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Manea M, Mărunțelu I, Constantinescu I. An In-Depth Approach to the Associations between MicroRNAs and Viral Load in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8410. [PMID: 39125978 PMCID: PMC11313658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Scientists study the molecular activities of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, in vivo experiments are scarce. Some microRNAs are HBV-related, but their exact mechanisms are unknown. Our study provides an up-to-date view of the associations between microRNAs and HBV-DNA levels in chronically infected individuals. We conducted this large-scale research on five databases according to PRISMA guidance. Joanna Briggs Institute tools and Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment scores helped with quality evaluations. R 4.2.2 performed statistical computations for the meta-analysis. DIANA-microT 2023 and g:Profiler enriched the predictions of liver genes associated with miR-122 and miR-192-5p. From the 1313 records, we eliminated those irrelevant to our theme, non-article methodologies, non-English entries, and duplicates. We assessed associations between microRNAs and HBV-DNA levels. Overall, the pooled correlations favoured the general idea of the connection between non-coding molecules and viremia levels. MiR-122 and miR-192-5p were the most researched microRNAs, significantly associated with HBV-DNA levels. The connections between miR-122, miR-192-5p, let-7, miR-215, miR-320, and viral loads need further in vivo assessment. To conclude, this study evaluates systematically, for the first time, the correlations between non-coding molecules and viremia levels in patients. Our meta-analysis emphasizes potentially important pathways toward new inhibitors of the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Manea
- Immunology and Transplant Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ion Mărunțelu
- Immunology and Transplant Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Constantinescu
- Immunology and Transplant Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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Jacobs R, Dogbey MD, Mnyandu N, Neves K, Barth S, Arbuthnot P, Maepa MB. AAV Immunotoxicity: Implications in Anti-HBV Gene Therapy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2985. [PMID: 38138129 PMCID: PMC10745739 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has afflicted humankind for decades and there is still no treatment that can clear the infection. The development of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based gene therapy for HBV infection has become important in recent years and research has made exciting leaps. Initial studies, mainly using mouse models, showed that rAAVs are non-toxic and induce minimal immune responses. However, several later studies demonstrated rAAV toxicity, which is inextricably associated with immunogenicity. This is a major setback for the progression of rAAV-based therapies toward clinical application. Research aimed at understanding the mechanisms behind rAAV immunity and toxicity has contributed significantly to the inception of approaches to overcoming these challenges. The target tissue, the features of the vector, and the vector dose are some of the determinants of AAV toxicity, with the latter being associated with the most severe adverse events. This review discusses our current understanding of rAAV immunogenicity, toxicity, and approaches to overcoming these hurdles. How this information and current knowledge about HBV biology and immunity can be harnessed in the efforts to design safe and effective anti-HBV rAAVs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhwaanah Jacobs
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Makafui Dennis Dogbey
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (M.D.D.)
| | - Njabulo Mnyandu
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Keila Neves
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (M.D.D.)
