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Hushmandi K, Saadat SH, Mirilavasani S, Daneshi S, Aref AR, Nabavi N, Raesi R, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M. The multifaceted role of SOX2 in breast and lung cancer dynamics. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155386. [PMID: 38861919 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Breast and lung cancers are leading causes of death among patients, with their global mortality and morbidity rates increasing. Conventional treatments often prove inadequate due to resistance development. The alteration of molecular interactions may accelerate cancer progression and treatment resistance. SOX2, known for its abnormal expression in various human cancers, can either accelerate or impede cancer progression. This review focuses on examining the role of SOX2 in breast and lung cancer development. An imbalance in SOX2 expression can promote the growth and dissemination of these cancers. SOX2 can also block programmed cell death, affecting autophagy and other cell death mechanisms. It plays a significant role in cancer metastasis, mainly by regulating the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, an imbalanced SOX2 expression can cause resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy in these cancers. Genetic and epigenetic factors may affect SOX2 levels. Pharmacologically targeting SOX2 could improve the effectiveness of breast and lung cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Hushmandi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Seyed Hassan Saadat
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seyedalireza Mirilavasani
- Campus Venlo, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health,School of Health,Jiroft University of Medical Sciences,Jiroft, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6 Canada
| | - Rasoul Raesi
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.; Department of Nursing, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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2
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Niharika, Ureka L, Roy A, Patra SK. Dissecting SOX2 expression and function reveals an association with multiple signaling pathways during embryonic development and in cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189136. [PMID: 38880162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
SRY (Sex Determining Region) box 2 (SOX2) is an essential transcription factor that plays crucial roles in activating genes involved in pre- and post-embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and lineage specifications. SOX2 maintains the self-renewal property of stem cells and is involved in the generation of induced pluripotency stem cells. SOX2 protein contains a particular high-mobility group domain that enables SOX2 to achieve the capacity to participate in a broad variety of functions. The information about the involvement of SOX2 with gene regulatory elements, signaling networks, and microRNA is gradually emerging, and the higher expression of SOX2 is functionally relevant to various cancer types. SOX2 facilitates the oncogenic phenotype via cellular proliferation and enhancement of invasive tumor properties. Evidence are accumulating in favor of three dimensional (higher order) folding of chromatin and epigenetic control of the SOX2 gene by chromatin modifications, which implies that the expression level of SOX2 can be modulated by epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, specifically, via DNA methylation and histone H3 modification. In view of this, and to focus further insights into the roles SOX2 plays in physiological functions, involvement of SOX2 during development, precisely, the advances of our knowledge in pre- and post-embryonic development, and interactions of SOX2 in this scenario with various signaling pathways in tumor development and cancer progression, its potential as a therapeutic target against many cancers are summarized and discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Lina Ureka
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ankan Roy
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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3
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Huang P, Wen F, Li Y, Li Q. The tale of SOX2: Focusing on lncRNA regulation in cancer progression and therapy. Life Sci 2024; 344:122576. [PMID: 38492918 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as influential contributors to diverse cellular processes, which regulate gene function and expression via multiple mechanistic pathways. Therefore, it is essential to exploit the structures and interactions of lncRNAs to comprehend their mechanistic functions within cells. A growing body of evidence has revealed that deregulated lncRNAs are involved in multiple regulations of malignant events including cell proliferation, growth, invasion, and metabolism. SRY-related high mobility group box (SOX)2, a well-recognized member of the SOX family, is commonly overexpressed in various types of cancer, contributing to tumor progression and maintenance of stemness. Emerging studies have shown that lncRNAs interact with SOX2 to remarkably contribute to carcinogenesis and disease states. This review elaborates on the crosstalk between the intricate and complicated functions of lncRNAs and SOX2 in the context of malignant diseases. We elucidate distinct molecular mechanisms that contribute to the onset/advancement of cancer, indicating that lncRNAs/SOX2 axes hold immense promise for potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we delve into the modalities of emerging feasible treatment options for targeting lncRNAs, highlighting the limitations of such therapies and providing novel insights into further ameliorations of targeted strategies of lncRNAs to promote the clinical implications. Translating current discoveries into clinical applications could ultimately boost improved survival and prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - YiShan Li
