1
|
Guo T, Wang T, Chen L, Zheng B. Whole-grain highland barley premade biscuit prepared by hot-extrusion 3D printing: Printability and nutritional assessment. Food Chem 2024; 432:137226. [PMID: 37633148 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to explore the possibility of applying whole-grain highland barley (HB) in functional food, HB premade biscuit was created by hot-extrusion 3D printing (HEP) for the first time, and its printability and nutritional functions were evaluated. The rheology results showed 20% (w/w) HB suspension with 9% corn oil addition had better printability due to the formation of a structure with higher elasticity and stronger resistance to deformation. Moreover, the obtained premade biscuit had lower predicted glycemic index (pGI) and starch digestibility. Meanwhile, in vivo experiment results showed it could affect the glycolipid metabolism, ameliorate the high fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders and maintain the balance of the gut microbial ecology. This could be attributed to the decrease in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and the proliferation of propionate-producing probiotics, especially Veilonella, Weissella and Desulfovibrio. Overall, this study could provide basic data and innovative approaches to prepare nutritional whole-grain foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Guo
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Ling Chen
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bo Zheng
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi L, Zou M, Zhou X, Wang S, Meng W, Lan Z. Comparison of protective effects of hesperetin and pectolinarigenin on high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in Golden Syrian hamsters. Exp Anim 2023; 72:123-131. [PMID: 36310057 PMCID: PMC9978126 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.22-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted to determine whether hesperetin and pectolinarigenin could lower total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced high lipid model in Golden Syrian hamsters. 48 Golden Syrian hamsters (8 weeks old) were fed with a HFD for 15 days. HFD induced significant increases in plasma TC, TG, LDL, and HDL. Then, these high lipid hamsters were divided into four groups and were administered with 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), hesperetin (100 mg/kg/day), pectolinarigenin (100 mg/kg/day) or atorvastatin (1.0 mg/kg/day), for 7 weeks. It was found that pectolinarigenin treatment resulted in significant reductions in body weight, adiposity index, serum levels of TC, TG and hepatic TC, TG and free fatty acid compared to those in control hamsters with hyperlipidemia (P<0.05). However, hesperetin treatment only caused reductions in plasma TC and hepatic TG levels. Besides, the hamsters treated with pectolinarigenin showed a relatively normal hepatic architecture compared to the hepatic steatosis shown in the control group. Moreover, the expressions of fatty-acid synthase (Fasn) and solute carrier family 27 member 1 (Slc27a1) involved in lipid biosynthesis, were suppressed in the pectolinarigenin-treated groups, and the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (Cpt1a) involved in fatty acid oxidation was increased in the pectolinarigenin-treated group. Taken together, these results suggest pectolinarigenin exerts stronger protective effects against hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis than hesperetin, which may involve the inhibition of lipid uptake and biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shi
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, No. 605, Fenglin
Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhe Zou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, No. 605, Fenglin
Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, No. 605, Fenglin
Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Songhua Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, No. 605, Fenglin
Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Meng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, No. 605, Fenglin
Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Lan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, No. 605, Fenglin
Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Evaluation of hypolipidemic, antioxidant, atherogenic index and cardiac risk suppressing effects of unpolished maniki madhuri rice extract and HPLC analysis of phenolics compounds. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Yang Z, Zhu X, Wen A, Ran J, Qin L, Zhu Y. Coix Seed-Based Milk Fermented With Limosilactobacillus reuteri Improves Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Mice Fed With a High-Fat Diet. Front Nutr 2022; 9:921255. [PMID: 35903451 PMCID: PMC9320324 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.921255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of coix seed-based milk (CSM) fermented with Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) on dyslipidemia and the composition of the intestinal microbiota in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Changes in the body weight, serum lipid levels, activities of hepatic oxidative stress factors, expression of lipid-related genes, and composition of the intestinal microbiota of HFD-fed mice after supplementation with CSM were determined. The results showed that intake of CSM reduced the body weight gain as well as serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the mice. Meanwhile, supplementation with CSM could relieve liver oxidative stress, down-regulate the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis, and prevent liver fat accumulation in mice fed with HFD. The 16S rRNA sequencing of the intestinal microbiota showed that CSM regulated the gut microbiota community structure at different taxonomic levels, and reversed gut dysbiosis induced by HFD. The relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Dubosiella and Akkermansia which are negatively correlated with blood lipid levels were significantly increased by the intervention of CSM, while the relative abundance of Desulfovibrionaceae, Ruminococca-ceae_UCG-014, Psychrobacter, and Staphylococcus which have positive correlation with blood lipid levels were significantly decreased. These results indicated that CSM might serve as a novel and promising dietary supplement for ameliorating hyperlipidemia and intestinal microbiota disorders caused by HFDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Anyan Wen