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Mohube Betty Maepa
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa
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Bauer AN, Majumdar N, Williams F, Rajput S, Pokhrel LR, Cook PP, Akula SM. MicroRNAs: Small but Key Players in Viral Infections and Immune Responses to Viral Pathogens. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1334. [PMID: 37887044 PMCID: PMC10604607 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in C. elegans in 1993, the field of miRNA research has grown steeply. These single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules canonically work at the post-transcriptional phase to regulate protein expression. miRNAs are known to regulate viral infection and the ensuing host immune response. Evolving research suggests miRNAs are assets in the discovery and investigation of therapeutics and diagnostics. In this review, we succinctly summarize the latest findings in (i) mechanisms underpinning miRNA regulation of viral infection, (ii) miRNA regulation of host immune response to viral pathogens, (iii) miRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics targeting viral pathogens and challenges, and (iv) miRNA patents and the market landscape. Our findings show the differential expression of miRNA may serve as a prognostic biomarker for viral infections in regard to predicting the severity or adverse health effects associated with viral diseases. While there is huge market potential for miRNA technology, the novel approach of using miRNA mimics to enhance antiviral activity or antagonists to inhibit pro-viral miRNAs has been an ongoing research endeavor. Significant hurdles remain in terms of miRNA delivery, stability, efficacy, safety/tolerability, and specificity. Addressing these challenges may pave a path for harnessing the full potential of miRNAs in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais N. Bauer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (N.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Niska Majumdar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (N.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Frank Williams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (N.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Smit Rajput
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Lok R. Pokhrel
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Paul P. Cook
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Shaw M. Akula
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (N.M.); (F.W.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
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Maepa MB, Ely A, Kramvis A, Bloom K, Naidoo K, Simani OE, Maponga TG, Arbuthnot P. Hepatitis B Virus Research in South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091939. [PMID: 36146747 PMCID: PMC9503375 DOI: 10.3390/v14091939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being vaccine-preventable, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the seventh leading cause of mortality in the world. In South Africa (SA), over 1.9 million people are chronically infected with HBV, and 70% of all Black chronic carriers are infected with HBV subgenotype A1. The virus remains a significant burden on public health in SA despite the introduction of an infant immunization program implemented in 1995 and the availability of effective treatment for chronic HBV infection. In addition, the high prevalence of HIV infection amplifies HBV replication, predisposes patients to chronicity, and complicates management of the infection. HBV research has made significant progress leading to better understanding of HBV epidemiology and management challenges in the SA context. This has led to recent revision of the national HBV infection management guidelines. Research on developing new vaccines and therapies is underway and progress has been made with designing potentially curative gene therapies against HBV. This review summarizes research carried out in SA on HBV molecular biology, epidemiology, treatment, and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohube B. Maepa
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Kristie Bloom
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Kubendran Naidoo
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Omphile E. Simani
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Tongai G. Maponga
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7602, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
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5
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Mao Y, Wang X, Hu W, Li A, Li Y, Huang H, Yan R, Zhang Y, Li J, Li H, Wang S. Long-term and efficient inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by AAV8-delivered artificial microRNAs. Antiviral Res 2022; 204:105366. [PMID: 35732226 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health problem and current treatments are insufficient due to immune tolerance to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). RNA interference (RNAi) is a more promising approach for antiviral therapy. Here, 17 single artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) targeting the highly conserved regions of HBV genome were screened to inhibit HBV replication. In addition, we compared three tandem amiRNAs, each containing 3 different amiRNAs, out of which amiRNA135 was selected to be studied in detail. In vitro data showed that amiRNA135 significantly inhibited the replication of different HBV genotypes (including resistant and mutant). In vivo study was carried out by adeno-associated virus 8-mediated gene delivery, we found that the anti-HBV effects of AAV8-amiRNA135 were time and dose-dependent. Serum HBsAg and HBeAg in high dose groups were significantly reduced at 7 days after a single intravenous vector injection, and maintained at low levels throughout a 15-month experiment. Immunohistochemical staining and HBV core particle DNA analysis confirmed that HBV replication in the liver was strongly inhibited by AAV8-amiRNA135. Taken together, our data suggest that AAV8-mediated trimeric amiRNA expression is a promising therapeutic approach for chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Mao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Renhe Yan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shengqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
