces mitochondrial biogenesis and hyperactivation leading to increased metabolic viability and MTT reduction. Therefore, conclusions drawn on radiation induced growth inhibition based on metabolic viability assays are likely to be erroneous as it may not correlate with growth inhibition and/or loss of clonogenic survival.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mushtaque M, Avecilla F, Pingale SS, Kamble KM, Yab Z, Rizvi MMA. Computational and experimental studies of 4-thiazolidinone-cyclopropyl hybrid. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Mushtaque M, Avecilla F, Khan MS, Hafeez ZB, Rezvi MMA, Srivastava A. Synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, cell cycle analysis of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)thiourea and quantum chemical analyses. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
7
|
Arshad M, Bhat AR, Hoi KK, Choi I, Athar F. Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial screening of some novel 1,2,4-triazine derivatives. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Synthesis, stereochemistry determination, pharmacological studies and quantum chemical analyses of bisthiazolidinone derivative. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
9
|
Tazeem, Bhat AR, Han X, Athar F. Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Methyl-Substituted Tetrazoloquinoline-Based Pyrazolinethioamides. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tazeem
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central, University); New Delhi 110025 India
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan China 430071
| | - Abdul Roouf Bhat
- Department of Chemistry; S. P. College; M.A Road Srinagar- 190001 India
| | - Xin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan China 430071
| | - Fareeda Athar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central, University); New Delhi 110025 India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mushtaque M, Jahan M, Ali M, Khan MS, Khan MS, Preeti Sahay, Kesarwani A. Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking, DNA binding, cytotoxicity and DFT studies of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyridine-3-ylmethyl)thiourea. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Wani MY, Bhat AR, Azam A, Athar F, Sobral AJFN. New transition metal complexes containing imidazole rings endowed with potential antiamoebic activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00013d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole-hydrazones were found to be better antiamoebic lead molecules compared to the standard drug metronidazole (MNZ). Chelation of these bioactive ligands with metals enhanced their activity profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
- Departamento de Quımica
| | | | - Amir Azam
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Fareeda Athar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mushtaque M, Avecilla F, Azam A. Synthesis, characterization and structure optimization of a series of thiazolidinone derivatives as Entamoeba histolytica inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 55:439-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
13
|
Wani MY, Bhat AR, Azam A, Lee DH, Choi I, Athar F. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel tetrazole embedded 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoline derivatives as Entamoeba histolytica growth inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:845-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Almeida VM, Branco CR, Assis SA, Vieira IJ, Braz-Filho R, Branco A. Synthesis of naringin 6"-ricinoleate using immobilized lipase. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:41. [PMID: 22578215 PMCID: PMC3374675 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Graphical abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verônica M Almeida
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44031 460 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wani MY, Bhat AR, Azam A, Choi I, Athar F. Probing the antiamoebic and cytotoxicity potency of novel tetrazole and triazine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 48:313-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
16
|
Nafisi S, Hashemi M, Rajabi M, Tajmir-Riahi HA. DNA adducts with antioxidant flavonoids: morin, apigenin, and naringin. DNA Cell Biol 2008; 27:433-42. [PMID: 18491957 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids have recently attracted a great interest as potential therapeutic drugs against a wide range of free-radical-mediated diseases. The anticancer and antiviral activities of these natural products are implicated in their mechanism of actions. While the antioxidant activity of these natural polyphenolic compounds is well known, their bindings to DNA are not fully investigated. This study was designed to examine the interactions of morin (Mor), naringin (Nar), and apigenin (Api) with calf thymus DNA in aqueous solution at physiological conditions, using constant DNA concentration (6.25 mM) and various drug/DNA(phosphate) ratios of 1/40 to 1. FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods were used to determine the ligand binding modes, the binding constant, and the stability of DNA in flavonoid-DNA complexes in aqueous solution. Spectroscopic evidence shows both intercalation and external binding of flavonoids to DNA duplex with overall binding constants of K(morin) = 5.99 x 10(3) M(-1), K(apigenin) = 7.10 x 10(4) M(-1), and K(naringin) = 3.10 x 10(3) M(-1). The affinity of ligand-DNA binding is in the order of apigenin > morin > naringin. DNA aggregation and a partial B- to A-DNA transition occurs upon morin, apigenin, and naringin complexation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Nafisi