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingqi Ran
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Likang Qin
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Likang Qin
| | - Yi Zhu
- Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine Station of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zizza M, Fazzari G, Di Lorenzo M, Alò R, Bruno R, Laforgia V, Canonaco M, Facciolo RM. Cerebral pCREB-dependent social behavioral adversities following a short-term exposure to obesogenic diets in young hamsters. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 92:107094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Matsumoto Y, Fujita S, Yamagishi A, Shirai T, Maeda Y, Suzuki T, Kobayashi KI, Inoue J, Yamamoto Y. Brown Rice Inhibits Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Zucker (fa/fa) Rats by Increasing Lipid Oxidation Via Activation of Retinoic Acid Synthesis. J Nutr 2021; 151:2705-2713. [PMID: 34224565 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White rice and its unrefined form, brown rice, contain numerous compounds that are beneficial to human health. However, the starch content of rice can contribute to obesity, a main risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of rice consumption on NAFLD and its underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS We randomly divided 7-week-old male obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats, an animal model of NAFLD, into 3 groups (n = 10 each) fed 1 of 3 diets for 10 weeks: a control diet (Cont; AIN-93G diet; 53% cornstarch), a white rice diet (WR; AIN-93G diet with cornstarch replaced with white rice powder), or a brown rice diet (BR; AIN-93G diet with cornstarch replaced with brown rice powder). Liver fat accumulation and gene expression related to lipid and vitamin A metabolisms, including retinoic acid (RA) signaling, were analyzed. RESULTS Hepatic lipid values were significantly decreased in the BR group compared with the Cont group, by 0.4-fold (P < 0.05). The expression of genes related to hepatic fatty acid oxidation, such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, was approximately 2.1-fold higher in the BR group than the Cont group (P < 0.05). The expression of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain was also significantly increased, by 1.6-fold, in the BR group compared with the Cont group (P < 0.05). The expression of VLDL-secretion-related genes, such as microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, was also significantly higher in the BR group (2.4-fold; P < 0.05). Furthermore, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1, an RA synthase gene, was 2-fold higher in the BR group than the Cont group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Brown rice prevented development of NAFLD in obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. The beneficial effects of pregelatinized rice on NAFLD could be manifested as increased fatty acid oxidation and VLDL secretion, which are regulated by RA signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Matsumoto
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saya Fujita
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayano Yamagishi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shirai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tsukasa Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kobayashi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Foods and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Living Sciences Notre Dame Seishin University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Long Q, Chen H, Yang W, Yang L, Zhang L. Delphinidin-3-sambubioside from Hibiscus sabdariffa. L attenuates hyperlipidemia in high fat diet-induced obese rats and oleic acid-induced steatosis in HepG2 cells. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3837-3849. [PMID: 34281481 PMCID: PMC8806893 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1950259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus sabdariffa. L is folk medicine that is often used for its hypolipidemic and antihypertensive effects; however, the active compound responsible for its anti-obesity effect is presently unknown. Delphinidin-3-sambubioside (Dp3-Sam) is an anthocyanin, was extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. The present research aimed to investigate the role of Dp3-Sam in the prevention of hyperlipidemia in vivo and in vitro. Rats were fed with a standard chow diet (Control group) or high-fat diet (HFD and DP group) for eight weeks. Besides, HepG2 cells were stimulated with 0.2 mM oleic acid, with or without Dp3-Sam (100-200 µg/ml). Lipid profiles were measured by commercial kits. Oil Red O staining was performed to measure the hepatic and intracellular lipid levels. The key genes of lipid metabolism were measured by RT-PCR. In HFD-fed rats, Dp3-Sam reduced the body weight gain, visceral fat, and abdominal fat and decreased hepatic lipid deposits. Dp3-Sam decreased intracellular TG levels and lipid accumulation in oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells. Besides, Dp3-Sam downregulated the mRNA expression of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 c (SREBP-1 C), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and upregulated the mRNA expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase1 (CPT1), acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (ACOX), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Dp3-Sam up-regulated the expression of phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) in HFD-fed rats. Our findings indicated that Dp3-Sam possesses the potential to improve lipid metabolism dysfunction and our results offered evidence for the use of Dp3-Sam as therapy for the prevention of obesity and dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qionghua Long
