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Pamenter G, Davies L, Lamont C, Rahim D, Knevelman C, Miskin J, Mitrophanous K, Dikicioglu D, Bracewell DG. Lentiviral vector determinants of anion-exchange chromatography elution heterogeneity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024. [PMID: 38874319 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The demand for Lentiviral Vector (LV) drug substance is increasing. However, primary capture using convective anion-exchange chromatography remains a significant manufacturing challenge. This stems from a poor understanding of the complex adsorption behaviors linked to LVs intricate and variable structure, such as high binding heterogeneity which is typically characterized by a gradient elution profile consisting of two peaks. Understanding which LV structural components drive these phenomena is therefore crucial for rational process design. This work identifies the key LV envelope components responsible for binding to quaternary-amine membrane adsorbents. Eliminating the pseudotype protein (Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G glycoprotein [VSV-G]) did not impact the heterogenous two-peak elution profile, suggesting it is not a major binding species. Digestion of envelope glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), present on proteoglycans, leads to a dramatic reduction in the proportion of vector eluted in peak 2, decreasing from 50% to 3.1%, and a threefold increase in peak 1 maximum. Data from reinjection experiments point towards interparticle envelope heterogeneity from discrete LV populations, where the two-peak profile emerges from a subpopulation of LVs interacting via highly charged GAGs (peak 2) along with a weaker binding population likely interacting through the phospholipid membrane and envelope protein (peak 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- George Pamenter
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Oxford Biomedica (UK) Ltd., Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Duygu Dikicioglu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Stibbs DJ, Silva Couto P, Takeuchi Y, Rafiq QA, Jackson NB, Rayat AC. Quasi-perfusion studies for intensified lentiviral vector production using a continuous stable producer cell line. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101264. [PMID: 38827249 PMCID: PMC11141457 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Quasi-perfusion culture was employed to intensify lentiviral vector (LV) manufacturing using a continuous stable producer cell line in an 8-day process. Initial studies aimed to identify a scalable seeding density, with 3, 4, and 5 × 104 cells cm-2 providing similar specific productivities of infectious LV. Seeding at 3 × 104 cells cm-2 was selected, and the quasi-perfusion was modulated to minimize inhibitory metabolite accumulation and vector exposure at 37°C. Similar specific productivities of infectious LV and physical LV were achieved at 1, 2, and 3 vessel volumes per day (VVD), with 1 VVD selected to minimize downstream processing volumes. The optimized process was scaled 50-fold to 1,264 cm2 flasks, achieving similar LV titers. However, scaling up beyond this to a 6,320 cm2 multilayer flask reduced titers, possibly from suboptimal gas exchange. Across three independent processes in 25 cm2 to 6,320 cm2 flasks, reproducibility was high with a coefficient of variation of 7.7% ± 2.9% and 11.9% ± 3.0% for infectious and physical LV titers, respectively. The optimized flask process was successfully transferred to the iCELLis Nano (Cytiva) fixed-bed bioreactor, with quasi-perfusion at 1 VVD yielding 1.62 × 108 TU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale J. Stibbs
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pedro Silva Couto
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies, Scientific Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms EN6 3QC, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Qasim A. Rafiq
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nigel B. Jackson
- Cytiva, 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK
| | - Andrea C.M.E. Rayat
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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3
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Ma J, Tian Z, Shi Q, Dong X, Sun Y. Affinity chromatography for virus-like particle manufacturing: Challenges, solutions, and perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464851. [PMID: 38574547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The increasing medical application of virus-like particles (VLPs), notably vaccines and viral vectors, has increased the demand for commercial VLP production. However, VLP manufacturing has not yet reached the efficiency level achieved for recombinant protein therapeutics, especially in downstream processing. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges associated with affinity chromatography for VLP purification with respect to the diversity and complexity of VLPs and the associated upstream and downstream processes. The use of engineered affinity ligands and matrices for affinity chromatography is first discussed. Although several representative affinity ligands are currently available for VLP purification, most of them have difficulty in balancing ligand universality, ligand selectivity and mild operation conditions. Then, phage display technology and computer-assisted design are discussed as efficient methods for the rapid discovery of high-affinity peptide ligands. Finally, the VLP purification by affinity chromatography is analyzed. The process is significantly influenced by virus size and variation, ligand type and chromatographic mode. To address the updated regulatory requirements and epidemic outbreaks, technical innovations in affinity chromatography and process intensification and standardization in VLP purification should be promoted to achieve rapid process development and highly efficient VLP manufacturing, and emphasis is given to the discovery of universal ligands, applications of gigaporous matrices and platform technology. It is expected that the information in this review can provide a better understanding of the affinity chromatography methods available for VLP purification and offer useful guidance for the development of affinity chromatography for VLP manufacturing in the decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zengquan Tian
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qinghong Shi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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4
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Luostarinen A, Kailaanmäki A, Turkki V, Köylijärvi M, Käyhty P, Leinonen H, Albers-Skirdenko V, Lipponen E, Ylä-Herttuala S, Kaartinen T, Lesch HP, Kekarainen T. Optimizing lentiviral vector formulation conditions for efficient ex vivo transduction of primary human T cells in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell manufacturing. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00600-5. [PMID: 38661611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell products are commonly generated using lentiviral vector (LV) transduction. Optimal final formulation buffer (FFB) supporting LV stability during cryostorage is crucial for cost-effective manufacturing. METHODS To identify the ideal LV FFB composition for ex vivo CAR-T production, primary human T cells were transduced with vesicular stomatitis virus G-protein (VSV-G) -pseudotyped LVs (encoding a reporter gene or an anti-CD19-CAR). The formulations included phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), HEPES, or X-VIVOTM 15, and stabilizing excipients. The functional and viral particle titers and vector copy number were measured after LV cryopreservation and up to 24 h post-thaw incubation. CAR-Ts were produced with LVs in selected FFBs, and the resulting cells were characterized. RESULTS Post-cryopreservation, HEPES-based FFBs provided higher LV functional titers than PBS and X-VIVOTM 15, and 10% trehalose-20 mM MgCl2 improved LV transduction efficiency in PBS and 50 mM HEPES. Thawed vectors remained stable at +4°C, while a ≤ 25% median decrease in the functional titer occurred during 24 h at room temperature. Tested excipients did not enhance LV post-thaw stability. CAR-Ts produced using LVs cryopreserved in 10% trehalose- or sucrose-20 mM MgCl2 in 50 mM HEPES showed comparable transduction rates, cell yield, viability, phenotype, and in vitro functionality. CONCLUSION A buffer consisting of 10% trehalose-20 mM MgCl2 in 50 mM HEPES provided a feasible FFB to cryopreserve a VSV-G -pseudotyped LV for CAR-T-cell production. The LVs remained relatively stable for at least 24 h post-thaw, even at ambient temperatures. This study provides insights into process development, showing LV formulation data generated using the relevant target cell type for CAR-T-cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Luostarinen