- Thoracic Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, West China School of Nursing, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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4
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Liu S, Bian YC, Wang WL, Liu TJ, Zhang T, Chang Y, Xiao R, Zhang CL. Identification of hub genes associated with spermatogenesis by bioinformatics analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18435. [PMID: 37891374 PMCID: PMC10611713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex process related to male infertility. Till now, the critical genes and specific mechanisms have not been elucidated clearly. Our objective was to determine the hub genes that play a crucial role in spermatogenesis by analyzing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) present in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) compared to OA and normal samples using bioinformatics analysis. Four datasets, namely GSE45885, GSE45887, GSE9210 and GSE145467 were used. Functional enrichment analyses were performed on the DEGs. Hub genes were identified based on protein-protein interactions between DEGs. The expression of the hub genes was further examined in the testicular germ cell tumors from the TCGA by the GEPIA and validated by qRT-PCR in the testes of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute orchitis mice with impaired spermatogenesis. A total of 203 DEGs including 34 up-regulated and 169 down-regulated were identified. Functional enrichment analysis showed DEGs were mainly involved in microtubule motility, the process of cell growth and protein transport. PRM2, TEKT2, FSCN3, UBQLN3, SPATS1 and GTSF1L were identified and validated as hub genes for spermatogenesis. Three of them (PRM2, FSCN3 and TEKT2) were significantly down-regulated in the testicular germ cell tumors and their methylation levels were associated with the pathogenesis. In summary, the hub genes identified may be related to spermatogenesis and may act as potential therapeutic targets for NOA and testicular germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan-Chao Bian
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wan-Lun Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tong-Jia Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yue Chang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Chuan-Ling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
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Reza E, Azizi H, Skutella T. Sox2 Localization During Spermatogenesis and Its Association with other Spermatogenesis Markers Using Protein-Protein Network Analysis. J Reprod Infertil 2023; 24:171-180. [PMID: 37663428 PMCID: PMC10471949 DOI: 10.18502/jri.v24i3.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sox2 (SRY box2) is an essential transcription factor that plays a vital role in spermatogenesis and regulates the genes in this process. Sox2 is important for pluripotency, self-renewal, and even spermatogonial stem cell differentiation. This gene is found in pluripotent and specialized cells, and it is involved in their biological activities. Methods Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed during spermatogenesis using NCBI, STRING, and Cytoscape databases. Then, after isolating spermatogonial stem cells from 6 C57BL/6 mice, mouse embryonic stem cells and ES-like cells were prepared. In the following, Sox2 expression was examined in differentiated and undifferentiated spermatogonia by immunohistochemistry (IMH), immunocytochemistry (ICC), and Fluidigm PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Finally, the results were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests at the significance level of p<0.05. Results The results of this experiment showed that contrary to expectations, Sox2 has cytoplasmic expression in undifferentiated cells and nuclear expression in differentiated cells in in vitro conditions. In addition, the expression of Sox2 increased during differentiation. Fluidigm PCR showed a significantly higher expression of Sox2 (p<0.05) in differentiated compared to undifferentiated spermatogonia. Sox2 has an interaction with other genes during spermatogenesis such as Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, Stra8, Smad1, Tcf3, and Osm. Conclusion Sox2, which is known as a pluripotency marker, has a vital role in spermatogenesis and could be a differential marker. Sox2 has strong connections with other genes such as Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, Tcf3, Osm, Stra8, Lim2, Smad1, Gdnf, and Kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Reza
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Hossein Azizi
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Thomas Skutella
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Zhao S, Zhuang W, Han B, Song Z, Guo W, Luo F, Wu L, Hu Y, Wang H, Dong X, Jiang D, Wang M, Miao L, Wang Q, Zhang J, Fu Z, Huang Y, Xu C, Hu L, Li L, Hu R, Yang Y, Li M, Yang X, Zhang L, Huang Y, Fang W. Phase 1b trial of anti-EGFR antibody JMT101 and Osimertinib in EGFR exon 20 insertion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3468. [PMID: 37308490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
