1
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Glaschke S, Dobrovolny HM. Spatiotemporal spread of oncolytic virus in a heterogeneous cell population. Comput Biol Med 2024; 183:109235. [PMID: 39369544 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic (cancer-killing) virus treatment is a promising new therapy for cancer, with many viruses currently being tested for their ability to eradicate tumors. One of the major stumbling blocks to the development of this treatment modality has been preventing spread of the virus to non-cancerous cells. Our recent ability to manipulate RNA and DNA now allows for the possibility of creating designer viruses specifically targeted to cancer cells, thereby significantly reducing unwanted side effects in patients. In this study, we use a partial differential equation model to determine the characteristics of a virus needed to contain spread of an oncolytic virus within a spherical tumor and prevent it from spreading to non-cancerous cells outside the tumor. We find that oncolytic viruses that have different infection rates or different cell death rates in cancer and non-cancerous cells can be made to stay within the tumor. We find that there is a minimum difference in infection rates or cell death rates that will contain the virus and that this threshold value depends on the growth rate of the cancer. Identification of these types of thresholds can help researchers develop safer strains of oncolytic viruses allowing further development of this promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Glaschke
- Institute of Physics, Universitat Kassel, Kassel, Germany; Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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2
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Enow JA, Sheikh HI, Rahman MM. Tumor Tropism of DNA Viruses for Oncolytic Virotherapy. Viruses 2023; 15:2262. [PMID: 38005938 PMCID: PMC10675630 DOI: 10.3390/v15112262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as one of the most promising cancer immunotherapy agents that selectively target and kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. OVs are from diverse families of viruses and can possess either a DNA or an RNA genome. These viruses also have either a natural or engineered tropism for cancer cells. Oncolytic DNA viruses have the additional advantage of a stable genome and multiple-transgene insertion capability without compromising infection or replication. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a member of the oncolytic DNA viruses, has been approved for the treatment of cancers. This success with HSV-1 was achievable by introducing multiple genetic modifications within the virus to enhance cancer selectivity and reduce the toxicity to healthy cells. Here, we review the natural characteristics of and genetically engineered changes in selected DNA viruses that enhance the tumor tropism of these oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junior A. Enow
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Hummad I. Sheikh
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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3
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Larrieux A, Sanjuán R. Cellular resistance to an oncolytic virus is driven by chronic activation of innate immunity. iScience 2022; 26:105749. [PMID: 36590165 PMCID: PMC9794979 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of cellular resistances to oncolytic viruses is an underexplored process that could compromise the efficacy of cancer virotherapy. Here, we isolated and characterized B16 mouse melanoma cells that evolved resistance to an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-D51). RNA-seq revealed that resistance was associated to broad changes in gene expression, which typically involved chronic upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes. Innate immunity activation was maintained in the absence of the virus or other infection signals, and conferred cross-resistance to wild-type VSV and the unrelated Sindbis virus. Furthermore, we identified differentially expressed genes with no obvious role in antiviral immunity, such as Mnda, Psmb8 and Btn2a2, suggesting novel functions for these genes. Transcriptomic changes associated to VSV resistance were similar among B16 clones and in some clones derived from the mouse colon carcinoma cell line CT26, suggesting that oncolytic virus resistance involves certain conserved mechanisms and is therefore a potentially predictable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Larrieux
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, València 46980, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, València 46980, Spain,Corresponding author
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4
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Vorobyev PO, Kochetkov DV, Chumakov PM, Zakirova NF, Zotova-Nefedorova SI, Vasilenko KV, Alekseeva ON, Kochetkov SN, Bartosch B, Lipatova AV, Ivanov AV. 2-Deoxyglucose, an Inhibitor of Glycolysis, Enhances the Oncolytic Effect of Coxsackievirus. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5611. [PMID: 36428704 PMCID: PMC9688421 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common types of brain tumor. Despite intensive research, patients with GBM have a poor prognosis due to a very high rate of relapse and significant side effects of the treatment, with a median survival of 14.6 months. Oncolytic viruses are considered a promising strategy to eliminate GBM and other types of cancer, and several viruses have already been introduced into clinical practice. However, identification of the factors that underly the sensitivity of tumor species to oncolytic viruses or that modulate their clinical efficacy remains an important target. Here, we show that Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) demonstrates high oncolytic potential towards GBM primary cell species and cell lines. Moreover, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), an inhibitor of glycolysis, potentiates the cytopathic effects of CVB5 in most of the cancer cell lines tested. The cells in which the inhibition of glycolysis enhanced oncolysis are characterized by high mitochondrial respiratory activity and glycolytic capacity, as determined by Seahorse analysis. Thus, 2-deoxyglucose and other analogs should be considered as adjuvants for oncolytic therapy of glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel O. Vorobyev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Kochetkov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter M. Chumakov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia F. Zakirova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofia I. Zotova-Nefedorova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Vasilenko
