1
|
Bae CS, Lee Y, Ahn T. Therapeutic treatments for diabetes mellitus-induced liver injury by regulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Appl Microsc 2023; 53:4. [PMID: 37428327 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-023-00089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that affects all systems in the body, including the liver. Numerous studies have reported that chronic DM etiology and pathogenesis complications implicate oxidative stress, generating reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions and free radicals. In addition, pro-inflammatory reactions are also underlying functions closely related to oxidative stress that further exacerbate pathological DM states. The liver is especially susceptible to hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and the related inflammation. Thus, anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation therapies are promising strategies for treating liver damage. This review summarizes therapeutic treatments attenuating the generation of oxidative stress and pro-inflammation, which also cause DM-induced liver injury. Although the treatments have several impediments to be solved, these remedies may have clinically important implications under the absence of effective drugs for the damaged liver in DM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngchan Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tomato lycopene prevention of alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma development. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2018; 4:211-224. [PMID: 30603740 PMCID: PMC6308920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in the United States, and chronic, excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for 32%–45% of all the liver cancer cases in the United States. Avoidance of chronic or excessive alcohol intake is the best protection against alcohol-related liver injury; however, the social presence and addictive power of alcohol are strong. Induction of the cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) enzyme by chronic and excessive alcohol intake is known to play a role in the pathogenesis of ALD. High intake of tomatoes, rich in the carotenoid lycopene, is associated with a decreased risk of chronic disease. The review will overview the prevention of ALD and HCC through dietary tomato rich in lycopene as an effective intervention strategy and the crucial role of CYP2E1 induction as a molecular target. The review also indicates a need for caution among individuals consuming both alcohol and high dose lycopene as a dietary supplement.
Collapse
|
3
|
Palanisamy S, Vinosha M, Manikandakrishnan M, Anjali R, Rajasekar P, Marudhupandi T, Manikandan R, Vaseeharan B, Prabhu NM. Investigation of antioxidant and anticancer potential of fucoidan from Sargassum polycystum. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:151-161. [PMID: 29729339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of fucoidan isolated from Sargassum polycystum. The isolated fucoidan was successfully purified by DEAE cellulose-ion exchange chromatography and dialysis. Totally four active fractions (F1-F4) were collected and explored its chemical constitution by calorimetric assays. Among them, fraction 2 (F2) showed the higher yield percentage, fucose and sulphate content. Further, monosaccharide composition, structural and functional properties of the F2 was analyzed by HPLC, FTIR and NMR. F2 shows highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (55.94 ± 0.69%), reducing power (0.33 absorbance rate), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (71.76 ± 2.14%) and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (51.81 ± 1.04%) at 1000 μg/ml. The cell viability of MCF-7 and HCT-15 cell lines was proportionate to the concentration of F2 with an estimated IC50 was 20 and 50 μg/ml respectively. The fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis demonstrated the apoptotic morphological changes and cell mediated death in F2 treated cancer cells. Higher amount of LDH release was found in the F2 treated cancer cells than the control group. Thus, the present finding proved that the isolated F2 encompasses significant antioxidant and anticancer property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Palanisamy
- Disease control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manoharan Vinosha
- Disease control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthushanmugam Manikandakrishnan
- Disease control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravichandran Anjali
- Disease control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Periyannan Rajasekar
- Disease control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangapandi Marudhupandi
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramar Manikandan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narayanasamy Marimuthu Prabhu
- Disease control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moran NE, Mohn ES, Hason N, Erdman JW, Johnson EJ. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Impacting Absorption, Metabolism, and Health Effects of Dietary Carotenoids. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:465-492. [PMID: 30032230 PMCID: PMC6054194 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are orange, yellow, and red lipophilic pigments present in many fruit and vegetables, as well as other food groups. Some carotenoids contribute to vitamin A requirements. The consumption and blood concentrations of specific carotenoids have been associated with reduced risks of a number of chronic conditions. However, the interpretation of large, population-based observational and prospective clinical trials is often complicated by the many extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect the physiologic response to carotenoids. Extrinsic factors affecting carotenoid bioavailability include food-based factors, such as co-consumed lipid, food processing, and molecular structure, as well as environmental factors, such as interactions with prescription drugs, smoking, or alcohol consumption. Intrinsic, physiologic factors associated with blood and tissue carotenoid concentrations include age, body composition, hormonal fluctuations, and variation in genes associated with carotenoid absorption and metabolism. To most effectively investigate carotenoid bioactivity and to utilize blood or tissue carotenoid concentrations as biomarkers of intake, investigators should either experimentally or statistically control for confounding variables affecting the bioavailability, tissue distribution, and metabolism of carotene and xanthophyll species. Although much remains to be investigated, recent advances have highlighted that lipid co-consumption, baseline vitamin A status, smoking, body mass and body fat distribution, and genetics are relevant covariates for interpreting blood serum or plasma carotenoid responses. These and other intrinsic and extrinsic factors are discussed, highlighting remaining gaps in knowledge and opportunities for future research. To provide context, we review the state of knowledge with regard to the prominent health effects of carotenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Moran
- USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily S Mohn
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Noor Hason
- USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - John W Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ethanol modulates the synthesis and catabolism of retinoic acid in the rat prostate. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 53:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
6
|
Inhibitory effect of a Cirsium setidens extract on hepatic fat accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet via the induction of fatty acid β-oxidation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:1424-9. [PMID: 23832362 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cirsium setidens is a perennial medicinal herb that is rich in flavonoids. We investigated in this study the effect of a C. setidens ethanol extract (CSE) on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver in mice fed a high-fat diet (HF). C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control diet (CON) or HF for 8 weeks, and then fed CON, HF, or HF with 100 mg/kg of BW CSE (HF+CSE) for an additional 7 weeks. The final body weight and adipose tissue weight of the mice in the HF+CSE group were significantly lower than those in the HF group. CSE also markedly diminished both the lipid droplets in the liver tissues and decreased the hepatic and serum triglycerides (TG) concentrations. CSE strongly increased the hepatic mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), the fatty acid β-oxidation enzymes. The hepatic levels of phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were significantly higher in the HF+CSF group than in the HF group. These results suggest that CSE inhibited hepatic fat accumulation by up-regulating the expression of the fatty acid β-oxidation genes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Całkosiński I, Rosińczuk-Tonderys J, Bronowicka-Szydełko A, Dzierzba K, Bazan J, Dobrzyński M, Majda J, Gamian A. Effect of tocopherol on biochemical blood parameters in pleuritis-induced rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:510-22. [PMID: 23406955 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713475497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tocopherol on pleuritis-induced rats exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Rats were treated with a single TCDD dose of 5 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) and then for 3 weeks they were daily supplemented with tocopherol at a dose of 30 mg/kg b.w. The inflammation was initiated by intrapleural injection of a single dose of 1% carrageenin solution in a volume of 0.15 ml. Changes in biochemical blood parameters were measured three times at the 24th, 72nd and 120th hour of pleuritis and the blood was collected from 20 animals of each group of rats (group with the control inflammation; group treated with TCDD and with control inflammation; group treated with TCDD, supplemented with tocopherol and with the inflammation). The following biochemical parameters were measured: tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, procollagen, telopeptide, fibrinogen, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) and alanine aminotransferase (AlAT). Daily supplementation of tocopherol caused significant changes in the level of TNF, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, urea, creatinine, AspAT and AlAT. According to the results of these studies, we suggest that tocopherol supplementation in high doses could act as a protective treatment to improve liver metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Całkosiński
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, The Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Joanna Rosińczuk-Tonderys
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, The Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | | | | | - Justyna Bazan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Maciej Dobrzyński
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Jacek Majda
- Department of Diagnostics Laboratory, 4th Military Academic Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, The Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu KC, Liu J, Klaassen CD. Role of Nrf2 in preventing ethanol-induced oxidative stress and lipid accumulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:321-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
9
|
Clugston RD, Blaner WS. The adverse effects of alcohol on vitamin A metabolism. Nutrients 2012; 4:356-71. [PMID: 22690322 PMCID: PMC3367262 DOI: 10.3390/nu4050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to explore the relationship between alcohol and the metabolism of the essential micronutrient, vitamin A; as well as the impact this interaction has on alcohol-induced disease in adults. Depleted hepatic vitamin A content has been reported in human alcoholics, an observation that has been confirmed in animal models of chronic alcohol consumption. Indeed, alcohol consumption has been associated with declines in hepatic levels of retinol (vitamin A), as well as retinyl ester and retinoic acid; collectively referred to as retinoids. Through the use of animal models, the complex interplay between alcohol metabolism and vitamin A homeostasis has been studied; the reviewed research supports the notion that chronic alcohol consumption precipitates a decline in hepatic retinoid levels through increased breakdown, as well as increased export to extra-hepatic tissues. While the precise biochemical mechanisms governing alcohol's effect remain to be elucidated, its profound effect on hepatic retinoid status is irrefutable. In addition to a review of the literature related to studies on tissue retinoid levels and the metabolic interactions between alcohol and retinoids, the significance of altered hepatic retinoid metabolism in the context of alcoholic liver disease is also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Clugston
