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O'Sullivan A, Brady E, Lafferty L, O'Shea F, O'Regan Z, Meurs N, Baldini M, Gengatharan J, Metallo CM, Wallace M. Long chain monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid levels in human milk vary with gestational weight gain. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2024; 201:102607. [PMID: 38277883 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is an important determinant of infant health and there is immense interest in understanding its metabolite composition so that key beneficial components can be identified. The aim of this research was to measure the fatty acid composition of human milk in an Irish cohort where we examined changes depending on lactation stage and gestational weight gain trajectory. Utilizing a chromatography approach optimal for isomer separation, we identified 44 individual fatty acid species via GCMS and showed that monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids(mmBCFA's), C15:0 and C16:1 are lower in women with excess gestational weight gain versus low gestational weight gain. To further explore the potential contribution of the activity of endogenous metabolic pathways to levels of these fatty acids in milk, we administered D2O to C57BL/6J dams fed a purified lard based high fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet during gestation and quantified the total and de novo synthesized levels of fatty acids in their milk. We found that de novo synthesis over three days can account for between 10 and 50 % of mmBCFAs in milk from dams on the low-fat diet dependent on the branched-chain fatty acid species. However, HFD fed mice had significantly decreased de novo synthesized fatty acids in milk resulting in lower total mmBCFAs and medium chain fatty acid levels. Overall, our findings highlight the diverse fatty acid composition of human milk and that human milk mmBCFA levels differ between gestational weight gain phenotypes. In addition, our data indicates that de novo synthesis contributes to mmBCFA levels in mice milk and thus may also be a contributory factor to mmBCFA levels in human milk. Given emerging data indicating mmBCFAs may be beneficial components of milk, this study contributes to our knowledge around the phenotypic factors that may impact their levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifric O'Sullivan
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer Brady
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucy Lafferty
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona O'Shea
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zoe O'Regan
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noah Meurs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Baldini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Jivani Gengatharan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, 10010N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland.
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Petersohn I, Hellinga AH, van Lee L, Keukens N, Bont L, Hettinga KA, Feskens EJM, Brouwer-Brolsma EM. Maternal diet and human milk composition: an updated systematic review. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1320560. [PMID: 38352250 PMCID: PMC10862141 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1320560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months after birth provides infants with the best start for life. A review by Bravi et al. summarized the importance of maternal diet as a determinant of human milk composition based on data up to 2015, but evidence on nutrient intake level was limited. Objective We updated the review by Bravi et al., critically assessed differences in study designs and sampling methods, and graphically visualized trends and associations. Data sources PubMed was systematically searched for articles published between January 2015 and March 2021. Data extraction Article screening, selection, and data extraction was done by two independent researchers, including a risk of bias assessment based on 11 criteria. Articles were eligible when including: quantitative information, commonly used effect estimates, healthy mother-infant dyads. Results Twenty seven observational and five intervention studies were identified (n = 7,138) and combined with results of Bravi et al. Fatty acids were still the most studied human milk components in relation to maternal diet (n = 17 studies) with maternal fish intake being predominantly positively associated with milk ALA (r = 0.28-0.42), DHA (r = 0.24-0.46), and EPA (r = 0.25-0.28) content. PUFAs from diet were generally positively correlated with their concentrations in milk, while SFA intake was negatively associated with several fatty acids in milk. Studies on associations with maternal diet and milk carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals were limited in number and varied in methods and results. Conclusion This updated review shows that evidence on the association between maternal diet and human milk fatty acids is rapidly increasing, but still diversified in methodology and results. Further studies, preferably intervention studies, assessing diet and milk carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals are needed to be able draw conclusions on the importance of maternal diet for human milk composition as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Petersohn
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Ausnutria BV, Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Anneke H. Hellinga
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Nicole Keukens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Louis Bont
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- ReSViNET Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Kasper A. Hettinga
- Division of Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edith J. M. Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elske M. Brouwer-Brolsma