EGFR exon 20 insertion (20ins)-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an uncommon disease with limited therapeutic options and dismal prognosis. Here we report the activity, tolerability, potential mechanisms of response and resistance for dual targeting EGFR 20ins with JMT101 (anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody) plus osimertinib from preclinical models and an open label, multi-center phase 1b trial (NCT04448379). Primary endpoint of the trial is tolerability. Secondary endpoints include objective response rate, duration of response, disease control rate, progression free survival, overall survival, the pharmacokinetic profile of JMT101, occurrence of anti-drug antibodies and correlation between biomarkers and clinical outcomes. A total of 121 patients are enrolled to receive JMT101 plus osimertinib 160 mg. The most common adverse events are rash (76.9%) and diarrhea (63.6%). The confirmed objective response rate is 36.4%. Median progression-free survival is 8.2 months. Median duration of response is unreached. Subgroup analyses were performed by clinicopathological features and prior treatments. In patients with platinum-refractory diseases (n = 53), confirmed objective response rate is 34.0%, median progression-free survival is 9.2 months and median duration of response is 13.3 months. Responses are observed in distinct 20ins variants and intracranial lesions. Intracranial disease control rate is 87.5%. Confirmed intracranial objective response rate is 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Zhuang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengbo Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Lung Cancer Center, West China School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Dong
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Hebei Tumor Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mingxia Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Hebei Tumor Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liyun Miao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhenming Fu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yihua Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunwei Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Longyu Hu
- HaploX Biotechnology Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Li
- Clinical Science Division, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Clinical Science Division, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Clinical Science Division, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengke Li
- Clinical Science Division, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiugao Yang
- Clinical Science Division, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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Williams A, Gutgesell L, de Wet L, Selman P, Dey A, Avineni M, Kapoor I, Mendez M, Brown R, Lamperis S, Blajszczak C, Bueter E, Kregel S, Vander Griend DJ, Szmulewitz R. SOX 2 expression in prostate cancer drives resistance to nuclear hormone receptor signaling inhibition through the WEE1/CDK1 signaling axis. Cancer Lett 2023; 565:216209. [PMID: 37169162 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI) drug resistance in prostate cancer (PC) remains therapeutically challenging. Our group has described the role of sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) overexpression in ARSI-resistant PC. Continuing this work, we report that NR3C1, the gene encoding glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is a novel SOX2 target in PC, positively regulating its expression. Similar to ARSI treatment, SOX2-positive PC cells are insensitive to GR signaling inhibition using a GR modulating therapy. To understand SOX2-mediated nuclear hormone receptor signaling inhibitor (NHRSI) insensitivity, we performed RNA-seq in SOX2-positive and -negative PC cells following NHRSI treatment. RNA-seq prioritized differentially regulated genes mediating the cell cycle, including G2 checkpoint WEE1 Kinase (WEE1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Additionally, WEE1 and CDK1 were differentially expressed in PC patient tumors dichotomized by high vs low SOX2 gene expression. Importantly, pharmacological targeting of WEE1 (WEE1i) in combination with an ARSI or GR modulator re-sensitizes SOX2-positive PC cells to nuclear hormone receptor signaling inhibition in vitro, and WEE1i combined with ARSI significantly slowed tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, our data suggest SOX2 predicts NHRSI resistance, and simultaneously indicates the addition of WEE1i to improve therapeutic efficacy of NHRSIs in SOX2-positive PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Williams
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Lisa Gutgesell
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Larischa de Wet
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Phillip Selman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Arunangsu Dey
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mahati Avineni
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Isha Kapoor
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Megan Mendez
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sophia Lamperis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University - Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Chuck Blajszczak
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eric Bueter