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Vesa Turkki
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Piia Käyhty
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Leinonen
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Eevi Lipponen
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tanja Kaartinen
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna P Lesch
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Kuopio, Finland
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5
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Wang C, Chang CC, Chi JT, Yuan F. Sucrose Treatment Enhances the Electrotransfer of DNA by Activating Phospholipase A2. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:475. [PMID: 38675136 PMCID: PMC11054232 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Our previous study discovered that sucrose and other non-reducing sugars (e.g., trehalose and raffinose) could be used to improve the electrotransfer (ET) of molecular cargo, including DNA, mRNA, and ribonucleoprotein in various cell lines and primary human cells in vitro and in vivo. To understand the molecular mechanisms of this improvement, we used RNA sequencing technology to analyze changes in the cell transcriptome after sucrose treatment. The results from our analysis demonstrated that the sucrose treatment upregulated phospholipase A2 and V-ATPase gene families, which could potentially influence the acidity of intracellular vesicles through augmenting vesicle fusion and the influx of proton, respectively. To determine how this upregulation affects ET efficiency, we treated cells with pharmaceutical inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and V-ATPase. The data demonstrated that the treatment with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor could reverse the ET improvement elicited by the sucrose treatment. The V-ATPase inhibitor treatment either had little influence or further enhanced the effect of the sucrose treatment on the ET efficiency. These observations provide a molecular explanation for our previous findings, demonstrating that the sucrose treatment primarily enhanced the ET efficiency by promoting vesicle trafficking and fusion through the activation of phospholipase A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chun-Chi Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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6
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Jadlowsky JK, Leskowitz R, McKenna S, Karar J, Ma Y, Dai A, Plesa G, Chen F, Alexander K, Petrella J, Gong N, Hwang WT, Farrelly O, Barber-Rotenberg J, Christensen S, Gonzalez VE, Chew A, Fraietta JA, June CH. Long-term stability of clinical-grade lentiviral vectors for cell therapy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101186. [PMID: 38282894 PMCID: PMC10811425 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The use of lentiviral vectors in cell and gene therapy is steadily increasing, both in commercial and investigational therapies. Although existing data increasingly support the usefulness and safety of clinical-grade lentiviral vectors used in cell manufacturing, comprehensive studies specifically addressing their long-term stability are currently lacking. This is significant considering the high cost of producing and testing GMP-grade vectors, the limited number of production facilities, and lengthy queue for production slots. Therefore, an extended shelf life is a critical attribute to justify the investment in large vector lots for investigational cell therapies. This study offers a thorough examination of essential stability attributes, including vector titer, transduction efficiency, and potency for a series of clinical-grade vector lots, each assessed at a minimum of 36 months following their date of manufacture. The 13 vector lots included in this study were used for cell product manufacturing in 16 different clinical trials, and at the time of the analysis had a maximum storage time at -80°C of up to 8 years. The results emphasize the long-term durability and efficacy of GMP-grade lentiviral vectors for use in ex vivo cell therapy manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Jadlowsky
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel Leskowitz
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen McKenna
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jayashree Karar
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yujie Ma
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anlan Dai
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gabriela Plesa
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen Alexander
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Petrella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nan Gong
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Olivia Farrelly
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie Barber-Rotenberg
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shannon Christensen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vanessa E. Gonzalez
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anne Chew
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph A. Fraietta
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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7
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Vogel JE, Terrao M, Schwingal S, Kapitza L, Brigulla D, Pirzas V, Laux H, Brandt T. High yield sterile filtration process for highly concentrated lentiviral vectors. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300348. [PMID: 38472091 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The development and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals are subject to strict regulations that specify the required minimum quality of the products. A key measure to meet these quality requirements is the integration of a sterile filtration step into the commercial manufacturing process. Whereas common procedures for most biologics exist, this is challenging for lentiviral vector (LVV) production for ex vivo gene therapy. LVVs nominal size is more than half the pore size (0.2 µm) of filters used for sterile filtration. Hence, highly concentrated virus solutions are prone to filter clogging if aggregation of viruses occurs or impurities attach to the viruses. Several filters were screened aiming to identify those which allow filtering highly concentrated stocks of LVVs of up to 1E + 9 transducing units mL-1 , which corresponds to 4.5E + 12 particles mL-1 . In addition, the effect of endonuclease treatment upstream of the purification process on filter performance was studied. In summary, three suitable filters were identified in a small-scale study (<15 mL) with virus yields >80% and the process was successfully scaled-up to a final scale of 100 mL LVV stock solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Holger Laux
- CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
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8