- Department of General Medicine, Yanan Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Department of General Medicine, Yanan Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Department of General Medicine, Yanan Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of General Medicine, Yanan Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yanan Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ishikawa H, Ino S, Nakashima T, Matsuo H, Takahashi Y, Kohda C, Ōmura S, Iyoda M, Tanaka K. Oral administration of trehangelin-A alleviates metabolic disorders caused by a high-fat diet through improvement of lipid metabolism and restored beneficial microbiota. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:360-367. [PMID: 32620362 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether or not the oral administration of trehangelin-A (THG-A) is effective for metabolic disorders caused by a high-fat diet, as we previously showed that the intraperitoneal administration of THG-A improved metabolic disorders caused by a high-fat diet. Mice received a control diet or high-fat diet for eight weeks. Concurrently, mice were orally administered 0.2 ml/mouse phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or 1 or 10 mg/0.2 ml/mouse of THG-A once daily during the experiment. The weight gain caused by a high-fat diet was significantly suppressed by oral THG-A compared to a high-fat diet without THG-A. In addition, at eight weeks after starting the diet, the increased plasma total-cholesterol (T-CHO) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels caused by a high-fat diet were significantly reduced by 10 mg/mouse THG-A and tended to attenuated by 1 mg/mouse THG-A. The LDL receptor and CYP7A1 mRNA expression in liver associated with lipid metabolism for reducing plasma LDL-C levels was significantly enhanced by oral THG-A. In contrast, oral THG-A exerted no marked effects on mice fed the control diet. The dysbiosis of a high-fat diet fed mice, which is in the form of an increased Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio, also recovered, and the high-fat diet induced decreased levels of Bacteroides and Akkermansia genera, which are beneficial microbiota against metabolic disorders, were also restored by oral THG-A. These results indicate that oral THG-A administration acts on metabolic disorders by improving the lipid metabolism and restoring beneficial microbiota to resolve high-fat diet induced dysbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Ino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takuji Nakashima
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yōko Takahashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Chikara Kohda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iyoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Understanding the nutritional functions of thermally-processed whole grain highland barley in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem 2020; 310:125979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
10
|
Sen S, Chakraborty R, Kalita P. Rice - not just a staple food: A comprehensive review on its phytochemicals and therapeutic potential. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
11
|
Jeon YB, Lee J, Chang HC. Characterization of juice fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum EM and its cholesterol-lowering effects on rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:3622-3634. [PMID: 31763011 PMCID: PMC6848804 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum EM as a starter culture to control cabbage-apple juice fermentation and to explore the cholesterol-lowering effects of the fermented juice (EM juice) in rats. L. plantarum EM produced strong antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi, suppressing other microorganisms in the fermented juice, and was the dominant organism during fermentation and storage. The EM juice also showed strong and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet and administered EM juice showed significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol levels, as well as a reduced atherogenic index, lower cardiac factors in serum, and lower TC levels in the liver, while total lipid and TC levels in the rat feces increased. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the hepatic mRNA expression of HMG-CoA reductase decreased and the expressions of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and low-density lipoprotein receptor increased in rats administered EM juice. The effects of EM juice on rats included inhibition of cholesterol synthesis as well as enhancement of cholesterol uptake and cholesterol excretion. The results of this study indicate that the use of L. plantarum EM as a functional starter culture for juice fermentation exerts microbial control, enhances sanitary safety, and provides beneficial food effects against hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bin Jeon
- Department of Food and NutritionKimchi Research CenterChosun UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Joon Lee
- Department of Food and NutritionKimchi Research CenterChosun UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hae Choon Chang
