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Ding X, Lin Q, Zhao J, Fu Y, Zheng Y, Mo R, Zhang L, Zhang B, Chen J, Xie T, Wu H, Ding Y. Synonymous mutations in TLR2 and TLR9 genes decrease COPD susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. Pulmonology 2024; 30:230-238. [PMID: 37585174 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have found associations between polymorphisms in some candidate genes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk. However, the association between TLR2 and TLR9 polymorphisms and COPD risk remains uncertain. METHODS Four variants (rs352140, rs3804099, rs3804100, and rs5743705) of the TLR2 and TLR9 genes in 540 COPD patients and 507 healthy controls were genotyped using the Agena MassARRAY system. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the association of TLR2 and TLR9 polymorphisms with COPD risk by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS TLR9-rs352140, TLR2-rs3804100, and TLR2-rs5743705 were related to a lower risk of COPD among Chinese people and the significance still existed after Bonferroni correction. Additionally, rs3804099, rs3804100, and rs352140 were found to be associated with COPD development in different subgroups (males, age ≤ 68 years, smokers, BMI < 24 kg/m2, and acute exacerbation). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that TLR9 and TLR2 polymorphisms had protective effects on the development of COPD among Chinese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ding
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Q Lin
- Department of General Practice, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Y Fu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Y Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - R Mo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - B Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - J Chen
- Department of General Practice, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - T Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China.
| | - H Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China.
| | - Y Ding
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China; Department of General Practice, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China.
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Wei L, Xiao W, Chen B, Zou Z, Zhu J, Li D, Yu J, Yang H. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MRFs gene family associated with growth in Nile tilapia. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:128. [PMID: 38236311 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle occupies most of the fish body, promoting the proliferation of fish muscle fibers can facilitate rapid growth and increase the body weight of fish. Some studiesSeveral previous suggest that Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) play an important role in the growth of fish. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between the polymorphism of MRFs gene family and growth traits in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), get more molecular markers for growth. METHODS Amplified the Nile tilapia MRFs family gene, including Myogenic determination 1 (Myod1), Myogenic determination 2 (Myod2), Myogenin (Myog), Myogenic factor 5 (Myf5), and Myogenic factor 6 (Myf6), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were screened by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS A total of 16 SNP loci were screened, including six for Myf5, six for Myf6, one for Myog, one for Myod1 and two for Myod2. The growth traits were analyzed in relation to these 16 SNP loci, and the results indicated significant associations between all 16 SNP loci and the growth traits (P < 0.05). The linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed that D1 and D2 diplotypes of Myf5 gene, E1, E2, E3 and E4 of Myf6 gene, and F1 diplotype of Myod2 gene were significantly associated with superior growth traits. CONCLUSION There were 6, 6, 1, 1 and 2 growth-related molecular markers in Myf5, Myf6, Myog, Myod1 and Myod2 genes, respectively, which could be applied to the breeding of Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjie Wei
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, China.
| | - Binglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiying Zou
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, China
| | - Dayu Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, China.
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Lali FA, Anilkumar K, Potu H, Naicy T, Aravindakshan TV. Two novel SNPs identified in STAT1 gene adjoining a QTL for milk production in Holstein Friesian crossbreds of Kerala. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3837-3846. [PMID: 37428559 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2232662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the effect of a single nucleotide polymorphism, g. C3141T in the 3' UTR of Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 gene (STAT1) on milk production traits in the Holstein Friesian crossbred cattle of Kerala (n = 144) by association analysis and expression study. The population was genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism using Pag1. Association study using the General Linear Model-Analysis of Variance revealed that none of the yield or composition traits analyzed were significantly differed. The expression profile of STAT1 gene in leucocytes of animals bearing homozygous genotypes was compared by quantitative real time PCR using SYBR green chemistry with and relative expression was not found to be significantly differed. The second stage of the study, the STAT1 mRNA spanning 3213 bp was amplified from leucocytes and sequenced (GenBank: MT459802.1). Two novel SNPs were identified; one synonymous mutation in the coding region (g.A1212G) and the other in the 3'UTR (g.T3042C). The novel SNPs might contribute to STAT1 gene regulation mediated by alternate spicing or binding sites for regulatory molecules. The results reiterate the importance of extensive studies of STAT1 gene variants to substantiate the presence of a quantitative trait loci for dairy traits in the vicinity of STAT1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Lali