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of General Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga N. Alekseeva
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Birke Bartosch
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69003 Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), 69001 Lyon, France
| | - Anastasiya V. Lipatova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Ivanov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Zhang Z, Yang A, Chaurasiya S, Park AK, Kim SI, Lu J, Olafsen T, Warner SG, Fong Y, Woo Y. PET imaging and treatment of pancreatic cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis after subcutaneous intratumoral administration of a novel oncolytic virus, CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:331-339. [PMID: 35118191 PMCID: PMC8784298 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastrointestinal malignancies remains fatal. CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1, a chimeric orthopoxvirus expressing the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) and anti-human programmed death-ligand 1 antibody, has demonstrated robust preclinical activity against pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We investigated the ability of CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 to infect, help detect, and kill peritoneal tumors following intratumoral (i.t.) injection of subcutaneous (s.c.) tumors in vivo. Human PDAC AsPC-1-ffluc cells were inoculated in both the s.c. space and the peritoneal cavity of athymic mice. After successful tumor engraftment, s.c. tumors were injected with CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 or PBS. We assessed the ability of CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 to infect, replicate in, and allow the imaging of tumors at both sites (immunohistochemistry [IHC] and 124I-based positron emission tomography/computed tomography [PET/CT] imaging), tumor burden (bioluminescence imaging), and animal survival. IHC staining for hNIS confirmed expression in s.c. and peritoneal tumors following virus treatment. Compared to the controls, CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1-treated mice showed significantly decreased s.c. and peritoneal tumor burden and improved survival (p < 0.05). Notably, 2 of 8 mice showed complete regression of disease. PET/CT avidity for 124I uptake in s.c. and peritoneal tumors was visible starting at day 7 following the first i.t. dose of CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1. We show that CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 can help detect and kill both s.c. and peritoneal tumors following s.c. i.t. treatment.
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Vorobyev PO, Babaeva FE, Panova AV, Shakiba J, Kravchenko SK, Soboleva AV, Lipatova AV. Oncolytic Viruses in the Therapy of Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Mol Biol 2022; 56:684-695. [PMID: 36217339 PMCID: PMC9534467 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading causes of death. Despite significant success in the treatment of lymphatic system tumors, the problems of relapse, drug resistance and effectiveness of therapy remain relevant. Oncolytic viruses are able to replicate in tumor cells and destroy them without affecting normal, healthy tissues. By activating antitumor immunity, viruses are effective against malignant neoplasms of various nature. In lymphoproliferative diseases with a drug-resistant phenotype, many cases of remissions have been described after viral therapy. The current level of understanding of viral biology and the discovery of host cell interaction mechanisms made it possible to create unique strains with high oncoselectivity widely used in clinical practice in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. O. Vorobyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - F. E. Babaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Panova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117971 Moscow, Russia
| | - J. Shakiba
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - S. K. Kravchenko
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Soboleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Resistance Mechanisms Influencing Oncolytic Virotherapy, a Systematic Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101166. [PMID: 34696274 PMCID: PMC8537623 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to therapy is a frequently observed phenomenon in the treatment of cancer, and as with other cancer therapeutics, therapies based on oncolytic viruses also face the challenges of resistance, such as humoral and cellular antiviral responses, and tumor-associated interferon-mediated resistance. In order to identify additional mechanisms of resistance that may contribute to therapeutic failure, we developed a systematic search strategy for studies published in PubMed. We analyzed 6143 articles on oncolytic virotherapy and found that approximately 8% of these articles use resistance terms in the abstract and/or title. Of these 439 articles, 87 were original research. Most of the findings reported pertain to resistance mediated by tumor-cell-dependent interferon signaling. Yet, mechanisms such as epigenetic modifications, hypoxia-mediated inhibition, APOBEC-mediated resistance, virus entry barriers, and spatiotemporal restriction to viral spread, although not frequently assessed, were demonstrated to play a major role in resistance. Similarly, our results suggest that the stromal compartment consisting of, but not limited to, myeloid cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells requires more study in relation to therapy resistance using oncolytic viruses. Thus, our findings emphasize the need to assess the stromal compartment and to identify novel mechanisms that play an important role in conferring resistance to oncolytic virotherapy.