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Mnyandu N, Limani SW, Arbuthnot P, Maepa MB. Advances in designing Adeno-associated viral vectors for development of anti-HBV gene therapeutics. Virol J 2021; 18:247. [PMID: 34903258 PMCID: PMC8670254 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the five decades having passed since discovery of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), together with development of an effective anti-HBV vaccine, infection with the virus remains a serious public health problem and results in nearly 900,000 annual deaths worldwide. Current therapies do not eliminate the virus and viral replication typically reactivates after treatment withdrawal. Hence, current endeavours are aimed at developing novel therapies to achieve a functional cure. Nucleic acid-based therapeutic approaches are promising, with several candidates showing excellent potencies in preclinical and early stages of clinical development. However, this class of therapeutics is yet to become part of standard anti-HBV treatment regimens. Obstacles delaying development of gene-based therapies include lack of clinically relevant delivery methods and a paucity of good animal models for preclinical characterisation. Recent studies have demonstrated safety and efficiency of Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) in gene therapy. However, AAVs do have flaws and this has prompted research aimed at improving design of novel and artificially synthesised AAVs. Main goals are to improve liver transduction efficiencies and avoiding immune clearance. Application of AAVs to model HBV replication in vivo is also useful for characterising anti-HBV gene therapeutics. This review summarises recent advances in AAV engineering and their contributions to progress with anti-HBV gene therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njabulo Mnyandu
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shonisani Wendy Limani
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohube Betty Maepa
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Wang W, Zhou P, Wang X, Chen F, Christensen E, Thompson J, Ren X, Kells A, Stanek L, Carter T, Hou J, Sah D. Efficient and Precise Processing of the Optimized Pri-amiRNA in a Huntingtin-Lowering AAV Gene Therapy in Vitro and in Mice and Nonhuman Primates. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 33:37-60. [PMID: 34806402 PMCID: PMC10112875 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's Disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an inherited mutation in the huntingtin gene (HTT) comprising an expanded cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat sequence that results in a pathogenic huntingtin protein. AAV gene therapy containing a primary artificial microRNA (pri-amiRNA) specifically targeting HTT mRNA has the potential to provide long-lasting therapeutic benefit, via durable reduction of mutant HTT expression after a single administration. The efficiency and precision of processing of the pri-amiRNA precursor to the mature guide strand by transduced cells is critical for specific and potent HTT lowering. The selection of the optimized pri-amiRNA comprised a series of in vitro studies followed by in vivo studies in small and then large mammals. Our studies demonstrate the predictivity of certain cell culture systems and rodent models for nonhuman primates (NHP) with respect to some, but not all key features of pri-amiRNA processing. In addition, our results show that the processing of pri-amiRNAs to the mature guide strand can differ greatly across different scaffolds and sequences while providing the same levels of target lowering. Importantly, our data demonstrate that there is a combinatorial effect of guide and passenger strand sequences, together with the scaffold, on pri-amiRNA processing, with different guide and passenger strand sequences within the same scaffold dramatically altering pri-amiRNA processing. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of optimizing not only target lowering, but also the efficiency and precision of pri-amiRNA processing in vitro, in rodents and in large mammals to identify the most potent and selective AAV gene therapy that harnesses the endogenous miRNA biogenesis pathway for target lowering without perturbing the endogenous cellular miRNA profile. The optimized pri-amiRNA was selected with this focus on efficiency and precision of pri-amiRNA processing in addition to its pharmacological activity on HTT lowering, and general tolerability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Xin Wang
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Fen Chen
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Emily Christensen
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Jeffrey Thompson
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Xiaoqin Ren
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Adrian Kells
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Lisa Stanek
- Sanofi Genzyme, 2194, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Todd Carter
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Jay Hou
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Dinah Sah
- Voyager Therapeutics Inc, 461444, 75 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 02139;
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In Vivo Modelling of Hepatitis B Virus Subgenotype A1 Replication Using Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112247. [PMID: 34835053 PMCID: PMC8618177 DOI: 10.3390/v13112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The paucity of animal models that simulate the replication of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an impediment to advancing new anti-viral treatments. The work reported here employed recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to model HBV subgenotype A1 and subgenotype D3 replication in vitro and in vivo. Infection with subgenotype A1 is endemic to parts of sub-Saharan Africa, and it is associated with a high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recombinant AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) and 8 (AAV8) vectors bearing greater-than-genome-length sequences of HBV DNA from subgenotype A1 and D3, were produced. Transduced liver-derived cultured cells produced HBV surface antigen and core antigen. Administration of AAV8 carrying HBV subgenotype A1 genome (AAV8-A1) to mice resulted in the sustained production of HBV replication markers over a six-month period, without elevated inflammatory cytokines, expression of interferon response genes or alanine transaminase activity. Markers of replication were generally higher in animals treated with subgenotype D3 genome-bearing AAVs than in those receiving the subgenotype A1-genome-bearing vectors. To validate the use of the AAV8-A1 murine model for anti-HBV drug development, the efficacy of anti-HBV artificial primary-microRNAs was assessed. Significant silencing of HBV markers was observed over a 6-month period after administering AAVs. These data indicate that AAVs conveniently and safely recapitulate the replication of different HBV subgenotypes, and the vectors may be used to assess antivirals’ potency.