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Maternal dietary intake, nutritional status and macronutrient composition of human breast milk: systematic review. Br J Nutr 2022; 127:1796-1820. [PMID: 34294167 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human breast milk (BM) is the best source of nutrition in early life, particularly during the first 6 months. Nevertheless, human BM composition is variable, and more insight in the exact factors contributing to this variability is warranted. In this review, we explored the impact of maternal dietary intake and nutritional status (e.g. anthropometric measures, BMI, bioimpedance) on human milk macronutrient composition. PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane were systematically searched till November 2019. In total, 4946 publications underwent title-abstract screening; 101 publications underwent full-text screening. Eventually, fifty publications were included in this review, investigating either associations between maternal dietary intake (n 29) and/or maternal nutritional status (n 29), and macronutrient composition of human BM. Reported energy composition ranged from 213 to 301 kJ/100 ml, and 67 % and 54 % of the studies reported associations between with maternal nutritional intake and status, respectively. Protein content ranged from 0·8 to 3·3 g/100 ml, and four studies suggested a negative association with nutritional status. Fat content ranged from 2·1 to 9·8 g/100 ml, and 68 % of the studies reported positive associations with nutritional status. Carbohydrate content ranged from 5·8 to 7·5 g/100 ml, and 67 % of the included studies did not report an association between intake and status. Literature investigating associations of maternal dietary intake and nutrition status with BM composition of macronutrients and energy content is diversified, both in terms of used methodology and results. Further studies using well-defined and standard parameters are essential to aid the formulation of scientific recommendations.
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Associations of Maternal Consumption of Dairy Products during Pregnancy with Perinatal Fatty Acids Profile in the EDEN Cohort Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081636. [PMID: 35458197 PMCID: PMC9025886 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal diet is the main source of fatty acids for developing offspring in-utero and in breastfed infants. Dairy products (DP) are important sources of fat in the European population diet. C15:0 and C17:0 fatty acids have been suggested as biomarkers of dairy fat consumption. This study’s aim is to describe the associations between maternal DP (milk included) consumption during pregnancy and C15:0, C17:0 and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in perinatal biofluids. Study populations were composed of 1763, 1337 and 879 French mothers from the EDEN (“Étude des Déterminants pre- et post-natals de la santé de l’ENfant”) study, with data on maternal and cord red blood cells’ (RBC) membrane and colostrum, respectively. Associations were assessed using linear regression models adjusted for recruitment center, maternal age, healthy dietary pattern or fish consumption. Greater adherence to a ”cheese” consumption pattern was associated with lower linoleic acid level in colostrum and higher C15:0 and C17:0 levels but in a less consistent manner for C17:0 across biofluids. Greater adherence to “semi-skimmed milk, yogurt” and “reduced-fat DP” patterns was related to higher docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 PUFA levels and lower n-6/n-3 long-chain PUFA ratio in maternal and cord RBC. Our results suggest that C15:0 could be a good biomarker of maternal dairy fat consumption in perinatal biofluids.
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Human milk cholesterol is associated with lactation stage and maternal plasma cholesterol in Chinese populations. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:970-976. [PMID: 33846555 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk cholesterol concentrations throughout lactation were analyzed, and the relationship between maternal plasma cholesterol and milk cholesterol in various Chinese populations was examined. METHODS A sub-sample of 1138 lactating women was randomly selected from a large cross-sectional study in China (n = 6481). Milk cholesterol concentrations were determined by HPLC, and concentrations of maternal plasma lipids were determined by an automated biochemical analyzer. RESULTS The mean cholesterol concentrations were 200, 171, and 126 mg/L for colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively. Cholesterol concentrations differed significantly between stages of lactation (colostrum vs. transitional milk, colostrum vs. mature milk, transitional milk vs. mature milk, all p < 0.001). Concentrations of maternal plasma total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.02) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p = 0.03) were significantly associated with milk cholesterol. Milk cholesterol concentrations varied among different ethnicities (Tibetan vs. Hui: 164 vs. 131 mg/L, p = 0.027) but not among different geographic regions. CONCLUSIONS The concentration of cholesterol in human milk changes dynamically throughout lactation. Milk cholesterol concentrations are significantly associated with maternal plasma concentrations of TC and LDL-C, and milk cholesterol concentrations vary across ethnicities in China. IMPACT Concentrations of milk cholesterol were measured in various Chinese populations. Cholesterol concentrations differ significantly between stages of lactation. Maternal plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with milk cholesterol. Milk cholesterol concentrations vary across ethnicities in China.