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8
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Park AK, Fong Y, Kim SI, Yang J, Murad JP, Lu J, Jeang B, Chang WC, Chen NG, Thomas SH, Forman SJ, Priceman SJ. Effective combination immunotherapy using oncolytic viruses to deliver CAR targets to solid tumors. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/559/eaaz1863. [PMID: 32878978 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cell therapy for solid tumors is limited by the lack of both tumor-restricted and homogeneously expressed tumor antigens. Therefore, we engineered an oncolytic virus to express a nonsignaling, truncated CD19 (CD19t) protein for tumor-selective delivery, enabling targeting by CD19-CAR T cells. Infecting tumor cells with an oncolytic vaccinia virus coding for CD19t (OV19t) produced de novo CD19 at the cell surface before virus-mediated tumor lysis. Cocultured CD19-CAR T cells secreted cytokines and exhibited potent cytolytic activity against infected tumors. Using several mouse tumor models, delivery of OV19t promoted tumor control after CD19-CAR T cell administration. OV19t induced local immunity characterized by tumor infiltration of endogenous and adoptively transferred T cells. CAR T cell-mediated tumor killing also induced release of virus from dying tumor cells, which propagated tumor expression of CD19t. Our study features a combination immunotherapy approach using oncolytic viruses to promote de novo CAR T cell targeting of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K Park
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jason Yang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - John P Murad
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Brook Jeang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Wen-Chung Chang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sandra H Thomas
- Department of Clinical and Translational Project Development, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Saul J Priceman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA. .,Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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9
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Oncolytic Virotherapy for Cancer: Clinical Experience. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040419. [PMID: 33924556 PMCID: PMC8069290 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are a new class of therapeutics which are largely in the experimental stage, with just one virus approved by the FDA thus far. While the concept of oncolytic virotherapy is not new, advancements in the fields of molecular biology and virology have renewed the interest in using viruses as oncolytic agents. Backed by robust preclinical data, many oncolytic viruses have entered clinical trials. Oncolytic viruses that have completed some levels of clinical trials or are currently undergoing clinical trials are mostly genetically engineered viruses, with the exception of some RNA viruses. Reolysin, an unmodified RNA virus is clinically the most advanced oncolytic RNA virus that has completed different phases of clinical trials. Other oncolytic viruses that have been studied in clinical trials are mostly DNA viruses that belong to one of the three families: herpesviridae, poxviridae or adenoviridae. In this review work we discuss recent clinical studies with oncolytic viruses, especially herpesvirus, poxvirus, adenovirus and reovirus. In summary, the oncolytic viruses tested so far are well tolerated, even in immune-suppressed patients. For most oncolytic viruses, mild and acceptable toxicities are seen at the currently defined highest feasible doses. However, anti-tumor efficacies of oncolytic viruses have been modest, especially when used as monotherapy. Therefore, the potency of oncolytic viruses needs to be enhanced for more oncolytic viruses to hit the clinic. Aiming to achieve higher therapeutic benefits, oncolytic viruses are currently being studied in combination with other therapies. Here we discuss the currently available clinical data on oncolytic viruses, either as monotherapy or in combination with other treatments.
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10
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Viroimmunotherapy for breast cancer: promises, problems and future directions. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:757-768. [PMID: 33268826 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virotherapy, a strategy to use live viruses as therapeutics, is a relatively novel field in the treatment of cancer. With the advancements in molecular biology and virology, there has been a huge increase in research on cancer virotherapy. For the treatment of cancer, viruses could be used either as vectors in gene therapy or as oncolytic agents. A variety of viruses have been studied for their potential usage in gene therapy or oncolytic therapy. In this review, we discuss virotherapy with a special focus on breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Current treatments are insufficient to cure metastatic breast cancer and are often associated with severe side effects that further deteriorates patients' quality of life. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches such as virotherapy need to be developed for the treatment of breast cancer. Here we summarize the current treatments for breast cancer and the potential use of virotherapy in the treatment of the disease. Furthermore, we discuss the use of oncolytic viruses as immunotherapeutics and the rational combination of oncolytic viruses with other therapeutics for optimal treatment of breast cancer. Finally, we outline the progress made in virotherapy for breast cancer and the shortcomings that need to be addressed for this novel therapy to move to the clinic for better treatment of breast cancer.