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Recent developments with advancing gene therapy to treat chronic infection with hepatitis B virus. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 15:200-207. [PMID: 32141890 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The available vaccine and therapies against hepatitis B virus (HBV) rarely eliminate chronic infection with the virus. High mortality resulting from complicating cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma makes improving anti-HBV therapy an important priority. Recent advances with using gene therapy to counter HBV have potential and are the focus of this review. RECENT FINDINGS The stable replication-competent HBV intermediate comprising covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the template for expression of all viral genes. Inactivating cccDNA has thus been a focus of research aimed at achieving cure for HBV infection. Many studies have reported profound inhibition of replication of the virus using silencing and editing techniques. Therapeutic gene silencing with synthetic short interfering RNA is now in clinical trials. Ability to mutate and permanently inactivate cccDNA with engineered gene editors, such as those derived from CRISPR/Cas or TALENs, is particularly appealing but has not yet reached clinical evaluation. SUMMARY Gene silencing and gene editing potentially provide the means to cure HBV infection. However, achieving efficient delivery of therapeutic sequences, ensuring their specificity of action and progress with other antiviral strategies are likely to determine utility of gene therapy for chronic HBV infection.
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Kotowska-Zimmer A, Pewinska M, Olejniczak M. Artificial miRNAs as therapeutic tools: Challenges and opportunities. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 12:e1640. [PMID: 33386705 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been used for almost two decades to study gene functions and in therapeutic approaches. It uses cellular machinery and small, designed RNAs in the form of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or vector-based short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), and artificial miRNAs (amiRNAs) to inhibit a gene of interest. Artificial miRNAs, known also as miRNA mimics, shRNA-miRs, or pri-miRNA-like shRNAs have the most complex structures and undergo two-step processing in cells to form mature siRNAs, which are RNAi effectors. AmiRNAs are composed of a target-specific siRNA insert and scaffold based on a natural primary miRNA (pri-miRNA). siRNAs serve as a guide to search for complementary sequences in transcripts, whereas pri-miRNA scaffolds ensure proper processing and transport. The dynamics of siRNA maturation and siRNA levels in the cell resemble those of endogenous miRNAs; therefore amiRNAs are safer than other RNAi triggers. Delivered as viral vectors and expressed under tissue-specific polymerase II (Pol II) promoters, amiRNAs provide long-lasting silencing and expression in selected tissues. Therefore, amiRNAs are useful therapeutic tools for a broad spectrum of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers and viral infections. Recent reports on the role of sequence and structure in pri-miRNA processing may contribute to the improvement of the amiRNA tools. In addition, the success of a recently initiated clinical trial for Huntington's disease could pave the way for other amiRNA-based therapies, if proven effective and safe. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Processing of Small RNAs Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kotowska-Zimmer
- Department of Genome Engineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marianna Pewinska
- Department of Genome Engineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Olejniczak
- Department of Genome Engineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, Poznan, Poland
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Are Viral Vectors Any Good for RNAi Antiviral Therapy? Viruses 2020; 12:v12101189. [PMID: 33092124 PMCID: PMC7589807 DOI: 10.3390/v12101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) represents a novel approach for alternative antiviral therapy. However, issues related to RNA delivery and stability have presented serious obstacles for obtaining good therapeutic efficacy. Viral vectors are capable of efficient delivery of RNAi as short interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA). Efficacy in gene silencing for therapeutic applications against viral diseases has been demonstrated in various animal models. Rotavirus (RV) miR-7 can inhibit rotavirus replication by targeting the RV nonstructural protein 5. Viral gene silencing by targeting the RNAi pathway showed efficient suppression of hepatitis B virus replication by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based delivery of RNAi hepatitis B virus (HBV) cassettes. Hepatitis C virus replication has been targeted by short hairpin RNA molecules expressed from lentivirus vectors. Potentially, RNAi-based approaches could be suitable for antiviral drugs against COVID-19.