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6
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Odor-active volatile compounds in preterm breastmilk. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1493-1504. [PMID: 33963300 PMCID: PMC9197798 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile compounds in breastmilk (BM) likely influence flavor learning and, through the cephalic phase response, metabolism, and digestion. Little is known about the volatile compounds present in preterm BM. We investigated whether maternal or infant characteristics are associated with the profile of volatile compounds in preterm BM. METHODS Using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we analyzed volatile compounds in 400 BM samples collected from 170 mothers of preterm infants. RESULTS Forty volatile compounds were detected, mostly fatty acids and their esters (FA and FAe), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, terpenoids, alcohols, and ketones. The relative concentration of most FA and FAe increased with advancing lactation and were lower in BM of most socially deprived mothers and those with gestational diabetes (p < 0.05), but medium-chain FAs were higher in colostrum compared to transitional BM (p < 0.001). Infant sex, gestational age, and size at birth were not associated with the profile of volatile compounds in preterm BM. CONCLUSIONS Sensory-active volatile FA and FAe are the major contributors to the smell of preterm BM. The associations between lactation stage, maternal characteristics, and volatile compounds, and whether differences in volatile compounds may affect feeding behavior or metabolism, requires further research. IMPACT Sensory-active volatile FAs are major contributors to the smell of preterm BM and are influenced by the lactation stage and maternal characteristics. Longitudinal analysis of volatile compounds in preterm BM found that FAs increased with advancing lactation. Colostrum had a higher concentration of medium-chain FAs compared to transitional BM and the concentration of these is associated with socioeconomic status, gestational diabetes, and ethnicity.
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7
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Reduction in Maternal Energy Intake during Lactation Decreased Maternal Body Weight and Concentrations of Leptin, Insulin and Adiponectin in Human Milk without Affecting Milk Production, Milk Macronutrient Composition or Infant Growth. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061892. [PMID: 34072910 PMCID: PMC8227075 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal diet has the potential to affect human milk (HM) composition, but very few studies have directly assessed the effect of maternal diets on HM composition. The primary aim of this study was to assess the effect of improving dietary quality in lactating women over 2 weeks on the concentrations of macronutrients and metabolic hormones in HM. The secondary aims were to assess the impact of the dietary intervention on 24 h milk production, maternal body composition and infant growth. Fifteen women completed a 1-week baseline period followed by a 2-week dietary intervention phase targeted towards reducing fat and sugar intake. Maternal anthropometric and body composition and infant growth measurements were performed weekly. Total 24 h milk production was measured before and after the dietary intervention, and HM samples were collected daily. Maternal intakes of energy (−33%), carbohydrate (−22%), sugar (−29%), fat (−54%) and saturated fat (−63%) were significantly reduced during the dietary intervention. HM insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations were 10–25% lower at the end of the dietary intervention, but HM concentrations of macronutrients were unaffected. Maternal body weight (−1.8%) and fat mass (−6.3%) were significantly reduced at the end of the dietary intervention, but there were no effects on 24 h milk production or infant growth. These results suggest that reducing maternal energy, carbohydrate, fat and sugar intake over a 2-week period is associated with significant reductions in HM insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations. These changes may be secondary to decreases in maternal weight and fat mass. The limited studies to date that have investigated the association between metabolic hormone concentrations in HM and infant growth raise the possibility that the changes in HM composition observed in the current study could impact infant growth and adiposity, but further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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8
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McGuire MK, Seppo A, Goga A, Buonsenso D, Collado MC, Donovan SM, Müller JA, Ofman G, Monroy-Valle M, O'Connor DL, Pace RM, Van de Perre P. Best Practices for Human Milk Collection for COVID-19 Research. Breastfeed Med 2021; 16:29-38. [PMID: 33393841 PMCID: PMC7826442 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing life-giving nutrients and other substances to the breastfed infant, human milk can also represent a vehicle of pathogen transfer. As such, when an infectious disease outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic occurs-particularly when it is associated with a novel pathogen-the question will naturally arise as to whether the pathogen can be transmitted through breastfeeding. Until high-quality data are generated to answer this question, abandonment of breastfeeding due to uncertainty can result. The COVID-19 pandemic, which was in full swing at the time this document was written, is an excellent example of this scenario. During these times of uncertainty, it is critical for investigators conducting research to assess the possible transmission of pathogens through milk, whether by transfer through the mammary gland or contamination from respiratory droplets, skin, breast pumps, and milk containers, and/or close contact between mother and infant. To promote the most rigorous science, it is critical to outline optimal methods for milk collection, handling, storage, and analysis in these situations, and investigators should openly share their methods in published materials. Otherwise, the risks of inconsistent test results from preanalytical and analytical variation, false positives, and false negatives are unacceptably high and the ability to provide public health guidance poor. In this study, we provide "best practices" for collecting human milk samples for COVID-19 research with the intention that this will also be a useful guide for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Antti Seppo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ameena Goga