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Lebendiker M. Purification and Quality Control of Recombinant Proteins Expressed in Mammalian Cells: A Practical Review. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2810:329-353. [PMID: 38926289 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3878-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In the recent years, there has been a rapid development of new technologies and strategies when it comes to protein purification and quality control (QC), but the basic technologies for these processes go back a long way, with many improvements over the past few decades. The purpose of this chapter is to review these approaches, as well as some other topics such as the advantages and disadvantages of various purification methods for intracellular or extracellular proteins, the most effective and widely used genetically engineered affinity tags, solubility-enhancing tags, and specific proteases for removal of nontarget sequences. Affinity chromatography (AC), like Protein A or G resins for the recovery of antibodies or Fc fusion proteins or immobilized metals for the recovery of histidine-tagged proteins, will be discussed along with other conventional chromatography techniques: ion exchange (IEC), hydrophobic exchange (HEC), mixed mode (MMC), size exclusion (SEC), and ultrafiltration (UF) systems. How to select and combine these different technologies for the purification of any given protein and the minimal criteria for QC characterization of the purity, homogeneity, identity, and integrity of the final product will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lebendiker
- Protein Expression and Purification Facilities, The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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9
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Triantafyllou N, Sarkis M, Krassakopoulou A, Shah N, Papathanasiou MM, Kontoravdi C. Uncertainty quantification for gene delivery methods: A roadmap for pDNA manufacturing from phase I clinical trials to commercialization. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300103. [PMID: 37797343 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The fast-growing interest in cell and gene therapy (C>) products has led to a growing demand for the production of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and viral vectors for clinical and commercial use. Manufacturers, regulators, and suppliers need to develop strategies for establishing robust and agile supply chains in the otherwise empirical field of C>. A model-based methodology that has great potential to support the wider adoption of C> is presented, by ensuring efficient timelines, scalability, and cost-effectiveness in the production of key raw materials. Specifically, key process and economic parameters are identified for (1) the production of pDNA for the forward-looking scenario of non-viral-based Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies from clinical (200 doses) to commercial (40,000 doses) scale and (2) the commercial (40,000 doses) production of pDNA and lentiviral vectors for the current state-of-the-art viral vector-based CAR T-cell therapies. By applying a systematic global sensitivity analysis, we quantify uncertainty in the manufacturing process and apportion it to key process and economic parameters, highlighting cost drivers and limitations that steer decision-making. The results underline the cost-efficiency and operational flexibility of non-viral-based therapies in the overall C> supply chain, as well as the importance of economies-of-scale in the production of pDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Triantafyllou
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Miriam Sarkis
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nilay Shah
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria M Papathanasiou
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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10
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Kilgore R, Minzoni A, Shastry S, Smith W, Barbieri E, Wu Y, LeBarre JP, Chu W, O'Brien J, Menegatti S. The downstream bioprocess toolbox for therapeutic viral vectors. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464337. [PMID: 37722177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral vectors are poised to acquire a prominent position in modern medicine and biotechnology owing to their role as delivery agents for gene therapies, oncolytic agents, vaccine platforms, and a gateway to engineer cell therapies as well as plants and animals for sustainable agriculture. The success of viral vectors will critically depend on the availability of flexible and affordable biomanufacturing strategies that can meet the growing demand by clinics and biotech companies worldwide. In this context, a key role will be played by downstream process technology: while initially adapted from protein purification media, the purification toolbox for viral vectors is currently undergoing a rapid expansion to fit the unique biomolecular characteristics of these products. Innovation efforts are articulated on two fronts, namely (i) the discovery of affinity ligands that target adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, adenovirus, etc.; (ii) the development of adsorbents with innovative morphologies, such as membranes and 3D printed monoliths, that fit the size of viral vectors. Complementing these efforts are the design of novel process layouts that capitalize on novel ligands and adsorbents to ensure high yield and purity of the product while safeguarding its therapeutic efficacy and safety; and a growing panel of analytical methods that monitor the complex array of critical quality attributes of viral vectors and correlate them to the purification strategies. To help explore this complex and evolving environment, this study presents a comprehensive overview of the downstream bioprocess toolbox for viral vectors established in the last decade, and discusses present efforts and future directions contributing to the success of this promising class of biological medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kilgore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
| | - Arianna Minzoni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Will Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jacob P LeBarre
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Wenning Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Juliana O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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11
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Sedighikamal H, Sattarzadeh A, Karimi Mostofi R, Dinarvand B, Nazarpour M. High-Titer Recombinant Adenovirus 26 Vector GMP Manufacturing in HEK 293 Cells with a Stirred Single-Use Bioreactor for COVID-19 Vaccination Purposes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36720-36728. [PMID: 37841195 PMCID: PMC10568722 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 virus) pandemic has shown the importance of pursuing various vaccine manufacturing strategies. In the present study, the HEK 293 cells were infected with recombinant adenovirus serotype 26 (rAd26), and the effects of critical process parameters (CPPs) including viable cell density (VCD) at infection time (0.5 × 106, 0.8 × 106, 1.4 × 106, 1.8 × 106, and 2.5 × 106 cells/mL), the multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15, and two aeration strategies (high-speed agitation with a sparging system and low-speed agitation with an overlay system) were investigated experimentally. The results of small-scale experiments in 2 L shake flasks (SF 2L) demonstrated that the initial VCD and MOI could affect the cell proliferation and viability. The results at these experiments showed that VCD = 1.4 × 106 cells/mL and MOI = 9 yielded TCID50 /mL = 108.9, at 72 h post-infection (hpi), while the virus titer at VCD = 0.5 × 106 and 0.8 × 106 cells/mL was lower compared to that of VCD = 1.4 × 106 cells/mL. Moreover, our findings showed that VCDs > 1.8 × 106 cells/m with MOI = 9 did not have a positive effect on TCID50 /mL and MOI = 3 and 6 were less efficient, whereas MOI > 12 decreased the viability drastically. In the next step, the optimized CPPs in a small scale were exploited in a 200 L single-use bioreactor (SUB), with good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions, at RPM = 25 with an overlay system, yielding high-titer rAd26 manufacturing, i.e., TCID50/mL = 108.9, at 72 hpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sedighikamal
- API
Production Plant, Actoverco Biotech Company, Alborz 331325489, Iran
- Division
of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | | | - Reza Karimi Mostofi
- API