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chung J, Koo K, Lian F, Hu KQ, Ernst H, Wang XD. Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid, a lycopene metabolite, increases sirtuin 1 mRNA and protein levels and decreases hepatic fat accumulation in ob/ob mice. J Nutr 2012; 142:405-10. [PMID: 22259190 PMCID: PMC3278264 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.150052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycopene has been shown to be beneficial in protecting against high-fat diet-induced fatty liver. The recent demonstration that lycopene can be converted by carotene 9',10'-oxygenase into a biologically active metabolite, ALA, led us to propose that the function of lycopene can be mediated by ALA. In the present study, male ob/ob mice were fed a liquid high-fat diet (60% energy from fat) with ALA supplementation (ALA group, 240 μg · kg body weight(-1) · d(-1)) or without ALA supplementation as the control (C group) for 16 wk. Steatosis, SIRT1 expression and activity, genes involved in lipid metabolism, and ALA concentrations in the livers of mice were examined. The results showed that ALA supplementation resulted in a significant accumulation of ALA in the liver and markedly decreased the steatosis in the ALA group without altering body and liver weights compared to the C group. The mRNA and protein levels of hepatic SIRT1 were higher in the ALA group compared to the C group. SIRT1 activity also was higher in the ALA group, as indicated by the lower levels of acetylated forkhead box class O1 protein levels. In addition, the mRNA level of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 was significantly lower in the ALA group than in the C group. Because SIRT1 plays a key role in lipid homeostasis, the present study suggests that the lycopene metabolite, ALA, protects against the development of steatosis in ob/ob mice by upregulating SIRT1 gene expression and activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayong Chung
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeongok Koo
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fuzhi Lian
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Kang Quan Hu
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chavez PRG, Lian F, Chung J, Liu C, Paiva SAR, Seitz HK, Wang X. Long-term ethanol consumption promotes hepatic tumorigenesis but impairs normal hepatocyte proliferation in rats. J Nutr 2011; 141:1049-55. [PMID: 21490289 PMCID: PMC3095139 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.136531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption has been related to an increased risk of several cancers, including that of the liver; however, studies in animal models have yet to conclusively determine whether ethanol acts as a tumor promoter in hepatic tumorigenesis. We examined whether prolonged alcohol consumption could act as a hepatic tumor promoter after initiation by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in a rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 20 mg DEN/kg body weight 1 wk before introduction of either an ethanol liquid diet or an isoenergic control liquid diet. Hepatic pathological lesions, hepatocyte proliferation, apoptosis, PPARα and PPARγ, and plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were assessed after 6 and 10 mo. Mean body and liver weights, plasma IGF-1 concentration, hepatic expressions of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen and Ki-67, and cyclin D1 in ethanol-fed rats were all significantly lower after 10 mo of treatment compared with control rats. In addition, levels of hepatic PPARγ protein, not PPARα, were significantly higher in the ethanol-fed rats after prolonged treatment. Although ethanol feeding also resulted in significantly fewer altered hepatic foci, hepatocellular adenoma was detected in ethanol-fed rats at 10 mo, but not in control rats given the same dose of DEN. Together, these results indicate that chronic, excessive ethanol consumption impairs normal hepatocyte proliferation, which is associated with reduced IGF-1 levels, but promotes hepatic carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pollyanna R. G. Chavez
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Fuzhi Lian
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Jayong Chung
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Chun Liu
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Sergio A. R. Paiva
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111,Department of Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo State, Botucatu 18618-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Helmut K. Seitz
- Center of Alcohol Research, Liver Disease and Nutrition, Salem Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiang‐Dong Wang
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luvizotto RAM, Nascimento AF, Veeramachaneni S, Liu C, Wang X. Chronic alcohol intake upregulates hepatic expression of carotenoid cleavage enzymes and PPAR in rats. J Nutr 2010; 140:1808-14. [PMID: 20702748 PMCID: PMC2937575 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.123398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive and chronic alcohol intake leads to a lower hepatic vitamin A status by interfering with vitamin A metabolism. Dietary provitamin A carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A mainly by carotenoid 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 (CMO1) and, to a lesser degree, carotenoid 9'10'-monooxygenase 2 (CMO2). CMO1 has been shown to be regulated by several transcription factors, such as the PPAR, retinoid X receptor, and thyroid receptor (TR). The regulation of CMO2 has yet to be identified. The impact of chronic alcohol intake on hepatic expressions of CMO1 and CMO2 and their related transcription factors are unknown. In this study, Fischer 344 rats were pair-fed either a liquid ethanol Lieber-DeCarli diet (n = 10) or a control diet (n = 10) for 11 wk. Hepatic retinoid concentration and expressions of CMO1, CMO2, PPARγ, PPARα, and TRβ as well as plasma thyroid hormones levels were analyzed. We observed that administering alcohol decreased hepatic retinoid levels but increased mRNA concentrations of CMO1, CMO2, PPARγ, PPARα, and TRβ and upregulated protein levels of CMO2, PPARγ, and PPARα. There was a positive correlation of PPARγ with CMO1 (r = 0.89; P < 0.0001) and both PPARγ and PPARα with CMO2 (r = 0.72, P < 0.001 and r = 0.62, P < 0.01, respectively). Plasma thyroid hormone concentrations did not differ between the control rats and alcohol-fed rats. This study suggests that chronic alcohol intake significantly upregulates hepatic expression of CMO1 and, to a much lesser extent, CMO2. This process may be due to alcohol-induced PPARγ expression and lower vitamin A status in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata A. M. Luvizotto
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111,Department of Clinical Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo State, Botucatu 18618-000, SP, Brazil
| | - André F. Nascimento
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111,Department of Clinical Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo State, Botucatu 18618-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Sudipta Veeramachaneni
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Chun Liu
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Xiang‐Dong Wang
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|