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italia
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gaston Ofman
- College of Medicine, Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michele Monroy-Valle
- Unidad de Investigación en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto and Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ryan M Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Franc¸ais du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Zhao J, Liu Q, Liu Y, Qiao W, Yang K, Jiang T, Hou J, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Lin T, Li N, Chen L. Quantitative profiling of glycerides, glycerophosphatides and sphingolipids in Chinese human milk with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 346:128857. [PMID: 33373822 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human milk lipids are an important energy source and essential nutrients for the growth and development of infants. The UPLC/Q-TOF-MS was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze human milk lipids. Totally, 411 species of lipids were identified, in which the content of OPL was generally higher than that of OPO; SM (75.38 mg/L, 40.39%), PE (51.12 mg/L, 27.39%) and PC (40.10 mg/L, 21.49%) had the highest contents among polar lipids, mainly including SM42:2:2 (22.24 mg/L), PE36:2 (C18:0-C18:2, 21.39 mg/L) and PC36:2 (C18:0-C18:2, 19.80 mg/L). In human milk, TAG56:7 (137.14 mg/L), TAG56:8 (59.49 mg/L), TAG58:8 (65.90 mg/L) and TAG58:9 (49.99 mg/L) were the main sources of AA and DHA; PE was an important source of AA and DHA in polar lipids; and linoleic acyl in glycerides and phospholipids had higher contents than other polyunsaturated fatty acyls. These results provided the scientific basis for the simulation of human milk at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Kai Yang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, PR China
| | - Juncai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hao Zhou
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Tie Lin
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China.
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10
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Perrin MT, Belfort MB, Hagadorn JI, McGrath JM, Taylor SN, Tosi LM, Brownell EA. The Nutritional Composition and Energy Content of Donor Human Milk: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:960-970. [PMID: 32119744 PMCID: PMC7360450 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends donor human milk (DHM) as the preferred feeding strategy for preterm infants when the milk of the mother is unavailable, based on conclusive evidence of lower rates of necrotizing enterocolitis with DHM feedings compared with preterm infant formula. The nutritional composition of DHM may differ from maternal milk for many reasons including differences in maternal characteristics, milk collection methods, and the impact of donor milk banking practices. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the literature regarding research on the fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral composition of DHM obtained through nonprofit milk banks or commercial entities. PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published between 1985 and 30 April, 2019. In total, 164 abstracts were screened independently by 2 investigators, and 14 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies were predominantly small (<50 samples) and measured macronutrients. Few studies assessed vitamins and minerals. Information bias was prevalent due to the use of a variety of analytical methods which influence accuracy and cross-study comparisons. Other sources of information bias included missing information regarding methods for protein and calorie assessment. Despite these limitations, existing research suggests the potential for 2-fold and greater differences in the fat, protein, and energy composition of DHM, with mean values for energy and fat often below clinical reference values expected for human milk. Further research is warranted regarding the nutritional composition of DHM, with a prioritization on measuring macronutrients and micronutrients using established reference methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne T Perrin
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Mandy B Belfort
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James I Hagadorn
- Connecticut Human Milk Research Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jacqueline M McGrath
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarah N Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren M Tosi
- Connecticut Human Milk Research Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Brownell
- Connecticut Human Milk Research Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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11