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - K Anilkumar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Hemanth Potu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Thomas Naicy
- Base Farm, Kolahalamedu, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Idukki, Kerala, India
| | - T V Aravindakshan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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Chamchoy K, Sudsumrit S, Wongwigkan J, Petmitr S, Songdej D, Adams ER, Edwards T, Leartsakulpanich U, Boonyuen U. Molecular characterization of G6PD mutations identifies new mutations and a high frequency of intronic variants in Thai females. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294200. [PMID: 37967096 PMCID: PMC10651042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked enzymopathy caused by mutations in the G6PD gene. A medical concern associated with G6PD deficiency is acute hemolytic anemia induced by certain foods, drugs, and infections. Although phenotypic tests can correctly identify hemizygous males, as well as homozygous and compound heterozygous females, heterozygous females with a wide range of G6PD activity may be misclassified as normal. This study aimed to develop multiplex high-resolution melting (HRM) analyses to enable the accurate detection of G6PD mutations, especially among females with heterozygous deficiency. Multiplex HRM assays were developed to detect six G6PD variants, i.e., G6PD Gaohe (c.95A>G), G6PD Chinese-4 (c.392G>T), G6PD Mahidol (c.487G>A), G6PD Viangchan (c.871G>A), G6PD Chinese-5 (c.1024C>T), and G6PD Union (c.1360C>T) in two reactions. The assays were validated and then applied to genotype G6PD mutations in 248 Thai females. The sensitivity of the HRM assays developed was 100% [95% confidence interval (CI): 94.40%-100%] with a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 88.78%-100%) for detecting these six mutations. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency was estimated as 3.63% (9/248) for G6PD deficiency and 31.05% (77/248) for intermediate deficiency by phenotypic assay. The developed HRM assays identified three participants with normal enzyme activity as heterozygous for G6PD Viangchan. Interestingly, a deletion in intron 5 nucleotide position 637/638 (c.486-34delT) was also detected by the developed HRM assays. G6PD genotyping revealed a total of 12 G6PD genotypes, with a high prevalence of intronic variants. Our results suggested that HRM analysis-based genotyping is a simple and reliable approach for detecting G6PD mutations, and could be used to prevent the misdiagnosis of heterozygous females by phenotypic assay. This study also sheds light on the possibility of overlooking intronic variants, which could affect G6PD expression and contribute to enzyme deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwan Chamchoy
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirapapha Sudsumrit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jutamas Wongwigkan
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Songsak Petmitr
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duantida Songdej
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emily R. Adams
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Research, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Edwards
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Research, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ubolsree Leartsakulpanich
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Maekawa M, Yoshii E, Akase Y, Huang H, Yoshikawa S, Matsuda M, Kuruma Y, Sawayama E. Sex-Associated SNP Confirmation of Sex-Reversed Male Farmed Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 25:718-728. [PMID: 37541964 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Female Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus grow more rapidly than the male. The goal of all-female commercial production requires an efficient method of genetic sex identification. We conducted genome-wide association analysis of female and male farmed Japanese flounder (n = 24 per phenotypic sex) and found all regions of chromosome 24 to be significantly associated with phenotypic sex, suggesting it as the sex chromosome. Genetic sex was identified based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on chromosome 24 (n = 3568) using multidimensional scaling analysis, and individuals were clearly separated according to sex by the first dimension. The 61 SNPs most highly associated with sex were selected, and an amplicon-based SNP panel was developed. This was used to determine genetic sex of 39 females and 40 males. Eleven phenotypic males were assigned as female with XX genotype, suggesting sex reversal. Genetic sex was also assessed based on the indel of the amh gene promoter, which is the major candidate sex gene of Japanese flounder. We found four SNPs perfectly associated with genotypic sex in the sex-associated SNP panel, one of which was located in exon 2 of the amh gene. Along with the indel of the amh gene promoter, the sex-associated SNP panel will be of value in identifying genetic sex of farmed Japanese flounder. Molecular sexing will facilitate all-female production by breeding sex-reversed males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Maekawa
- Department of Marine Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Emiri Yoshii
- Department of Marine Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Akase
- R&D Division, Marua Suisan Co., Ltd., Ehime, Japan
| | - He Huang
- Bioengineering Lab. Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sota Yoshikawa
- Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Fisheries, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Yosuke Kuruma
- Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Fisheries, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eitaro Sawayama