Production Plant, Actoverco Biotech Company, Alborz 331325489, Iran
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 8741253641, Iran
| | | | - Madineh Nazarpour
- API
Production Plant, Actoverco Biotech Company, Alborz 331325489, Iran
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12
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Hillebrandt N, Hubbuch J. Size-selective downstream processing of virus particles and non-enveloped virus-like particles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1192050. [PMID: 37304136 PMCID: PMC10248422 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1192050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-enveloped virus-like particles (VLPs) are versatile protein nanoparticles with great potential for biopharmaceutical applications. However, conventional protein downstream processing (DSP) and platform processes are often not easily applicable due to the large size of VLPs and virus particles (VPs) in general. The application of size-selective separation techniques offers to exploit the size difference between VPs and common host-cell impurities. Moreover, size-selective separation techniques offer the potential for wide applicability across different VPs. In this work, basic principles and applications of size-selective separation techniques are reviewed to highlight their potential in DSP of VPs. Finally, specific DSP steps for non-enveloped VLPs and their subunits are reviewed as well as the potential applications and benefits of size-selective separation techniques are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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13
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Chaubal AS, Zydney AL. Single-Pass Tangential Flow Filtration (SPTFF) of Nanoparticles: Achieving Sustainable Operation with Dilute Colloidal Suspensions for Gene Therapy Applications. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:433. [PMID: 37103860 PMCID: PMC10143681 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent approval of several viral-vector-based therapeutics has led to renewed interest in the development of more efficient bioprocessing strategies for gene therapy products. Single-Pass Tangential Flow Filtration (SPTFF) can potentially provide inline concentration and final formulation of viral vectors with enhanced product quality due. In this study, SPTFF performance was evaluated using a suspension of 100 nm nanoparticles that mimics a typical lentivirus system. Data were obtained with flat-sheet cassettes having 300 kDa nominal molecular weight cutoff, either in full recirculation or single-pass mode. Flux-stepping experiments identified two critical fluxes, one based on boundary-layer particle accumulation (Jbl) and one based on membrane fouling (Jfoul). The critical fluxes were well-described using a modified concentration polarization model that captures the observed dependence on feed flow rate and feed concentration. Long-duration filtration experiments were conducted under stable SPTFF conditions, with the results suggesting that sustainable performance could potentially be achieved for as much as 6 weeks of continuous operation. These results provide important insights into the potential application of SPTFF for the concentration of viral vectors in the downstream processing of gene therapy agents.
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14
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Moreira AS, Bezemer S, Faria TQ, Detmers F, Hermans P, Sierkstra L, Coroadinha AS, Peixoto C. Implementation of Novel Affinity Ligand for Lentiviral Vector Purification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043354. [PMID: 36834764 PMCID: PMC9966744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of viral vectors as therapeutic products for multiple applications such as vaccines, cancer treatment, or gene therapies, has been growing exponentially. Therefore, improved manufacturing processes are needed to cope with the high number of functional particles required for clinical trials and, eventually, commercialization. Affinity chromatography (AC) can be used to simplify purification processes and generate clinical-grade products with high titer and purity. However, one of the major challenges in the purification of Lentiviral vectors (LVs) using AC is to combine a highly specific ligand with a gentle elution condition assuring the preservation of vector biological activity. In this work, we report for the first time the implementation of an AC resin to specifically purify VSV-G pseudotyped LVs. After ligand screening, different critical process parameters were assessed and optimized. A dynamic capacity of 1 × 1011 total particles per mL of resin was determined and an average recovery yield of 45% was found for the small-scale purification process. The established AC robustness was confirmed by the performance of an intermediate scale providing an infectious particles yield of 54%, which demonstrates the scalability and reproducibility of the AC matrix. Overall, this work contributes to increasing downstream process efficiency by delivering a purification technology that enables high purity, scalability, and process intensification in a single step, contributing to time-to-market reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Moreira
- IBET Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sandra Bezemer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tiago Q. Faria
- IBET Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Frank Detmers
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Hermans
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ana Sofia Coroadinha
- IBET Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Peixoto
- IBET Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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15
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Williams S, Jalal AR, Lewis MP, Davies OG. A survey to evaluate parameters governing the selection and application of extracellular vesicle isolation methods. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231155114. [PMID: 36911574 PMCID: PMC9996742 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231155114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) continue to gain interest across the scientific community for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. As EV applications diversify, it is essential that researchers are aware of challenges, in particular the compatibility of EV isolation methods with downstream applications and their clinical translation. We report outcomes of the first cross-comparison study looking to determine parameters (EV source, starting volume, operator experience, application and implementation parameters such as cost and scalability) governing the selection of popular EV isolation methods across disciplines. Our findings highlighted an increased clinical focus, with 36% of respondents applying EVs in therapeutics and diagnostics. Data indicated preferential selection of ultracentrifugation for therapeutic applications, precipitation reagents in clinical settings and size exclusion chromatography for diagnostic applications utilising biofluids. Method selection was influenced by operator experience, with increased method diversity when EV research was not the respondents primary focus. Application and implementation criteria were indicated to be major influencers in method selection, with UC and SEC chosen for their abilities to process large and small volumes, respectively. Overall, we identified parameters influencing method selection across the breadth of EV science, providing a valuable overview of practical considerations for the effective translation of research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Williams
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Aveen R Jalal
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Owen G Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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16