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12
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Lundstrom K. Viral Vectors Applied for RNAi-Based Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090924. [PMID: 32842491 PMCID: PMC7552024 DOI: 10.3390/v12090924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) provides the means for alternative antiviral therapy. Delivery of RNAi in the form of short interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA) have demonstrated efficacy in gene silencing for therapeutic applications against viral diseases. Bioinformatics has played an important role in the design of efficient RNAi sequences targeting various pathogenic viruses. However, stability and delivery of RNAi molecules have presented serious obstacles for reaching therapeutic efficacy. For this reason, RNA modifications and formulation of nanoparticles have proven useful for non-viral delivery of RNAi molecules. On the other hand, utilization of viral vectors and particularly self-replicating RNA virus vectors can be considered as an attractive alternative. In this review, examples of antiviral therapy applying RNAi-based approaches in various animal models will be described. Due to the current coronavirus pandemic, a special emphasis will be dedicated to targeting Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19).
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van den Berg F, Limani SW, Mnyandu N, Maepa MB, Ely A, Arbuthnot P. Advances with RNAi-Based Therapy for Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E851. [PMID: 32759756 PMCID: PMC7472220 DOI: 10.3390/v12080851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a global health challenge. Approximately 292 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HBV and the annual mortality from the infection is approaching 900,000. Despite the availability of an effective prophylactic vaccine, millions of individuals are at risk of potentially fatal complicating cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current drug treatments can suppress viral replication, slow the progression of liver fibrosis, and reduce infectivity, but can rarely clear the viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that is responsible for HBV persistence. Alternative therapeutic strategies, including those based on viral gene silencing by harnessing the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, effectively suppress HBV replication and thus hold promise. RNAi-based silencing of certain viral genes may even lead to disabling of cccDNA during chronic infection. This review summarizes different RNAi activators that have been tested against HBV, the advances with vectors used to deliver artificial potentially therapeutic RNAi sequences to the liver, and the current status of preclinical and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; (F.v.d.B.); (S.W.L.); (N.M.); (M.B.M.); (A.E.)
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van den Berg FT, Ely A, Arbuthnot P. Generating DNA Expression Cassettes Encoding Multimeric Artificial MicroRNA Precursors. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2115:185-197. [PMID: 32006402 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0290-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising tool for the treatment of chronic viral infection, such as that caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). RNAi activators, including expressed primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) mimics, can effectively silence viral gene expression and thereby inhibit viral replication. Here we describe a protocol for the design, generation and functional assessment of cassettes encoding effective single and multimeric pri-miRNA mimics. Artificial miRNAs targeting viral genes can be identified in silico and used to design corresponding pri-miRNA mimics. A two-step generation and TA cloning protocol can be used to produce single mimics, while the strategic use of restriction sites enables concatenation of mimics in a sub-cloning protocol. Basic gene silencing function of pri-miRNA mimics in cell culture can then be assessed using a dual luciferase assay and appropriate minimal targets. The methods described here for the generation of effective pri-miRNA mimics targeting HBV can be applied in the silencing of other viral or endogenous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona T van den Berg
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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In Vivo Delivery of Cassettes Encoding Anti-HBV Primary MicroRNAs Using an Ancestral Adeno-Associated Viral Vector. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2115:171-183. [PMID: 32006401 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0290-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B, a liver disease resulting from persisting hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, remains a global health challenge despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Various preclinical studies using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to deliver anti-HBV RNA interference (RNAi) activators to mediate long-lasting HBV silencing show promise. Recent positive outcomes observed in clinical trials and the FDA approval of AAV-based drugs further demonstrate the potential of AAVs in antiviral therapeutic development. However, the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against vectors based on extant AVV capsids limits the application of these vectors in human. The exciting reports on in silico designed and in vitro synthesized ancestral AAV (Anc80L65) with a potential to evade prevailing AAV neutralizing antibodies will significantly contribute to the success of these vectors in humans. Here, we describe methods for production and in vivo characterization of Anc80L65 expressing anti-HBV RNAi activators.