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Perrin MT, Pawlak R, Dean LL, Christis A, Friend L. A cross-sectional study of fatty acids and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in human milk from lactating women following vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore diets. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2401-2410. [PMID: 30051170 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Essential fatty acids are critical for brain growth and neurodevelopment in infancy. Maternal diet and supplement use have a significant impact on the fat composition of human milk. The objective of this study is to assess supplement utilization patterns and fatty acid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations in the breast milk of women following vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore diet patterns. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, observational study of 74 lactating women in the United States following a vegan (n = 26), vegetarian (n = 22), or omnivore (n = 26) diet pattern. A single breast milk sample was collected from each participant and assessed for fatty acids and BDNF. RESULTS Median unsaturated fatty acids in the breast milk of vegan, vegetarian, and omnivores, as a percentage of total fatty acids, was 66.0, 57.8, and 56.2%, respectively (p < 0.001). Total omega-3 percentages were 2.29% for vegans, 1.55% for vegetarians, and 1.46% for omnivores (p < 0.001). Docosahexaenoic acid percentages were not different by diet pattern, but over 80% of participants had milk concentrations below 0.30% of total fatty acids. Reports of omega-3 supplements use (10/74) and weekly seafood consumption (3/74) were limited. BDNF was not detectable in any samples. CONCLUSIONS Breast milk from vegans had significantly higher unsaturated fat and total omega-3 fats, and lower saturated fats, trans fats, and omega-6 to omega-3 ratios than their vegetarian and omnivore counterparts. Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in breast milk were low regardless of maternal diet pattern, and were reflective of low seafood intake and supplement use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne T Perrin
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 318 College Avenue, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA.
| | - Roman Pawlak
- Department of Nutrition Science, East Carolina University, Health Sciences Building, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Lisa L Dean
- Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Area (LLD), 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Amber Christis
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 318 College Avenue, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA
| | - Linda Friend
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 318 College Avenue, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA
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12
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Achón M, Úbeda N, García-González Á, Partearroyo T, Varela-Moreiras G. Effects of Milk and Dairy Product Consumption on Pregnancy and Lactation Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S74-S87. [PMID: 31089739 PMCID: PMC6518133 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and lactation are considered critical periods in a female's life. Thus, the maternal diet must provide sufficient energy and nutrients to meet the mother's higher than usual requirements as well as the needs of the growing fetus. The maternal diet must enable the mother to provide stores of nutrients required for adequate fetal development, and good health and quality of life in infancy and later adulthood. Among the food and beverage groups, milk and dairy products can play a very important role in achieving these targets due to their high nutrient density and bioavailability, as well as their availability and widespread consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of maternal milk and dairy consumption on pregnancy and lactation outcomes in healthy women. This report mainly focuses on the effects of the mother's intake of dairy products on infant birth weight and length, fetal femur length, head circumference, gestational weight gain, preterm birth, spontaneous abortion, breast milk consumption, and human milk nutritional value. A systematic review of available studies published up to May 2018 was conducted. A preliminary broad search of the literature yielded 5,695 citations. Four of the investigators independently selected studies for inclusion according to predefined eligibility criteria. Thirty-seven full-text articles were evaluated for potential inclusion, and 17 studies were finally included. Six were prospective cohort studies, 3 were intervention studies, 3 were retrospective cohort studies, 3 were cross-sectional studies, and 2 were case-control studies. Although the number and types of studies prevent definite conclusions, there appears to be a trend that maternal milk intake during pregnancy is positively associated with infant birth weight and length. The lack of studies prevents any conclusions being drawn related to preterm deliveries, spontaneous abortion, and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Achón
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Úbeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela García-González
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Partearroyo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), Madrid, Spain
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13
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John A, Sun R, Maillart L, Schaefer A, Hamilton Spence E, Perrin MT. Macronutrient variability in human milk from donors to a milk bank: Implications for feeding preterm infants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210610. [PMID: 30682200 PMCID: PMC6347243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective The composition of human milk varies widely and impacts the ability to meet nutrient requirements for preterm infants. The purpose of this study is to use a large dataset of milk composition from donors to a milk bank to: (1) describe the macronutrient variability in human milk and how it contributes to the ability to meet the protein and calorie targets for the preterm infant using fortification with commercially available multi-nutrient fortifiers; (2) assess how temporal versus subject effects explain macronutrient variability; (3) determine how macronutrient variability contributes to the nutrient distribution in pooled donor milk. Methods This is a retrospective, observational study that analyzes the macronutrient data of 1,119 