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA; Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Steve Kregel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University - Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Donald J Vander Griend
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Russell Szmulewitz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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8
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Ding LN, Yu YY, Ma CJ, Lei CJ, Zhang HB. SOX2-associated signaling pathways regulate biological phenotypes of cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114336. [PMID: 36738502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a transcription factor involved in multiple stages of embryonic development. In related reports, SOX2 was found to be abnormally expressed in tumor tissues and correlated with clinical features such as TNM staging, tumor grade, and prognosis in patients with various cancer types. In most cancer types, SOX2 is a tumor-promoting factor that regulates tumor progression and metastasis primarily by maintaining the stemness of cancer cells. In addition, SOX2 also regulates the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, ferroptosis and drug resistance of cancer cells. However, SOX2 acts as a tumor suppressor in some cases in certain cancer types, such as gastric and lung cancer. These key regulatory functions of SOX2 involve complex regulatory networks, including protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions through signaling pathways and noncoding RNA interactions, modulating SOX2 expression may be a potential therapeutic strategy for clinical cancer patients. Therefore, we sorted out the phenotypes related to SOX2 in cancer, hoping to provide a basis for further clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Ding
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Y Yu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - C J Ma
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - C J Lei
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - H B Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Nguyen TT, Hamdan D, Angeli E, Feugeas JP, Le QV, Pamoukdjian F, Bousquet G. Genomics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases: A Meta-Analysis and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061728. [PMID: 36980614 PMCID: PMC10046845 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer brain metastases are a challenging daily practice, and the biological link between gene mutations and metastatic spread to the brain remains to be determined. Here, we performed a meta-analysis on genomic data obtained from primary tumors, extracerebral metastases and brain metastases, to identify gene alterations associated with metastatic processes in the brain. Articles with relevant findings were selected using Medline via PubMed, from January 1999 up to February 2022. A critical review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis statement (PRISMA). Fifty-seven publications were selected for this meta-analysis, including 37,218 patients in all, 11,906 primary tumor samples, 5541 extracerebral metastasis samples, and 1485 brain metastasis samples. We report the overall and sub-group prevalence of gene mutations, including comparisons between primary tumors, extracerebral metastases and brain metastases. In particular, we identified six genes with a higher mutation prevalence in brain metastases than in extracerebral metastases, with a potential role in metastatic processes in the brain: ESR1, ERBB2, EGFR, PTEN, BRCA2 and NOTCH1. We discuss here the therapeutic implications. Our results underline the added value of obtaining biopsies from brain metastases to fully explore their biology, in order to develop personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thi Nguyen
- National Cancer Hospital, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Cité, UMR_S942 MASCOT, 75006 Paris, France (F.P.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
- Institut Galilée, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93439 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Diaddin Hamdan
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Cité, UMR_S942 MASCOT, 75006 Paris, France (F.P.)
- Hôpital La Porte Verte, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Eurydice Angeli
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Cité, UMR_S942 MASCOT, 75006 Paris, France (F.P.)
- Institut Galilée, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93439 Villetaneuse, France
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Jean-Paul Feugeas
- INSERM U1098, 25030 Besançon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- Correspondence: (J.-P.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Quang Van Le
- National Cancer Hospital, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Cité, UMR_S942 MASCOT, 75006 Paris, France (F.P.)
| | - Frédéric Pamoukdjian
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Cité, UMR_S942 MASCOT, 75006 Paris, France (F.P.)
- Institut Galilée, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93439 Villetaneuse, France
- Service de Médecine Gériatrique, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Guilhem Bousquet
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Cité, UMR_S942 MASCOT, 75006 Paris, France (F.P.)
- Institut Galilée, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93439 Villetaneuse, France
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 93000 Bobigny, France
- Correspondence: (J.-P.F.); (G.B.)