- Department of Chemistry, Azad University, Central Tehran Branch (IAUCTB), Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nafisi S, Shadaloi A, Feizbakhsh A, Tajmir-Riahi HA. RNA binding to antioxidant flavonoids. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 94:1-7. [PMID: 18922698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are an interesting group of natural polyphenolic compounds that exhibit extensive bioactivities such as scavenging free radical, antitumor and antiproliferative effects. The anticancer and antiviral effects of these natural products are attributed to their potential biomedical applications. While flavonoids complexation with DNA is known, their bindings to RNA are not fully investigated. This study was designed to examine the interactions of three flavonoids; morin (Mor), apigenin (Api) and naringin (Nar) with yeast RNA in aqueous solution at physiological conditions, using constant RNA concentration (6.25 mM) and various pigment/RNA (phosphate) ratios of 1/120 to 1/1. FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopic methods were used to determine the ligand binding modes, the binding constant and the stability of RNA in flavonoid-RNA complexes in aqueous solution. Spectroscopic evidence showed major binding of flavonoids to RNA with overall binding constants of K(morin) = 9.150 x 10(3) M(-1), K(apigenin)=4.967 x 10(4) M(-1), and K(naringin)=1.144 x 10(4) M(-1). The affinity of flavonoid-RNA binding is in the order of apigenin>naringin>morin. No biopolymer secondary structural changes were observed upon flavonoid interaction and RNA remains in the A-family structure in these pigment complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sh Nafisi
- Department of Chemistry, Azad University, Central Tehran Branch (IAUCTB), Tehran 1467686831, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nishina A, Kimura H, Sekiguchi A, Fukumoto RH, Nakajima S, Furukawa S. Lysophosphatidylethanolamine in Grifola frondosa as a neurotrophic activator via activation of MAPK. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1434-43. [PMID: 16614393 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600045-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that Grifola frondosa extracts induced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in cultured PC12 cells, a line of rat pheochromocytoma cells. The active substance was isolated by a few chromatographic steps, including high-performance liquid chromatography, and was identified to be lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) from various structural analyses. LPE from G. frondosa (GLPE) was confirmed to induce the activation of MAPK of cultured PC12 cells and was found to suppress cell condensation and DNA ladder generation evoked by serum deprivation, suggesting that the GLPE had antiapoptotic effects. Moreover, GLPE caused morphological changes in and upregulation of neurofilament M expression of PC12 cells, demonstrating that the GLPE could induce neuronal differentiation of these cells. The activation of MAPK by GLPE was suppressed by AG1478, an antagonist of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and by U0126, an inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEK1/2), but not by K252a, an inhibitor of TrkA, or by pertussis toxin. These results demonstrate that GLPE induced the MAPK cascade [EGFR-MEK1/2-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2)] of PC12 cells, the activation of which induced neuronal differentiation and suppressed serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. This study has clarified for the first time the involvement of the MAPK signal cascade in LPE actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyoshi Nishina
- Gunma Industrial Technology Center, 884-1 Kamesato, Maebashi, Gunma 379-2147, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peng L, Wang B, Ren P. Reduction of MTT by flavonoids in the absence of cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005; 45:108-11. [PMID: 16150580 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The tetrazolium salt 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) is used to determine cell viability in assays of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. MTT is reduced in metabolically active cells to yield an insoluble purple formazan product. However, in this study, using a colorimetric method with MTT, we demonstrated that luteolin and quercetin (both are flavonoids) can reduce MTT in the absence of living cells. We also examined effects of some experimental conditions on the reaction, such as concentrations of flavonoids, incubation time, the structure and the existing form in solvents of flavonoids. The maximal absorbance values, which were 0.355 (luteolin) and 0.491 (quercetin), were observed when the concentrations of flavonoids were 200 microg/ml. Incubating MTT with flavonoids for 8 h, the absorbance values got the maximum, which were 0.320 (luteolin) and 0.398 (quercetin). The ability of flavonoids reducing MTT in RPMI-1640 with 10% fetal calf serum was higher than that in anhydrous ethanol. And the ability of quercetin reducing MTT was higher than that of luteolin both in RPMI-1640 with 10% fetal calf serum and anhydrous ethanol. Based on the results, this undescribed reaction can significantly influence the results of experiments using the MTT assay to measure the effects of flavonoids on cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- Key Lab of Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under the State Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|