- Department of Food and NutritionKimchi Research CenterChosun UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Modulation of LDL receptor expression and promoter methylation in HepG2 cells treated with a Corylus avellana L. extract. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
13
|
Genome-wide transcriptional changes in type 2 diabetic mice supplemented with lotus seed resistant starch. Food Chem 2018; 264:427-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
14
|
Understanding the digestibility and nutritional functions of rice starch subjected to heat-moisture treatment. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
15
|
Baked corn ( Zea mays L.) and bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) snack consumption lowered serum lipids and differentiated liver gene expression in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet by inhibiting PPARγ and SREBF2. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 50:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
16
|
Lee KY, Lee HG. Comparative effects of slowly digestible and resistant starch from rice in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:1443-1448. [PMID: 30263428 PMCID: PMC6049270 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of optimized slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) from rice starch on weight gain and lipid metabolism in mice (C57BL/6J mice) fed a high-fat diet were investigated. The optimum conditions for SDS were obtained at the pullulanse concentration (X 1) of 498 μL, storage temperature) (X 2) of 47°C, and A/C cycle (X 3) of 5, and for RS, were determined to be 838 μL (X 1), 62°C (X 2), and a cycle of 3 (X 3) using response surface methodology (RSM). Mice fed SDS and RS for 6 weeks showed both significantly decreased weight gain and fat pad weight (p<0.05). Significant decrease in total lipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations in serum and liver was observed in both SDS and RS group compared to HFD groups (p<0.05). Although both of intake SDS and RS significantly contributed to beneficial effects, RS groups was more effective than SDS group in all parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Yeon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumari S, Deori M, Elancheran R, Kotoky J, Devi R. In vitro and In vivo Antioxidant, Anti-hyperlipidemic Properties and Chemical Characterization of Centella asiatica (L.) Extract. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:400. [PMID: 27840607 PMCID: PMC5083837 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to identify the phenolic compounds present in Centella asiatica (L.) (C. asiatica) extract and evaluate the respective antioxidant potential as well as its cholesterol-lowering effects in the experimental animal model. Herein, the antioxidant potential of extracts was assessed by its free radical scavenging activity such as 2, 2-diphenyl -1- picrylhydrazyl as well as reducing capability. The anti-hyperlipidemic effects of C. asiatica extract (CAE) were evaluated in high cholesterol-fed (HCF) rats for 4 weeks, where different concentrations of extracts (0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/kg/day) were orally administrated daily. Lipid and antioxidant profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), together with the indices of hepatic functions were also examined. C. asiatica revealed excellent free radical scavenging activity as revealed by 2-2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, with the IC50 values (9.62 ± 0.88 μg/mL). Furthermore, C. asiatica extracts and fenofibrate remarkably lowered the level of TC, TG, LDL-C, and showed elevated levels of HDL-C, SOD. The histopathological observations further demonstrated clear differentiation and structural changes in liver of HCF and CAE treated group. Furthermore, gulonic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, and asiatic acid were identified to be the major components which might be responsible for the antioxidant activity of the C. asiatica extract as evidenced from an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer. Taken together, these results signifies the excellent antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic properties of C. asiatica leaf extracts, which might be useful for the treatment of oxidative-stress related diseases such as hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Kumari
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and TechnologyGuwahati, India
| | - Meetali Deori
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and TechnologyGuwahati, India
| | - R. Elancheran
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and TechnologyGuwahati, India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and TechnologyGuwahati, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Devi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and TechnologyGuwahati, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shen KP, Hao CL, Yen HW, Chen CY, Chen JH, Chen FC, Lin HL. Pre-germinated brown rice prevented high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia through ameliorating lipid synthesis and metabolism in C57BL/6J mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 59:39-44. [PMID: 27499577 PMCID: PMC4933684 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-germinated brown rice (PGBR) can ameliorate hyperlipidemia, but the action mechanism is not clear. We focus the mechanisms of PGBR prevented hyperlipidemia. Six-week-old mice were divided into: standard-regular diet (SRD), high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD with PGBR (HFD + PGBR) groups for 16 weeks. The HFD group has higher concentrations of TG, TC, HDL and Non-HDL in the blood, and a higher atherosclerosis index (AI). The TG levels in the liver, and TG, bile acid levels in the feces were enhanced; and the total adipocytokines level in adipose tissue was reduced. The HFD group had higher protein expressions of SREBP-1, SCD-1, FAS, LDLR, and CYP7α1 in the liver. Moreover, the greater expressions of SREBP-1, SCD-1, FAS and the less expressions of PPAR-α and adiponectin were in adipose tissue. In the HFD + PGBR group, the PGBR regulated the levels of TG, TC, HDL, Non-HDL, AI and adipocytokines. PGBR increased more cholesterol and bile acid exhaust in feces. The SREBP-1, SCD-1, FAS, HMGCR, LDLR, CYP7α1 and PPAR-α proteins in the liver; and the SREBP-1, SCD-1, FAS, PPAR-α and adiponectin proteins in adipose tissue were reversed by PGBR. Taken together, PGBR can improve lipid synthesis and metabolism, and we suggest PGBR is a recommendable food for controlling hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ping Shen