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10
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Chhichholiya Y, Ruthuparna M, Velagaleti H, Munshi A. Brain metastasis in breast cancer: focus on genes and signaling pathways involved, blood-brain barrier and treatment strategies. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:1218-1241. [PMID: 36897508 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-03050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in women. Despite advancement in early detection and efficient treatment, recurrence and metastasis continue to pose a significant risk to the life of BC patients. Brain metastasis (BM) reported in 17-20 percent of BC patients is considered as a major cause of mortality and morbidity in these patients. BM includes various steps from primary breast tumor to secondary tumor formation. Various steps involved are primary tumor formation, angiogenesis, invasion, extravasation, and brain colonization. Genes involved in different pathways have been reported to be associated with BC cells metastasizing to the brain. ADAM8 gene, EN1 transcription factor, WNT, and VEGF signaling pathway have been associated with primary breast tumor; MMP1, COX2, XCR4, PI3k/Akt, ERK and MAPK pathways in angiogenesis; Noth, CD44, Zo-1, CEMIP, S0X2 and OLIG2 are involved in invasion, extravasation and colonization, respectively. In addition, the blood-brain barrier is also a key factor in BM. Dysregulation of cell junctions, tumor microenvironment and loss of function of microglia leads to BBB disruption ultimately resulting in BM. Various therapeutic strategies are currently used to control the BM in BC. Oncolytic virus therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, mTOR-PI3k inhibitors and immunotherapy have been developed to target various genes involved in BM in BC. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR/Cas9 are novel interventions in the field of BCBM where research to validate these and clinical trials are being carried out. Gaining a better knowledge of metastasis biology is critical for establishing better treatment methods and attaining long-term therapeutic efficacies against BC. The current review has been compiled with an aim to evaluate the role of various genes and signaling pathways involved in multiple steps of BM in BC. The therapeutic strategies being used currently and the novel ones being explored to control BM in BC have also been discussed at length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Chhichholiya
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Malayil Ruthuparna
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harini Velagaleti
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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11
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Zhu Y, Zhang C, Jiang B, Dong Q. MiR-760 targets HBEGF to control cartilage extracellular matrix degradation in osteoarthritis. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:186. [PMID: 36894989 PMCID: PMC9999495 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was developed to explore whether microRNA (miR)-760 targets heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF) to control cartilage extracellular matrix degradation in osteoarthritis. Both miR-760 and HBEGF expression levels were analysed in human degenerative cartilage tissues and in interleukin (IL)-1β/tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-treated chondrocytes in vitro. A series of knockdown and overexpression assays were then used to gauge the functional importance of miR-760 and HBEGF in OA, with qPCR and western immunoblotting analyses. Bioinformatics assays were used to identify putative miR-760 target genes, with these predictions then being validated through RNA pulldown and luciferase reporter assays. A murine anterior cruciate ligament transection model of OA was then established to prove the in vivo relevance of these findings. These experiments revealed that human degenerative cartilage tissues exhibited significant increases in miR-760 expression with a concomitant drop in HBEGF levels. IL-1β/TNF-α-treated chondrocytes also exhibited significant increases in miR-760 expression with a concomitant drop in HBEGF expression. When chondrocytes were transfected with either miR-760 inhibitor or HBEGF overexpression constructs, this was sufficient to interfere with degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Moreover, miR-760 was confirmed to control chondrocyte matrix homeostasis by targeting HBEGF, and the overexpression of HBEGF partially reversed the effects of miR-760 mimic treatment on the degradation of the cartilage ECM. When OA model mice were administered an intra-articular knee injection of an adenoviral vector encoding a miR-760 mimic construct, cartilage ECM degradation was aggravated. Conversely, the overexpression of HBEGF in OA model mice partially reversed the effects of miR-760 overexpression, restoring appropriate ECM homeostasis. In summary, these data indicated that the miR-760/HBEGF axis plays a central role in orchestrating the pathogenesis of OA, making it a candidate target for therapeutic efforts in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, 215000, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59, LiuTing Street, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59, LiuTing Street, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Qirong Dong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, 215000, China.
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12
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Marinobazzanan, a Bazzanane-Type Sesquiterpenoid, Suppresses the Cell Motility and Tumorigenesis in Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030153. [PMID: 36976200 PMCID: PMC10056982 DOI: 10.3390/md21030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marinobazzanan (1), a new bazzanane-type sesquiterpenoid, was isolated from a marine-derived fungus belonging to the genus Acremonium. The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated using NMR and mass spectroscopic data, while the relative configurations were established through the analysis of NOESY data. The absolute configurations of 1 were determined by the modified Mosher’s method as well as vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra calculation and it was determined as 6R, 7R, 9R, and 10R. It was found that compound 1 was not cytotoxic to human cancer cells, including A549 (lung cancer), AGS (gastric cancer), and Caco-2 (colorectal cancer) below the concentration of 25 μM. However, compound 1 was shown to significantly decrease cancer-cell migration and invasion and soft-agar colony-formation ability at concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 μM by downregulating the expression level of KITENIN and upregulating the expression level of KAI1. Compound 1 suppressed β-catenin-mediated TOPFLASH activity and its downstream targets in AGS, A549, and Caco-2 and slightly suppressed the Notch signal pathway in three cancer cells. Furthermore, 1 also reduced the number of metastatic nodules in an intraperitoneal xenograft mouse model.