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Vitamin D as a Primer for Oncolytic Viral Therapy in Colon Cancer Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197326. [PMID: 33023064 PMCID: PMC7582493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viroimmunotherapy is an exciting modality that can offer lasting anti-tumor immunity for aggressive malignancies like colon cancer. The impact of oncolytic viruses may be extended by combining them with agents to prime a tumor for viral susceptibility. This study investigates vitamin D analogue as an adjunct to oncolytic viral therapy for colon cancer. While vitamin D (VD) has historically been viewed as anti-viral, our in vitro investigations using human colon cancer cell lines showed that VD does not directly inhibit replication of recombinant chimeric poxvirus CF33. VD did restrict growth in HT29 but not HCT116 human colon cancer cells. In vivo investigations using HCT116 and HT29 xenograft models of colon cancer demonstrated that a VD analogue, calcipotriol, was additive with CF33-based viral therapy in VD-responsive HT29 but not in HCT116 tumors. Analyses of RNA-sequencing and gene expression data demonstrated a downregulation in the Jak-STAT signaling pathway with the addition of VD to viral therapy in HT29 models suggesting that the anti-inflammatory properties of VD may enhance the effects of viral therapy in some models. In conclusion, VD may prime oncolytic viral therapy in certain colon cancers.
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12
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Gordon B, Gadi VK. The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Developing Successful Therapeutic and Secondary Prophylactic Breast Cancer Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030529. [PMID: 32937885 PMCID: PMC7565925 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer affects roughly one in eight women over their lifetime and is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. While outcomes have improved in recent years, prognosis remains poor for patients who present with either disseminated disease or aggressive molecular subtypes. Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of several cancers, with therapeutic vaccines aiming to direct the cytotoxic immune program against tumor cells showing particular promise. However, these results have yet to translate to breast cancer, which remains largely refractory from such approaches. Recent evidence suggests that the breast tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important and long understudied barrier to the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines. Through an improved understanding of the complex and biologically diverse breast TME, it may be possible to advance new combination strategies to render breast carcinomas sensitive to the effects of therapeutic vaccines. Here, we discuss past and present efforts to advance therapeutic vaccines in the treatment of breast cancer, the molecular mechanisms through which the TME contributes to the failure of such approaches, as well as the potential means through which these can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Vijayakrishna K. Gadi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
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13
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Park AK, Fong Y, Kim SI, Yang J, Murad JP, Lu J, Jeang B, Chang WC, Chen NG, Thomas SH, Forman SJ, Priceman SJ. Effective combination immunotherapy using oncolytic viruses to deliver CAR targets to solid tumors. Sci Transl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz1863
http://stm.sciencemag.org] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An effective combination immunotherapy using oncolytic viruses delivers de novo CD19 to promote CD19-CAR T cell therapy against solid tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K. Park
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jason Yang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - John P. Murad
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Brook Jeang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Wen-Chung Chang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Nanhai G. Chen
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sandra H. Thomas
- Department of Clinical and Translational Project Development, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Stephen J. Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Saul J. Priceman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Li L, Liu S, Han D, Tang B, Ma J. Delivery and Biosafety of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:475. [PMID: 32373515 PMCID: PMC7176816 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising anticancer therapy. Oncolytic viruses destroy cancer cells, without damaging normal tissues, through virus self-replication and antitumor immunity responses, showing great potential for cancer treatment. However, the clinical guidelines for administering oncolytic virotherapy remain unclear. Delivery routes for oncolytic virotherapy to patients vary in existing studies, depending on the tumor sites and the objective of studies. Moreover, the biosafety of oncolytic virotherapy, including mainly uncontrolled adverse events and long-term complications, remains a serious concern that needs to be accurately measured. This review provides a comprehensive and detailed overview of the delivery and biosafety of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shixin Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Duoduo Han
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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15