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Effective and Accurate Gene Silencing by a Recombinant AAV-Compatible MicroRNA Scaffold. Mol Ther 2019; 28:422-430. [PMID: 31843447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Short hairpin RNAs that are delivered by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) have the potential to elicit long-term RNAi therapy for human disease. However, the discovery that short hairpin sequences can cause truncation of the rAAV genome calls into question the efficiency and gene-silencing specificity of this strategy in humans. Here, we report that embedding the guide strand of a small silencing RNA into an artificial microRNA (miRNA) scaffold derived from mouse miRNA-33 ensures rAAV genomic integrity and reduces off-targeting by 10-fold, while maintaining effective in vivo target gene repression in mice.
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A global scientific strategy to cure hepatitis B. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4:545-558. [PMID: 30981686 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(19)30119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health challenge on the same scale as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria. The International Coalition to Eliminate HBV (ICE-HBV) is a coalition of experts dedicated to accelerating the discovery of a cure for chronic hepatitis B. Following extensive consultation with more than 50 scientists from across the globe, as well as key stakeholders including people affected by HBV, we have identified gaps in our current knowledge and new strategies and tools that are required to achieve HBV cure. We believe that research must focus on the discovery of interventional strategies that will permanently reduce the number of productively infected cells or permanently silence the covalently closed circular DNA in those cells, and that will stimulate HBV-specific host immune responses which mimic spontaneous resolution of HBV infection. There is also a pressing need for the establishment of repositories of standardised HBV reagents and protocols that can be accessed by all HBV researchers throughout the world. The HBV cure research agenda outlined in this position paper will contribute markedly to the goal of eliminating HBV infection worldwide.
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Bloom K, Maepa MB, Ely A, Arbuthnot P. Gene Therapy for Chronic HBV-Can We Eliminate cccDNA? Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E207. [PMID: 29649127 PMCID: PMC5924549 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global health concern and accounts for approximately 1 million deaths annually. Amongst other limitations of current anti-HBV treatment, failure to eliminate the viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and emergence of resistance remain the most worrisome. Viral rebound from latent episomal cccDNA reservoirs occurs following cessation of therapy, patient non-compliance, or the development of escape mutants. Simultaneous viral co-infections, such as by HIV-1, further complicate therapeutic interventions. These challenges have prompted development of novel targeted hepatitis B therapies. Given the ease with which highly specific and potent nucleic acid therapeutics can be rationally designed, gene therapy has generated interest for antiviral application. Gene therapy strategies developed for HBV include gene silencing by harnessing RNA interference, transcriptional inhibition through epigenetic modification of target DNA, genome editing by designer nucleases, and immune modulation with cytokines. DNA-binding domains and effectors based on the zinc finger (ZF), transcription activator-like effector (TALE), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) systems are remarkably well suited to targeting episomal cccDNA. This review discusses recent developments and challenges facing the field of anti-HBV gene therapy, its potential curative significance and the progress towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Bloom
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.
| | - Mohube Betty Maepa
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.
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Maepa MB, Ely A, Arbuthnot P. How successful has targeted RNA interference for hepatic fibrosis been? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 18:381-388. [PMID: 29265946 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1420775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to toxins from the portal circulation, viral infection and by-products of metabolic activity make liver tissue prone to injury. When sustained, associated inflammation leads to activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and complicating hepatic fibrosis. AREAS COVERED In this article, the authors discuss utility of therapeutic gene silencing to disable key steps of hepatic fibrogenesis. Strategies aimed at inhibiting HSC activation and silencing primary causes of fibrogenesis, such as viruses that cause chronic hepatitis, are reviewed. Both synthetic and expressed artificial intermediates of the RNAi pathway have potential to treat hepatic fibrosis, and each type of gene silencer has advantages for clinical translation. Silencing expression cassettes comprising DNA templates are compatible with efficient hepatotropic viral vectors, which may effect sustained gene silencing. By contrast, synthetic short interfering RNAs are amenable to chemical modification, incorporation into non-viral formulations, more precise dose control and large scale preparation. EXPERT OPINION Clinical translation of RNAi-based technology for treatment of hepatic fibrosis is now a realistic goal. However, achieving this aim will require safe, efficient delivery of artificial RNAi intermediates to target cells, economic large scale production of candidate drugs and specificity of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohube Betty Maepa
- a Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Health Sciences Faculty , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Abdullah Ely
- a Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Health Sciences Faculty , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- a Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Health Sciences Faculty , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
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