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Hao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung 90053, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Yen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Chen
- MS program for Applied Health and Biotechnology, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hao Chen
- MS program for Applied Health and Biotechnology, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chih Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Li Lin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Synergetic cholesterol-lowering effects of main alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis in HepG2 cells and hypercholesterolemia hamsters. Life Sci 2016; 151:50-60. [PMID: 26876917 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hyperlipidemia contributes to the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Main alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis including berberine (BBR), coptisine (COP), palmatine (PAL), epiberberine (EPI) and jatrorrhizine (JAT), improved dyslipidemia in hypercholesterolemic hamsters to a different degree. In this study, HepG2 cells and hypercholesterolemic hamsters were used to investigate the synergetic cholesterol-lowering efficacy of these five main alkaloids. MAIN METHODS The cellular lipid and cholesterol accumulation and in HepG2 cells were evaluated by Oil Red O staining and HPLC analysis. LDL receptor, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR) and cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) that involving cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cells were measured by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. The serum profiles including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), as well as TC and total bile acids (TBA) of feces in hypercholesterolemic hamsters were also measured. KEY FINDING As compared to single alkaloids, the combination of five main alkaloids (COM) reduced the lipid and cholesterol accumulation in HepG2 cells more effectively and performed an advantageous effect on controlling TC, TG, LDL-c and HDL-c in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. More effective reduction of TBA and TC levels in feces of hamsters were achieved after the administration of COM. These effects were derived from the up-regulation of LDL receptor and CYP7A1, as well as HMGCR downregulation. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrated that COM showed a synergetic cholesterol-lowering efficacy, which was better than single alkaloids and it might be considered as a potential therapy for hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
|
20
|
Camer D, Yu Y, Szabo A, Dinh CHL, Wang H, Cheng L, Huang XF. Bardoxolone methyl prevents insulin resistance and the development of hepatic steatosis in mice fed a high-fat diet. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:36-43. [PMID: 26001833 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. We examined the hypothesis that bardoxolone methyl (BM) would prevent the development of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice fed a HF diet. C57BL/6J male mice were fed a lab chow (LC), HF (40% fat), or HF diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg/day BM orally for 21 weeks. Glucose metabolism was assessed using a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin sensitivity test (IST). Signalling molecules involved in insulin resistance, inflammation, and lipid metabolism were examined in liver tissue via western blotting and RT-PCR. BM prevented HF diet-induced insulin resistance and alterations in the protein levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and BDNF, and expression of the insulin receptor (IR), IRS-1 and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) genes. Furthermore, BM prevented fat accumulation in the liver and decreases in the β-oxidation gene, peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX) in mice fed a HF diet. In the livers of HF fed mice, BM administration prevented HF diet-induced macrophage infiltration, inflammation as indicated by reduced IL-6 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein levels and TNFα mRNA expression, and increased nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression and nuclear protein levels. These findings suggest that BM prevents HF diet induced insulin resistance and the development of hepatic steatosis in mice fed a chronic HF diet through modulation of molecules involved in insulin signalling, lipid metabolism and inflammation in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Camer
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Alexander Szabo
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; ANSTO LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Chi H L Dinh
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Hongqin Wang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Licai Cheng