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Zheng D, Sussman JH, Jeon MP, Parrish ST, MacMullan MA, Delfarah A, Graham NA. AKT but not MYC promotes reactive oxygen species-mediated cell death in oxidative culture. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239277. [PMID: 32094265 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenes can create metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer cells. We tested how AKT (herein referring to AKT1) and MYC affect the ability of cells to shift between respiration and glycolysis. Using immortalized mammary epithelial cells, we discovered that constitutively active AKT, but not MYC, induced cell death in galactose culture, where cells rely on oxidative phosphorylation for energy generation. However, the negative effects of AKT were temporary, and AKT-expressing cells recommenced growth after ∼15 days in galactose. To identify the mechanisms regulating AKT-mediated cell death, we used metabolomics and found that AKT-expressing cells that were dying in galactose culture had upregulated glutathione metabolism. Proteomic profiling revealed that AKT-expressing cells dying in galactose also upregulated nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, a marker of sensitivity to oxidative stress. We therefore measured levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and discovered that galactose-induced ROS exclusively in cells expressing AKT. Furthermore, ROS were required for galactose-induced death of AKT-expressing cells. We then confirmed that galactose-induced ROS-mediated cell death in breast cancer cells with upregulated AKT signaling. These results demonstrate that AKT but not MYC restricts the flexibility of cancer cells to use oxidative phosphorylation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Zheng
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jonathan H Sussman
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matthew P Jeon
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sydney T Parrish
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Melanie A MacMullan
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alireza Delfarah
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nicholas A Graham
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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16
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Chaurasiya S, Yang A, Kang S, Lu J, Kim SI, Park AK, Sivanandam V, Zhang Z, Woo Y, Warner SG, Fong Y. Oncolytic poxvirus CF33-hNIS-ΔF14.5 favorably modulates tumor immune microenvironment and works synergistically with anti-PD-L1 antibody in a triple-negative breast cancer model. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1729300. [PMID: 32158622 PMCID: PMC7051185 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1729300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer and is difficult to treat. Breast cancer is considered to be poorly immunogenic and hence is less responsive to immunotherapies. We tested whether the oncolytic poxvirus CF33-hNIS-ΔF14.5 could modulate tumor immune microenvironment and make the tumors responsive to the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-L1. We found that virus infection causes the upregulation of PD-L1 levels on triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro as well as in vivo in mice. In a mouse model of orthotopic triple-negative breast cancer, the virus was found to increase tumor infiltration by CD8+ T cells. Likewise, in mice treated with CF33-hNIS-ΔF14.5 high levels of proinflammatory cytokines IFNγ and IL-6 were found in the tumors but not in the serum. The levels of immune modulation were even higher in mice that were treated with a combination of the virus and anti-PD-L1 antibody. While CF33-hNIS-ΔF14.5 and anti-PD-L1 antibody failed to exert significant anti-tumor effect as a single agent, a combination of the two agents resulted in significant anti-tumor effect with 50% mice experiencing complete tumor regression when both agents were injected intra-tumorally. Furthermore, the ‘cured’ mice did not develop tumor after re-challenge with the same cancer cells suggesting that they developed immunity against those cancer cells. Taken together, our study shows that CF33-hNIS-ΔF14.5 favorably modulates tumor immune microenvironment in triple-negative breast cancer model making them responsive to the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-L1, and hence warrants further studies to determine the clinical applicability of this combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie Yang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Seonah Kang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Anthony K Park
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yanghee Woo
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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17
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Novel Chimeric Immuno-Oncolytic Virus CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2020; 230:709-717. [PMID: 32032721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is fatal. Our preclinical study presents an effective treatment against PDAC PC using a novel oncolytic viral agent, CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1. STUDY DESIGN CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 is a genetically engineered chimeric orthopoxvirus, CF33, armed with the human Sodium Iodide Symporter (hNIS) and anti-PD-L1 antibody (anti-PD-L1). The in vitro cytotoxic ability of this virus against 5 PDAC cell lines was tested at various doses (multiplicity of infection [MOI] = 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10). Production and blockade function of virus-encoded anti-PD-L1 antibody were verified using immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, and PD-1/PD-L1 bioassay. In vivo mouse models of PC, with or without subcutaneous (SC) tumors, created by injecting AsPC-1-ffluc cells into nude mice, were treated with PBS or a single dose (1×105 plaque-forming units) of either intraperitoneal (IP) or IV injection of CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1. Mice with PC tumors were treated on days 0, 2, or 14 after tumor implantation. RESULTS CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 killed PDAC cells in a dose-dependent manner, achieving >90% cell killing by day 8. Cells infected with CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 produced bioactive anti-PD-L1 antibody, which blocked PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. In vivo, a single dose of virus reduced tumor burden and prolonged survival of treated mice. It was observed that IP administration of CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 was more effective than IV administration. CONCLUSIONS CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 virus is effective in infecting and killing human PDACs and producing functional anti-PD-L1 antibody. Intraperitoneal delivery of CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 effectively reduces peritoneal tumor burden and improves survival after only 1 dose and is superior to IV delivery.