human milk samples from 443 individual donors to a milk bank. We test fortification strategies with potential basic, intermediate, and high protein and calorie commercial fortifiers. Additionally, we simulate the random pooling of multiple donors to model the impact of macronutrient variability on pooled donor milk. Results Fat was the most variable nutrient and accounted for 80% of the difference in calories. A subject-effect predicted more of the variability after 4 weeks postpartum in all macronutrients (R2 > = 0.50) than a time-effect (R2 < = 0.28). When pooling multiple donors, variability was reduced by increasing the number of donors randomly selected for a pool or targeted pooling based on macronutrient analysis of donor pools. Over 75% of mature milk samples fortified with a basic protein fortifier did not meet daily protein targets of 3.5 g/kg without exceeding volumes of 160 ml/kg/day. Conclusion There is a strong individual signature to human milk that impacts the pooling of donor milk, and the ability to meet protein and energy requirements for the preterm infant with basic and intermediate protein and calorie fortifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley John
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Industrial Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruichen Sun
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Industrial Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa Maillart
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Industrial Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Schaefer
- Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Maryanne T. Perrin
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Mei C, Wang H, Liao Q, Wang L, Cheng G, Wang H, Zhao C, Zhao S, Song J, Guang X, Liu GE, Li A, Wu X, Wang C, Fang X, Zhao X, Smith SB, Yang W, Tian W, Gui L, Zhang Y, Hill RA, Jiang Z, Xin Y, Jia C, Sun X, Wang S, Yang H, Wang J, Zhu W, Zan L. Genetic Architecture and Selection of Chinese Cattle Revealed by Whole Genome Resequencing. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 35:688-699. [PMID: 29294071 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The bovine genetic resources in China are diverse, but their value and potential are yet to be discovered. To determine the genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese cattle, we analyzed the whole genomes of 46 cattle from six phenotypically and geographically representative Chinese cattle breeds, together with 18 Red Angus cattle genomes, 11 Japanese black cattle genomes and taurine and indicine genomes available from previous studies. Our results showed that Chinese cattle originated from hybridization between Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Moreover, we found that the level of genetic variation in Chinese cattle depends upon the degree of indicine content. We also discovered many potential selective sweep regions associated with domestication related to breed-specific characteristics, with selective sweep regions including genes associated with coat color (ERCC2, MC1R, ZBTB17, and MAP2K1), dairy traits (NCAPG, MAPK7, FST, ITFG1, SETMAR, PAG1, CSN3, and RPL37A), and meat production/quality traits (such as BBS2, R3HDM1, IGFBP2, IGFBP5, MYH9, MYH4, and MC5R). These findings substantially expand the catalogue of genetic variants in cattle and reveal new insights into the evolutionary history and domestication traits of Chinese cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chugang Mei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qijun Liao
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Gong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongbao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chunping Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | | | - Jiuzhou Song
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA
| | | | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Maryland, USA
| | - Anning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xueli Wu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Xin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Wucai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wanqiang Tian
- Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling, China
| | - Linsheng Gui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rodney A Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yaping Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Cunling Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiuzhu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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15
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Keikha M, Bahreynian M, Saleki M, Kelishadi R. Macro- and Micronutrients of Human Milk Composition: Are They Related to Maternal Diet? A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Breastfeed Med 2017; 12:517-527. [PMID: 28880568 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims at systematically reviewing the observational and interventional studies on the association of maternal macro- and micronutrient intake with breast milk content. METHODS We systematically searched the Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge till October 2016 with the following search strategy: ("human milk" OR "breast milk" OR "breast milk composition" OR "human breast milk composition" OR "composition breast milk" OR "mother milk" OR "human breast milk") AND ("maternal diet" OR "maternal nutrition"). We also searched Google scholar for increasing the sensitivity of our search. The search was not limited to title and abstract due to the possibility that the desired outcome might have been considered a secondary aim. We excluded conference papers, editorials, letters, commentary, short survey, and notes. The search was refined to English language, and we did not consider any time limitation. To increase the sensitivity and to select more studies, the reference list of the published studies was checked as well. RESULTS This review included 59 observational and 43 interventional studies on maternal diet related to breast milk composition. Different studies determined the associations and effects of some maternal dietary intake of micro and macronutrients and its reflection in human milk. CONCLUSION Maternal dietary intake, particularly fatty acids, and some micronutrients, including fat soluble vitamins, vitamin B1, and vitamin C, was related to their content in breast milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Keikha