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Comparative effects of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) pectin and pectin hydrolyzates on the cholesterol homeostasis of hamsters fed high-cholesterol diets. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 238:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
22
|
Zhou Z, Wang F, Ren X, Wang Y, Blanchard C. Resistant starch manipulated hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia and related genes expression in diabetic rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:316-21. [PMID: 25661882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of resistant starch (RS) administration on biological parameters including blood glucose, lipids composition and oxidative stress of type 2 diabetic rats was investigated. The results showed blood glucose level, total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations significantly reduced, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was doubly increased in the rats of RS administration group compared to model control group (P<0.01). The analyses of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism pathways demonstrated that the expression levels of lipid oxidation gene Acox1, glycogen synthesis genes, GS2 and GYG1, and insulin-induced genes, Insig-1 and Insig-2, were significantly up-regulated (P<0.01). In contrast, fatty acids and triglycerides synthesis and metabolism-related gene SREBP-1, fatty acid synthesis gene Fads1 and gluconeogenesis gene G6PC1 were greatly down-regulated. The mechanism study shows that the lowering of blood glucose level in diabetic rats by feeding RS is regulated through promoting glycogen synthesis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis, and the increased lipid metabolism is modulated through promoting lipid oxidation and cholesterol homeostasis. Our study revealed for the first time that the regulation of hepatic genes expression involved in glucose and lipids metabolisms in diabetic rats could be achieved even at a moderate level of RS consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ZhongKai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - XiaoChong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chris Blanchard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Burlando B, Cornara L. Therapeutic properties of rice constituents and derivatives (Oryza sativa L.): A review update. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
24
|
Effect of instant cooked giant embryonic rice on body fat weight and plasma lipid profile in high fat-fed mice. Nutrients 2014; 6:2266-78. [PMID: 24932656 PMCID: PMC4073149 DOI: 10.3390/nu6062266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The comparative effects of instant cooked rice made from giant embryo mutant or ordinary normal rice on body weight and lipid profile in high fat-fed mice were investigated. The animals were given experimental diets for seven weeks: normal control (NC), high fat (HF), and HF supplemented with instant normal white (HF-NW), normal brown (HF-NB), giant embryonic white (HF-GW), or giant embryonic brown (HF-GB) rice. The HF group showed markedly higher body weight, body fat, plasma and hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, and atherogenic index relative to NC group. However, instant rice supplementation counteracted this high fat-induced hyperlipidemia through regulation of lipogenesis and adipokine production. The GB rice exhibited greater hypolipidemic and body fat-lowering effects than the GW or NB rice. These findings illustrate that the giant embryo mutant may be useful as functional biomaterial for the development of instant rice with strong preventive action against high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and obesity.
Collapse
|
25
|
Park KM, Lee SH. Anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Rhynchosia nulubilis seeds pickled with brown rice vinegar in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res Pract 2013; 7:453-9. [PMID: 24353830 PMCID: PMC3865267 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2013.7.6.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal content of blood lipids often results in metabolic diseases, such as hyperlipidemia and obesity. Many agents, including natural sources from traditional food, have been developed to regulate the blood lipid contents. In this study, we examined the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Rhynchosia nulubilis seeds pickled with brown rice vinegar (RNSpBRV), a Korean traditional pickled soybean food. Since RNSpBRV is made of R. nulubilis seeds (RNS) soaked in brown rice vinegar (BRV), we compared the anti-adipogenic activity between RNS, BRV and solid fraction of RNSpBRV (SF-RNSpBRV), liquid fraction of RNSpBRV (LF-RNSpBRV). For this, the inhibitory effect of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte was checked by adding methanol extracts of mixed RNS and BRV, LF-RNSpBRV, and SF-RNSpBRV. The addition of each methanol extract up to 1 mg/ml showed no cytotoxicity on 3T3-L1 adipocyte, and approximately 20% of the lipid droplet formation was suppressed with the methanol extract of BRL or SF-RNSpBRV. The highest suppression (42.1%) was achieved with LF-RNSpBRV. In addition, mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) supplemented with 5% RNSpBRV powder led to increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower blood glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol compared to mice fed with a HFD diet only. Interestingly, the size of the epididymis cells gradually decreased in HFD + 1% RNSpBRV- and HFD + 5% RNSpBRV-fed mice if compared those of HFD-fed mice. Taken together, these results provide evidence that RNSpBRV has a regulatory role in lipid metabolism that is related to hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Moon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Major of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-772, Korea
| |
Collapse
|