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Celebi Torabfam G, Yetisgin AA, Erdem C, Cayli A, Kutlu O, Cetinel S. A feasibility study of different commercially available serum-free mediums to enhance lentivirus and adeno-associated virus production in HEK 293 suspension cells. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:635-655. [PMID: 36389283 PMCID: PMC9652196 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-022-00551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentivirus and adeno-associated viruses are invaluable tools for biotechnology applications due to their genetic material delivery abilities both in vitro and in vivo. However, their large-scale productions with Good Manufacturing Practices yield low efficiency when adherent and serum dependent HEK293 (Human Embryonic Kidney) cells are used as the host. To increase production efficiency, HEK293 cells are adapted to grow in suspension using commercially available and chemically defined serum-free mediums. Suspended cells can be transiently transfected for viral vector production; however, significant improvements are still needed to increase yield and thereby cost effectiveness. Here, we evaluated four most preferred commercially available mediums that are IVY, FreeStyle293, LV-MAX, and BalanCD HEK293 for the transient transfection feasibility of lentiviral (LV) and adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) production in FlorabioHEK293 suspension cells. The highest transfection efficiency was over 90% and obtained by using polyethyleneimine (PEI) 25 K and by media adaptation in IVY without using any transfection enhancer. For the first time the feasibility of HEK293 cells, which were adapted to grow in suspension culture by Florabio and IVY media, were tested for virus production. This study demonstrates the best transfection medium for scalable and optimized production of Lentivirus and Adeno-Associated Virus in suspended HEK293 cell culture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-022-00551-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Celebi Torabfam
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
| | - Abuzer Alp Yetisgin
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
| | - Cem Erdem
- FloraBio Technology, Urla, 35430 İzmir Turkey
| | - Aziz Cayli
- FloraBio Technology, Urla, 35430 İzmir Turkey
| | - Ozlem Kutlu
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
| | - Sibel Cetinel
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
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17
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Fang B, Shen Y, Peng B, Bai H, Wang L, Zhang J, Hu W, Fu L, Zhang W, Li L, Huang W. Small‐Molecule Quenchers for Förster Resonance Energy Transfer: Structure, Mechanism, and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207188. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Yu Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Limin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Li Fu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Teaching and Evaluation Center of Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 China
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) Xiamen University Xiamen 361005, Fujian China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) Xiamen University Xiamen 361005, Fujian China
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18
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Mokkapati S, Narayan VM, Manyam GC, Lim AH, Duplisea JJ, Kokorovic A, Miest TS, Mitra AP, Plote D, Anand SS, Metcalfe MJ, Dunner K, Johnson BA, Czerniak BA, Nieminen T, Heikura T, Yla-Herttuala S, Parker NR, Schluns KS, McConkey DJ, Dinney CP. Lentiviral interferon: A novel method for gene therapy in bladder cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 26:141-157. [PMID: 35847448 PMCID: PMC9251210 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon alpha (IFNα) gene therapy is emerging as a new treatment option for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Adenoviral vectors expressing IFNα have shown clinical efficacy treating bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-unresponsive bladder cancer (BLCA). However, transient transgene expression and adenoviral immunogenicity may limit therapeutic activity. Lentiviral vectors can achieve stable transgene expression and are less immunogenic. In this study, we evaluated lentiviral vectors expressing murine IFNα (LV-IFNα) and demonstrate IFNα expression by transduced murine BLCA cell lines, bladder urothelium, and within the urine following intravesical instillation. Murine BLCA cell lines (MB49 and UPPL1541) were sensitive to IFN-mediated cell death after LV-IFNα, whereas BBN975 was inherently resistant. Upregulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) predicted sensitivity to IFN-mediated cell death mediated by caspase signaling, which when inhibited abrogated IFN-mediated cell killing. Intravesical therapy with LV-IFNα/Syn3 in a syngeneic BLCA model significantly improved survival, and molecular analysis of treated tumors revealed upregulation of apoptotic and immune-cell-mediated death pathways. In particular, biomarker discovery analysis identified three clinically actionable targets, PD-L1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and ALDHA1A, in murine tumors treated with LV-IFNα/Syn3. Our findings warrant the comparison of adenoviral and LV-IFNα and the study of novel combination strategies with IFNα gene therapy for the BLCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Mokkapati
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
- Corresponding author Sharada Mokkapati, PhD, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA.
| | - Vikram M. Narayan
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Ganiraju C. Manyam
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Amy H. Lim
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Duplisea
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Andrea Kokorovic
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Tanner S. Miest
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Anirban P. Mitra
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Devin Plote
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Selvalakshmi Selvaraj Anand
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Michael J. Metcalfe
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Kenneth Dunner
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Burles A. Johnson
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, John Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A. Czerniak
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Tiina Nieminen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tommi Heikura
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Seppo Yla-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Kimberley S. Schluns
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - David J. McConkey
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, John Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Colin P. Dinney
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smith Research Building, 7777 Knight Road, Houston, TX 77584, USA
- Corresponding author Colin P. Dinney, MD, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, CPB7.3279, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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19