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Warner SG, Kim SI, Chaurasiya S, O'Leary MP, Lu J, Sivanandam V, Woo Y, Chen NG, Fong Y. A Novel Chimeric Poxvirus Encoding hNIS Is Tumor-Tropic, Imageable, and Synergistic with Radioiodine to Sustain Colon Cancer Regression. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 13:82-92. [PMID: 31061881 PMCID: PMC6495072 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer has a high rate of recurrence even with good response to modern therapies. Novel curative adjuncts are needed. Oncolytic viral therapy has shown preclinical promise against colon cancer but lacks robust efficacy in clinical trials and raises regulatory concerns without real-time tracking of viral replication. Novel potent vectors are needed with adjunctive features to enhance clinical efficacy. We have thus used homologous recombination and high-throughput screening to create a novel chimeric poxvirus encoding a human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) at a redundant tk locus. The resulting virus (CF33-hNIS) consistently expresses hNIS and demonstrates replication efficiency and immunogenic cell death in colon cancer cells in vitro. Tumor-specific CF33-hNIS efficacy against colon cancer results in tumor regression in vivo in colon cancer xenograft models. Early expression of hNIS by infected cells makes viral replication reliably imageable via positron emission tomography (PET) of I-124 uptake. The intensity of I-124 uptake mirrors viral replication and tumor regression. Finally, systemic delivery of radiotherapeutic I-131 isotope following CF33-hNIS infection of colon cancer xenografts enhances and sustains tumor regression compared with virus treatment alone in HCT116 xenografts, demonstrating synergy of oncolytic viral therapy with radioablation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne G Warner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Michael P O'Leary
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Venkatesh Sivanandam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yanghee Woo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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19
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He H, Wang X, Chen J, Sun L, Sun H, Xie K. High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Promotes Angiogenesis and Tumor Migration by Regulating Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1α) Expression via the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/AKT Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:2352-2360. [PMID: 30930461 PMCID: PMC6454982 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an essential contributor towards initiation and progression of many kinds of cancers. Nevertheless, our understanding of the molecular etiology of HMGB1-modulated vasculogenesis, as well as invasion, of breast cancer is poor. This study explored HMGB1 expression in breast cancer and its role in the development and spread of malignancy. Material/Methods We enrolled 15 patients with breast cancer who received primary surgery at the Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery in our hospital. HMGB1 was recorded and analyzed. Results Our investigation successfully proves that HMGB1 is upregulated in breast cancer tissues in comparison to the surrounding non-malignant tissues. HMGB1 enhanced vessel formation in breast cancer tissues by regulating hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α), which in turn upregulates the expression of VEGF. Furthermore, HMGB1-mediated upregulation of HIF-1α relies on its ability to stimulate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway to reinforce AKT subunit phosphorylation. HMGB1 overexpression reinforces the vasculogenesis in malignancies not only in vivo but also in vitro. Additionally, shRNA knockdown of HMGB1 prohibited the vessel-forming and invasive capabilities, downregulated VEGF and HIF-1α, and suppressed AKT phosphorylation in breast cancer cells. Most importantly, PI3K/AKT axis suppression eliminated the effect of HMGB1-modulated vascularization and invasion in breast cancer cells. Conclusions Our research indicates that HMGB1 serves as a crucial regulator of malignant cell-modulated vessel formation and is involved in the development of malignancy. Our findings indicate that HMGB1 is a promising target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honger He
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xingmu Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Honggang Sun
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Kejie Xie
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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