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13
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Ji PT, Wang XY. Clinical application study on miR-98-5p as a prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2023; 47:102077. [PMID: 36623770 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On the one hand, to investigate the targeted regulation of miR-98-5p on heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HBEGF) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). On the other hand, elucidate the predictive effect of miR-98-5p combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data on the clinical prognosis of HCC patients. METHODS Serum samples from 98 HCC patients and 54 healthy subjects were selected in order to detect miR-98-5p as well as HBEGF expression levels via real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). A Luciferase reporter assay was performed to detect the interaction between miR-98-5p and HBEGF gene. The serum levels of IL-2, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ in HCC patients and in the control group (healthy subjects) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was utilized to analyze the predictive ability of miR-98-5p combined with HBEGF for HCC. Finally, the survival curves were used to analyze the effect of HBEGF and miR-98-5p on the survival of patients with HCC. RESULTS RT-qPCR results showed that the expression level of miR-98-5p was significantly decreased, while HBEGF expression was significantly increased in the serum of HCC patients compared with the control group. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-98-5p could target and bind HBEGF. Additionally, according to ELISA, IL-2, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 were significantly increased, while IFN-γ was significantly decreased in the serum of HCC patients compared with the control group. The results of ROC indicated that expressive levels of miR-98-5p and HBEGF had a high diagnostic value for HCC. At the same time, the survival curve results indicated high HBEGF expression and low miR-98-5p expression, suggesting a poor prognosis for HCC patients. CONCLUSION MiR-98-5p can target the down-regulating HBEGF gene. In addition, miR-98-5p combined with MRI data is of crucial guiding value in assessing the prognosis of patients with HCC in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Tian Ji
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
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14
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Spiking Neural P System with Synaptic Vesicles and Applications in Multiple Brain Metastasis Segmentation. Inf Sci (N Y) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Luo T, Kang Y, Liu Y, Li J, Li J. Small extracellular vesicles in breast cancer brain metastasis and the prospect of clinical application. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1162089. [PMID: 37091342 PMCID: PMC10113431 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1162089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale extracellular particles that have received widespread scientific attention for carrying a variety of biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins and participating in the process of intercellular information exchange, making them become a research hotspot due to their potential diagnostic value. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women, approximately 90% of patient deaths are due to metastasis complications. Brain metastasis is an important cause of mortality in breast cancer patients, about 10-15% of breast cancer patients will develop brain metastasis. Therefore, early prevention of brain metastasis and the development of new treatments are crucial. Small EVs have been discovered to be involved in the entire process of breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM), playing an important role in driving organ-specific metastasis, forming pre-metastatic niches, disrupting the blood-brain barrier, and promoting metastatic tumor cell proliferation. We summarize the mechanisms of small EVs in the aforementioned pathological processes at the cellular and molecular levels, and anticipate their potential applications in the treatment of breast cancer brain metastasis, with the hope of providing new ideas for the precise treatment of breast cancer brain metastasis.