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Fang Z, Lyu J, Li J, Li C, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen K. Application of bioreactor technology for cell culture-based viral vaccine production: Present status and future prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:921755. [PMID: 36017347 PMCID: PMC9395942 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.921755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors are widely used in cell culture-based viral vaccine production, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this context, the development and application of bioreactors can provide more efficient and cost-effective vaccine production to meet the global vaccine demand. The production of viral vaccines is inseparable from the development of upstream biological processes. In particular, exploration at the laboratory-scale is urgently required for further development. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the existing upstream biological processes, to enable the selection of pilot-scale conditions for academic and industrial scientists to maximize the yield and quality of vaccine development and production. Reviewing methods for optimizing the upstream process of virus vaccine production, this review discusses the bioreactor concepts, significant parameters and operational strategies related to large-scale amplification of virus. On this basis, a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the various process optimization methods for the production of various viruses (SARS-CoV-2, Influenza virus, Tropical virus, Enterovirus, Rabies virus) in bioreactors is presented. Meanwhile, the types of viral vaccines are briefly introduced, and the established animal cell lines for vaccine production are described. In addition, it is emphasized that the co-development of bioreactor and computational biology is urgently needed to meet the challenges posed by the differences in upstream production scales between the laboratory and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbiao Fang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingting Lyu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Guo
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Keda Chen,
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Keda Chen,
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Keda Chen,
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20
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Fang B, Shen Y, Peng B, Bai H, Wang L, Zhang J, Hu W, Fu L, Zhang W, Li L, Huang W. Small Molecule Quenchers for Förster Resonance Energy Transfer: Structure, Mechanism and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics CHINA
| | - Yu Shen
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics CHINA
| | - Bo Peng
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics CHINA
| | - Hua Bai
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics CHINA
| | - Limin Wang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics CHINA
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics CHINA
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics CHINA
| | - Li Fu
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics CHINA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Air Force Medical University Teaching and Evaluation Center CHINA
| | - Lin Li
- Nanjing Tech University Institute of Advanced Materials 30 South Puzhu Road 210008 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Wei Huang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics CHINA
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21
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Labisch JJ, Kassar M, Bollmann F, Valentic A, Hubbuch J, Pflanz K. Steric exclusion chromatography of lentiviral vectors using hydrophilic cellulose membranes. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1674:463148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Jt S, M H, Wam B, Ac B, Sa N. Adenoviral vectors for cardiovascular gene therapy applications: a clinical and industry perspective. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:875-901. [PMID: 35606652 PMCID: PMC9126699 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Despite the development of novel pharmacological treatments, cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality remain high indicating an unmet clinical need. Viral gene therapy enables targeted delivery of therapeutic transgenes and represents an attractive platform for tackling acquired and inherited cardiovascular diseases in the future. Current cardiovascular gene therapy trials in humans mainly focus on improving cardiac angiogenesis and function. Encouragingly, local delivery of therapeutic transgenes utilising first-generation human adenovirus serotype (HAd)-5 is safe in the short term and has shown some efficacy in drug refractory angina pectoris and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Despite this success, systemic delivery of therapeutic HAd-5 vectors targeting cardiovascular tissues and internal organs is limited by negligible gene transfer to target cells, elimination by the immune system, liver sequestration, off-target effects, and episomal degradation. To circumvent these barriers, cardiovascular gene therapy research has focused on determining the safety and efficacy of rare alternative serotypes and/or genetically engineered adenoviral capsid protein-modified vectors following local or systemic delivery. Pre-clinical studies have identified several vectors including HAd-11, HAd-35, and HAd-20–42-42 as promising platforms for local and systemic targeting of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In the past, clinical gene therapy trials were often restricted by limited scale-up capabilities of gene therapy medicinal products (GTMPs) and lack of regulatory guidance. However, significant improvement of industrial GTMP scale-up and purification, development of novel producer cell lines, and issuing of GTMP regulatory guidance by national regulatory health agencies have addressed many of these challenges, creating a more robust framework for future adenoviral-based cardiovascular gene therapy. In addition, this has enabled the mass roll out of adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccines. Key messages First-generation HAd-5 vectors are widely used in cardiovascular gene therapy. HAd-5-based gene therapy was shown to lead to cardiac angiogenesis and improved function. Novel HAd vectors may represent promising transgene carriers for systemic delivery. Novel methods allow industrial scale-up of rare/genetically altered Ad serotypes. National regulatory health agencies have issued guidance on GMP for GTMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schwartze Jt
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Havenga M
- Batavia Biosciences B.V., Bioscience Park Leiden, Zernikedreef 16, 2333, CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bakker Wam
- Batavia Biosciences B.V., Bioscience Park Leiden, Zernikedreef 16, 2333, CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bradshaw Ac
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicklin Sa
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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23
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Evaluation of Host Cell Impurity Effects on the Performance of Sterile Filtration Processes for Therapeutic Viruses. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040359. [PMID: 35448330 PMCID: PMC9030567 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Efficient downstream processing represents a significant challenge in the rapidly developing field of therapeutic viruses. While it is known that the terminal sterile filtration step can be a major cause of product loss, there is little known about the effect of host cell impurities (DNA and protein) on filtration performance. In this study, fractions of relatively pure Vero host cell protein and DNA were spiked into a highly pure preparation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Then, the resulting solutions were sterile filtered using two commercially available 0.22 µm rated microfiltration membranes. A combination of transmembrane pressure measurements, virus recovery measurements, and post-filtration microscopy images of the microfiltration membranes was used to evaluate the sterile filtration performance. It was found that increasing the amount of host cell protein from approximately 1 µg/mL (in the un-spiked VSV preparation) to 25 µg/mL resulted in a greater extent of membrane fouling, causing the VSV recovery to decrease from 89% to 65% in experiments conducted with the highly asymmetric Express PLUS PES membrane and to go as low as 48% in experiments conducted with the symmetric Durapore PVDF membrane. Similar effects were not seen when bovine serum albumin, a common model protein used in filtration studies, was spiked into the VSV preparation, which indicates that the sterile filtration performance is critically dependent on the complex composition of the mixture of host cell proteins rather than the presence of any protein. The results presented in this work provide important insights into the role of host cell impurities on the performance of sterile filtration processes for therapeutic viruses.