- Department of Marine Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Chen X, McAndrew MJ, Lapinaite A. Unlocking the secrets of ABEs: the molecular mechanism behind their specificity. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1635-1646. [PMID: 37526140 PMCID: PMC10586758 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas, the bacterial immune systems, have transformed the field of genome editing by providing efficient, easily programmable, and accessible tools for targeted genome editing. DNA base editors (BE) are state-of-the-art CRISPR-based technology, allowing for targeted modifications of individual nucleobases within the genome. Among the BEs, adenine base editors (ABEs) have shown great potential due to their ability to convert A-to-G with high efficiency. However, current ABEs have limitations in terms of their specificity and targeting range. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanism of ABEs, with a focus on the mechanism of deoxyadenosine deamination by evolved tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase (TadA). We discuss how mutations and adjustments introduced via both directed evolution as well as rational design have improved ABE efficiency and specificity. This review offers insights into the molecular mechanism of ABEs, providing a roadmap for future developments in the precision genome editing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
| | | | - Audrone Lapinaite
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
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Snyman M, Xu S. The effects of mutations on gene expression and alternative splicing. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230565. [PMID: 37403507 PMCID: PMC10320348 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between mutations and their genomic and phenotypic consequences has been a longstanding goal of evolutionary biology. However, few studies have investigated the impact of mutations on gene expression and alternative splicing on the genome-wide scale. In this study, we aim to bridge this knowledge gap by utilizing whole-genome sequencing data and RNA sequencing data from 16 obligately parthenogenetic Daphnia mutant lines to investigate the effects of ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutations on gene expression and alternative splicing. Using rigorous analyses of mutations, expression changes and alternative splicing, we show that trans-effects are the major contributor to the variance in gene expression and alternative splicing between the wild-type and mutant lines, whereas cis mutations only affected a limited number of genes and do not always alter gene expression. Moreover, we show that there is a significant association between differentially expressed genes and exonic mutations, indicating that exonic mutations are an important driver of altered gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marelize Snyman
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Sen Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Fang J, Zhang X, Chen X, Wang Z, Zheng S, Cheng Y, Liu S, Hao L. The role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in bone remodeling: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124125. [PMID: 36948334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is a polypeptide hormone with vital biological functions in bone cells. The abnormal expression of IGF-1 has a serious effect on bone growth, particularly bone remodeling. Evidence from animal models and human disease suggested that both IGF-1 deficiency and excess cause changes in bone remodeling equilibrium, resulting in profound alterations in bone mass and development. Here, we first introduced the functions and mechanisms of the members of IGFs in bone. Subsequently, the critical role of IGF-1 in the process of bone remodeling were emphasized from the aspects of bone resorption and bone formation respectively. This review explains the mechanism of IGF-1 in maintaining bone mass and bone homeostasis to a certain extent and provides a theoretical basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Fang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xunming Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shuo Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yunyun Cheng
- College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Songcai Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Expression Analysis of a Novel Oxidoreductase Glutaredoxin 2 in Black Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101857. [PMID: 36290579 PMCID: PMC9598912 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin (Grx) is a glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that is an important component of the redox system in organisms. However, there is a serious lack of sequence information and functional validation related to Grx in crustaceans. In this study, a novel Grx was identified in Penaeus monodon (PmGrx2). The full-length cDNA of PmGrx2 is 998 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 441 bp, encoding 119 amino acids. Sequence alignment showed that PmGrx2 had the highest identity with Grx2 of Penaeus vannamei at 96.64% and clustered with Grx2 of other crustaceans. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that PmGrx2 was expressed in all examined tissues, with higher expression levels in the stomach and testis. PmGrx2 was continuously expressed during development and had the highest expression level in the zygote stage. Both ammonia-N stress and bacterial infection could differentially induce the expression of PmGrx2 in hepatopancreas and gills. When PmGrx2 was inhibited, the expression of antioxidant enzymes was suppressed, the degree of apoptosis increased, and the GSH content decreased with the prolongation of ammonia-N stress. Inhibition of PmGrx2 resulted in shrimp being exposed to a greater risk of oxidative damage. In addition, an SNP locus was screened on the exons of PmGrx2 that was significantly associated with an ammonia-N-stress-tolerance trait. This study suggests that PmGrx2 is involved in redox regulation and plays an important role in shrimps’ resistance to marine environmental stresses.
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