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Mirzaei S, Paskeh MDA, Entezari M, Mirmazloomi SR, Hassanpoor A, Aboutalebi M, Rezaei S, Hejazi ES, Kakavand A, Heidari H, Salimimoghadam S, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M, Samarghandian S. SOX2 function in cancers: Association with growth, invasion, stemness and therapy response. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Park SH, Yoon SJ, Choi S, Jung J, Park JY, Park YH, Seo J, Lee J, Lee MS, Lee SJ, Son MY, Cho YL, Kim JS, Lee HJ, Jeong J, Kim DS, Park YJ. Particulate matter promotes cancer metastasis through increased HBEGF expression in macrophages. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1901-1912. [PMID: 36352257 PMCID: PMC9722902 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many cohort studies have reported that long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) can cause lung cancer, the molecular mechanisms underlying the PM-induced increase in cancer metastasis remain unclear. To determine whether PM contributes to cancer metastasis, cancer cells were cultured with conditioned medium from PM-treated THP1 cells, and the migration ability of the treated cancer cells was assessed. The key molecules involved were identified using RNA-seq analysis. In addition, metastatic ability was analyzed in vivo by injection of cancer cells into the tail vein and intratracheal injection of PM into the lungs of C57BL/6 mice. We found that PM enhances the expression of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF) in macrophages, which induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells, thereby increasing metastasis. Macrophage stimulation by PM results in activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and upregulation of HBEGF. Secreted HBEGF activates EGFR on the cancer cell surface to induce EMT, resulting in increased migration and invasion in vitro and increased metastasis in vivo. Therefore, our study reveals a critical PM-macrophage-cancer cell signaling axis mediating EMT and metastasis and provides an effective therapeutic approach for PM-induced malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Park
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Yoon
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Choi
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun Jung
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Park
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, KRIBB, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Seo
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Jin Lee
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lai Cho
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Metabolic Regulation Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Seong Kim
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Research Institute and Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jeong
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Kaleem M, Dalhat MH, Azmi L, Asar TO, Ahmad W, Alghanmi M, Almostadi A, Zughaibi TA, Tabrez S. An Insight into Molecular Targets of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911687. [PMID: 36232989 PMCID: PMC9569595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is one of the major reasons of death in breast cancer (BC) patients, significantly affecting the quality of life, physical activity, and interdependence on several individuals. There is no clear evidence in scientific literature that depicts an exact mechanism relating to brain metastasis in BC patients. The tendency to develop breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) differs by the BC subtype, varying from almost half with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (HER2- ER- PR-), one-third with HER2+ (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, and around one-tenth with luminal subclass (ER+ (estrogen positive) or PR+ (progesterone positive)) breast cancer. This review focuses on the molecular pathways as possible therapeutic targets of BCBMs and their potent drugs under different stages of clinical trial. In view of increased numbers of clinical trials and systemic studies, the scientific community is hopeful of unraveling the underlying mechanisms of BCBMs that will help in designing an effective treatment regimen with multiple molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kaleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur 440037, India
| | - Mahmood Hassan Dalhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna Azmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Turky Omar Asar
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Kuliyate Tib, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya, Bengaluru 560091, India
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Almostadi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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19
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Le Minh G, Reginato MJ. Role of O-GlcNAcylation on cancer stem cells: Connecting nutrient sensing to cell plasticity. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 157:195-228. [PMID: 36725109 PMCID: PMC9895886 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis can be promoted by a small sub-population of cancer cells, termed cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). While CSCs possess capability in self-renewing and differentiating, the hierarchy of CSCs during tumor growth is highly plastic. This plasticity in CSCs fate and function can be regulated by signals from the tumor microenvironment. One emerging pathway in CSCs that connects the alteration in microenvironment and signaling network in cancer cells is the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). The final product of HBP, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), is utilized for glycosylating of membrane and secreted proteins, but also nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins by the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation. O-GlcNAcylation and its enzyme, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), are upregulated in nearly all cancers and been linked to regulate many cancer cell phenotypes. Recent studies have begun to connect OGT and O-GlcNAcylation to regulation of CSCs. In this review, we will discuss the emerging role of OGT and O-GlcNAcylation in regulating fate and plasticity of CSCs, as well as the potential in targeting OGT/O-GlcNAcylation in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Le Minh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mauricio J Reginato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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20