- 1 Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences , Shahroud, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahreynian
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saleki
- 3 Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Kumar H, du Toit E, Kulkarni A, Aakko J, Linderborg KM, Zhang Y, Nicol MP, Isolauri E, Yang B, Collado MC, Salminen S. Distinct Patterns in Human Milk Microbiota and Fatty Acid Profiles Across Specific Geographic Locations. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1619. [PMID: 27790209 PMCID: PMC5061857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast feeding results in long term health benefits in the prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases at both individual and population levels. Geographical location directly impacts the composition of breast milk including microbiota and lipids. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of geographical location, i.e., Europe (Spain and Finland), Africa (South Africa), and Asia (China), on breast milk microbiota and lipid composition in samples obtained from healthy mothers after the 1 month of lactation. Altogether, 80 women (20 from each country) participated in the study, with equal number of women who delivered by vaginal or cesarean section from each country. Lipid composition particularly that of polyunsaturated fatty acids differed between the countries, with the highest amount of n-6 PUFA (25.6%) observed in the milk of Chinese women. Milk microbiota composition also differed significantly between the countries (p = 0.002). Among vaginally delivered women, Spanish women had highest amount of Bacteroidetes (mean relative abundance of 3.75) whereas Chinese women had highest amount of Actinobacteria (mean relative abundance 5.7). Women who had had a cesarean section had higher amount of Proteobacteria as observed in the milk of the Spanish and South African women. Interestingly, the Spanish and South African women had significantly higher bacterial genes mapped to lipid, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism (p < 0.05). Association of the lipid profile with the microbiota revealed that monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were negatively associated with Proteobacteria (r = -0.43, p < 0.05), while Lactobacillus genus was associated with MUFA (r = -0.23, p = 0.04). These findings reveal that the milk microbiota and lipid composition exhibit differences based on geographical locations in addition to the differences observed due to the mode of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kumar
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Elloise du Toit
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amruta Kulkarni
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Aakko
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of TurkuTurku, Finland; Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Kaisa M Linderborg
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service of South Africa, Groote Schuur HospitalCape Town, South Africa
| | - Erika Isolauri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Maria C Collado
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of TurkuTurku, Finland; Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC)Valencia, Spain
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku Turku, Finland
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17
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Perrin MT, Fogleman AD, Newburg DS, Allen JC. A longitudinal study of human milk composition in the second year postpartum: implications for human milk banking. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2016; 13. [PMID: 26776058 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the composition of human milk has been studied extensively in the first year of lactation, there is a paucity of data regarding human milk composition beyond one year postpartum. Policies vary at milk banks around the world regarding how long lactating women are eligible to donate their milk. The primary purpose of this study is to describe longitudinal changes in human milk composition in the second year postpartum to support the development of evidence based guidelines regarding how long lactating women can donate human milk to a milk bank. Nineteen lactating women in North Carolina provided monthly milk samples from 11 months to 17 months postpartum (N = 131), and two non-profit milk banks provided (N = 33) pooled, unpasteurized milk samples from 51 approved donors less than one year postpartum. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the concentration of total protein, lactoferrin, lysozyme, Immunoglobulin A, oligosaccharides and sodium in longitudinal samples of mother's milk between 11 and 17 months postpartum, while zinc and calcium concentrations declined, and no changes were observed in lactose, fat, iron and potassium. Human milk in the second year postpartum contained significantly higher concentrations of total protein, lactoferrin, lysozyme and Immunoglobulin A, than milk bank samples, and significantly lower concentrations of zinc, calcium, iron and oligosaccharides. Accepting milk bank donations beyond one year postpartum is a potential strategy for increasing the supply of donor milk, but may require mineral fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne T Perrin
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - April D Fogleman
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David S Newburg
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan C Allen
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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