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YekrangSafakar A, Mehrnezhad A, Wu T, Park K. High-density adherent culture of CHO cells using rolled scaffold bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1498-1508. [PMID: 35319094 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rapid expansion of biopharmaceutical market calls for more efficient and reliable platforms to culture mammalian cells on a large scale. Stirred-tank bioreactors have been widely used for large-scale cell culture. However, it requires months of trials and errors to optimize culture conditions for each cell line. In this article, we extend our earlier studies on rolled scaffold (RS) bioreactors for high-density adherent cell culture and report two new implementations of RSs with greatly enhanced mass-manufacturability, termed as Mesh-RS and Fiber-RS. CHO-K1 cells were successfully expanded in Mesh-RS and Fiber-RS bioreactors with an average growth rate of 1.09 ± 0.04 1/day and 0.95 ± 0.07 1/day, which were higher than those reported in similar studies. Fiber-RS bioreactor exhibited a very high cell density of 72.8 × 106 cells/ml. Besides, a dialyzer was integrated into the RS bioreactor to remove cellular waste and to replenish nutrients without disturbing the cells. By collecting the dialyzed media separately, the dialysis efficiency was significantly improved. In conclusion, the developed RS bioreactor has a strong potential to provide a highly reliable and easily scalable platform for large-scale cell culture in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan YekrangSafakar
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ali Mehrnezhad
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tongyao Wu
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kidong Park
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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25
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Shi R, Jia S, Liu H, Nie H. Clinical grade lentiviral vector purification and quality control requirements. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2093-2101. [PMID: 35247228 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors have been proven to be a powerful tool in gene therapies that includes the ability to perform long-term gene editing in both dividing and non-dividing cells. In order to meet the rising demand of clinical grade lentiviral vectors for future clinical trials and requirements by regulatory agencies, new methods and technologies were developed, including the rapid optimization of production and purification processes. However, gaps still exist in achieving ideal yields and recovery rates in large-scale manufacturing process steps. The downstream purification process is a critical step required to obtain sufficient quantity and high-quality lentiviral vectors products, which is challenged by the low stability of the LV particles and large production volumes associated with the manufacturing process. This review summarizes the most recent and promising technologies and enhancements used in the large-scale purification process step of LV manufacturing and aims to provide a significant contribution towards the achievement of providing sufficient quantity and quality of LVs in scalable processes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruina Shi
- Immunochina Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Shenghua Jia
- Immunochina Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Analytical Instrumental Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
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26
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Moreira A, Faria T, Oliveira J, Kavara A, Schofield M, Sanderson T, Collins M, Gantier R, Alves P, Carrondo M, Peixoto C. Enhancing the purification of Lentiviral vectors for clinical applications. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Lentiviral Vectors for T Cell Engineering: Clinical Applications, Bioprocessing and Future Perspectives. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081528. [PMID: 34452392 PMCID: PMC8402758 DOI: 10.3390/v13081528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors have played a critical role in the emergence of gene-modified cell therapies, specifically T cell therapies. Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah), axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta) and most recently brexucabtagene autoleucel (Tecartus) are examples of T cell therapies which are now commercially available for distribution after successfully obtaining EMA and FDA approval for the treatment of blood cancers. All three therapies rely on retroviral vectors to transduce the therapeutic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) into T lymphocytes. Although these innovations represent promising new therapeutic avenues, major obstacles remain in making them readily available tools for medical care. This article reviews the biological principles as well as the bioprocessing of lentiviral (LV) vectors and adoptive T cell therapy. Clinical and engineering successes, shortcomings and future opportunities are also discussed. The development of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant instruments, technologies and protocols will play an essential role in the development of LV-engineered T cell therapies.
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28
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Analytics of host cell proteins (HCPs): lessons from biopharmaceutical mAb analysis for Gene therapy products. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:98-104. [PMID: 34311150 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytics for host cell protein (HCP) analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibody preparations have developed enormously. We consider how learnings from this can inform HCP analysis of gene therapy viral vector products. The application of mass spectrometry (MS) approaches for analysis of HCPs in viral vector preparations is being established, although such information remains limited and is yet to be widely applied into process or host cell line development to reduce HCP amounts or risk. As these MS approaches, and the data from them, are applied and become available, the process understanding created will speed process development activity. We describe technologies that have been, or can be, applied to viral vector HCP analysis to aid process development, reduce HCP amounts, identify critical HCPs and thus inform risk assessment and management based on a knowledge of specific HCPs, ultimately delivering safe and efficacious gene therapy products to the clinic.
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29
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Labisch JJ, Wiese GP, Barnes K, Bollmann F, Pflanz K. Infectious titer determination of lentiviral vectors using a temporal immunological real-time imaging approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254739. [PMID: 34265014 PMCID: PMC8281989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the infectious titer of the lentiviral vector samples obtained during upstream and downstream processing is of major importance, however, also the most challenging method to be performed. Currently established methods like flow cytometry or qPCR lack the capability of enabling high throughput sample processing while they require a lot of manual handling. To address this limitation, we developed an immunological real-time imaging method to quantify the infectious titer of anti-CD19 CAR lentiviral vectors with a temporal readout using the Incucyte® S3 live-cell analysis system. The infective titers determined with the Incucyte® approach when compared with the flow cytometry-based assay had a lower standard deviation between replicates and a broader linear range. A major advantage of the method is the ability to obtain titer results in real-time, enabling an optimal readout time. The presented protocol significantly decreased labor and increased throughput. The ability of the assay to process high numbers of lentiviral samples in a high throughput manner was proven by performing a virus stability study, demonstrating the effects of temperature, salt, and shear stress on LV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Labisch
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - G. Philip Wiese
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Kalpana Barnes
- BioAnalytics Applications, Essen BioScience, Royston, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Bollmann
- Segment Marketing Viral-based Therapeutics, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Karl Pflanz
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
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30
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Ramirez GA, Gasmi M. Manufacturing of Viral Gene Therapies. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:91-112. [PMID: 34196319 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Experimental Evaluation of an Interferometric Light Microscopy Particle Counter for Titering and Characterization of Virus Preparations. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050939. [PMID: 34069520 PMCID: PMC8160961 DOI: 10.3390/v13050939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus particle concentration is a critical piece of information for virology, viral vaccines and gene therapy research. We tested a novel nanoparticle counting device, “Videodrop”, for its efficacy in titering and characterization of virus particles. The Videodrop nanoparticle counter is based on interferometric light microscopy (ILM). The method allows the detection of particles under the diffraction limit capabilities of conventional light microscopy. We analyzed lenti-, adeno-, and baculovirus samples in different concentrations and compared the readings against traditional titering and characterization methods. The tested Videodrop particle counter is especially useful when measuring high-concentration purified virus preparations. Certain non-purified sample types or small viruses may be impossible to characterize or may require the use of standard curve or background subtraction methods, which increases the duration of the analysis. Together, our testing shows that Videodrop is a reasonable option for virus particle counting in situations where a moderate number of samples need to be analyzed quickly.
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32
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Two Dimensional Anion Exchange-Size Exclusion Chromatography Combined with Mathematical Modeling for Downstream Processing of Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462070. [PMID: 33773416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of high-quality purified virus particles in high quantities for vaccine preparation requires a scalable purification procedure in the downstream step. A purification scheme based on combined strong anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography (2D-AEC-SEC) was developed for the production of non-structural protein-free foot and mouth disease vaccine, and the whole procedure was accomplished with 77.9% virus yield. Additionally, a mathematical modeling and a simulation approach based on a plate model of chromatography were developed and matched with the experimental chromatography data to improve prediction of retention behavior and save time in the development of the downstream scale-up method. The purified pooled virus fraction obtained from the final polishing step had a purity higher than 85% based on analytical size exclusion analysis. Moreover, more than 90.1% of residual DNA (rDNA) was removed from the purified vaccine. The analysis of purified virus particles by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), dynamic light scattering (DLS), high performance size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provided clear evidence of purity and demonstrated that the final product is structurally spherical, intact particles qualified for formulation as a vaccine product.
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33
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Perry C, Rayat ACME. Lentiviral Vector Bioprocessing. Viruses 2021; 13:268. [PMID: 33572347 PMCID: PMC7916122 DOI: 10.3390/v13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are potent tools for the delivery of genes of interest into mammalian cells and are now commonly utilised within the growing field of cell and gene therapy for the treatment of monogenic diseases and adoptive therapies such as chimeric antigen T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. This is a comprehensive review of the individual bioprocess operations employed in LV production. We highlight the role of envelope proteins in vector design as well as their impact on the bioprocessing of lentiviral vectors. An overview of the current state of these operations provides opportunities for bioprocess discovery and improvement with emphasis on the considerations for optimal and scalable processing of LV during development and clinical production. Upstream culture for LV generation is described with comparisons on the different transfection methods and various bioreactors for suspension and adherent producer cell cultivation. The purification of LV is examined, evaluating different sequences of downstream process operations for both small- and large-scale production requirements. For scalable operations, a key focus is the development in chromatographic purification in addition to an in-depth examination of the application of tangential flow filtration. A summary of vector quantification and characterisation assays is also presented. Finally, the assessment of the whole bioprocess for LV production is discussed to benefit from the broader understanding of potential interactions of the different process options. This review is aimed to assist in the achievement of high quality, high concentration lentiviral vectors from robust and scalable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Perry
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Andrea C. M. E. Rayat
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
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34
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Toon K, Bentley EM, Mattiuzzo G. More Than Just Gene Therapy Vectors: Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Serological Investigation. Viruses 2021; 13:217. [PMID: 33572589 PMCID: PMC7911487 DOI: 10.3390/v13020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays detecting neutralising antibodies are important for determining the immune responses following infection or vaccination and are also often considered a correlate of protection. The target of neutralising antibodies is usually located in the Envelope protein on the viral surface, which mediates cell entry. As such, presentation of the Envelope protein on a lentiviral particle represents a convenient alternative to handling of a potentially high containment virus or for those viruses with no established cell culture system. The flexibility, relative safety and, in most cases, ease of production of lentiviral pseudotypes, have led to their use in serological assays for many applications such as the evaluation of candidate vaccines, screening and characterization of anti-viral therapeutics, and sero-surveillance. Above all, the speed of production of the lentiviral pseudotypes, once the envelope sequence is published, makes them important tools in the response to viral outbreaks, as shown during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In this review, we provide an overview of the landscape of the serological applications of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, with a brief discussion on their production and batch quality analysis. Finally, we evaluate their role as surrogates for the real virus and possible alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Toon
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
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35
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Moreira AS, Cavaco DG, Faria TQ, Alves PM, Carrondo MJT, Peixoto C. Advances in Lentivirus Purification. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000019. [PMID: 33089626 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have been increasingly used as a tool for gene and cell therapies since they can stably integrate the genome in dividing and nondividing cells. LV production and purification processes have evolved substantially over the last decades. However, the increasing demands for higher quantities with more restrictive purity requirements are stimulating the development of novel materials and strategies to supply the market with LV in a cost-effective manner. A detailed review of each downstream process unit operation is performed, limitations, strengths, and potential outcomes being covered. Currently, the majority of large-scale LV manufacturing processes are still based on adherent cell culture, although it is known that the industry is migrating fast to suspension cultures. Regarding the purification strategy, it consists of batch chromatography and membrane technology. Nevertheless, new solutions are being created to improve the current production schemes and expand its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Moreira
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - David Guia Cavaco
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago Q Faria
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J T Carrondo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Peixoto
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal
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36
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Martínez-Molina E, Chocarro-Wrona C, Martínez-Moreno D, Marchal JA, Boulaiz H. Large-Scale Production of Lentiviral Vectors: Current Perspectives and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111051. [PMID: 33153183 PMCID: PMC7693937 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have gained value over recent years as gene carriers in gene therapy. These viral vectors are safer than what was previously being used for gene transfer and are capable of infecting both dividing and nondividing cells with a long-term expression. This characteristic makes LVs ideal for clinical research, as has been demonstrated with the approval of lentivirus-based gene therapies from the Food and Drug Administration and the European Agency for Medicine. A large number of functional lentiviral particles are required for clinical trials, and large-scale production has been challenging. Therefore, efforts are focused on solving the drawbacks associated with the production and purification of LVsunder current good manufacturing practice. In recent years, we have witnessed the development and optimization of new protocols, packaging cell lines, and culture devices that are very close to reaching the target production level. Here, we review the most recent, efficient, and promising methods for the clinical-scale production ofLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martínez-Molina
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada (D.M.), 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (C.C.-W.); (D.M.-M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Chocarro-Wrona
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada (D.M.), 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (C.C.-W.); (D.M.-M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Martínez-Moreno
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada (D.M.), 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (C.C.-W.); (D.M.-M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A. Marchal
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada (D.M.), 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (C.C.-W.); (D.M.-M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Houria Boulaiz
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada (D.M.), 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (C.C.-W.); (D.M.-M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958-241-271
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37
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Alton EWFW, Boyd AC, Davies JC, Gill DR, Griesenbach U, Harman TE, Hyde S, McLachlan G. Gene Therapy for Respiratory Diseases: Progress and a Changing Context. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:911-916. [PMID: 32746737 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W F W Alton
- Gene Therapy Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Christopher Boyd
- UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C Davies
- Gene Therapy Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah R Gill
- UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Uta Griesenbach
- Gene Therapy Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy E Harman
- Gene Therapy Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Hyde
- UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry McLachlan
- UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom.,The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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