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Oria VO, Zhang H, Zito CR, Rane CK, Ma XY, Provance OK, Tran TT, Adeniran A, Kluger Y, Sznol M, Bosenberg MW, Kluger HM, Jilaveanu LB. Coupled fibromodulin and SOX2 signaling as a critical regulator of metastatic outgrowth in melanoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:377. [PMID: 35737114 PMCID: PMC9226089 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study mechanisms controlling metastatic outgrowth of melanoma into clinically relevant lesions, a critical process responsible for the majority of melanoma deaths. To this end, we developed novel in vivo models and identified molecular events that can be ascribed to their distinct phenotypes, indolent or highly metastatic. Induction of a proliferative state at distant sites was associated with high levels of the stem-like/progenitor marker, SOX2, and required the upregulation of FMOD, an extracellular matrix component, which modulates tumor-stroma interactions. Functional studies revealed a possible link between FMOD and SOX2; dual FMOD and SOX2 silencing nearly abolished brain metastasis and had a similar effect on distant metastasis to other sites. Our in vitro data suggests that FMOD and SOX2 cooperation plays an important role in tumor vasculogenic mimicry. Furthermore, we found that FMOD and SOX2 functional roles might converge at the activation of transcriptional co-factors YAP and TAZ, possibly via crosstalk with the tumor suppressor Hippo pathway. Finally, high expression of both genes in patient specimens predicted early development of brain metastasis. Thus, our study identifies FMOD and SOX2 cooperation as a novel regulatory mechanism that might be linked functionally to melanoma metastatic competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor O Oria
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM234E, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM234E, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Christopher R Zito
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM234E, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Biology, School of Arts, Sciences, Business, and Education, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Chetan K Rane
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM234E, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Xian-Yong Ma
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM234E, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Olivia K Provance
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM234E, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Thuy T Tran
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM234E, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Adebowale Adeniran
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Sznol
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM234E, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Marcus W Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Harriet M Kluger
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM234E, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Lucia B Jilaveanu
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM234E, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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21
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Dey A, Kundu M, Das S, Jena BC, Mandal M. Understanding the function and regulation of Sox2 for its therapeutic potential in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188692. [PMID: 35122882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sox family of transcriptional factors play essential functions in development and are implicated in multiple clinical disorders, including cancer. Sox2 being their most prominent member and performing a critical role in reprogramming differentiated adult cells to an embryonic phenotype is frequently upregulated in multiple cancers. High Sox2 levels are detected in breast tumor tissues and correlate with a worse prognosis. In addition, Sox2 expression is connected with resistance to conventional anticancer therapy. Together, it can be said that inhibiting Sox2 expression can reduce the malignant features associated with breast cancer, including invasion, migration, proliferation, stemness, and chemoresistance. This review highlights the critical roles played by the Sox gene family members in initiating or suppressing breast tumor development, while primarily focusing on Sox2 and its role in breast tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression, elucidates the probable mechanisms that control its activity, and puts forward potential therapeutic strategies to inhibit its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Dey
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Moumita Kundu
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Subhayan Das
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Bikash Chandra Jena
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
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22
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SOX2 knockdown with siRNA reverses cisplatin resistance in NSCLC by regulating APE1 signaling. Med Oncol 2022; 39:36. [PMID: 35059870 PMCID: PMC8776672 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSOX2 is related to drug resistance in many types of cancer, including lung cancer. Herein, we investigated the role of SOX2 and its regulatory signaling in cisplatin-treated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The effects of SOX2 on cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were evaluated in vitro. Western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and luciferase reporter assays were used to investigate the underlying mechanism. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test were used to assess the relationship between SOX2 expression and patient survival. A549/CDDP cells had marked resistance to cisplatin and stronger colony formation ability than A549 cells. The expression of SOX2 protein or mRNA in A549/CDDP was higher than that in A549. Knockdown of SOX2 in A549/CDDP-induced apoptosis by inhibiting colony formation and decreasing viability, but overexpression of SOX2 reversed these effects. Interestingly, Genomatix software predicted that the APE1 promoter has some SOX2 binding sites, while the SOX2 promoter has no APE1 binding sites. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays proved that SOX2 could bind the promoter of APE1 in 293T cells. We further verified that SOX2 expression was not affected by shAPE1 in A549/CDDP. As expected, colony formation was obviously inhibited and apoptosis was strongly enhanced in A549/CDDP treated with SOX2 siSOX2 alone or combined with CDDP compared with control cells. Meaningfully, patients with low expression of SOX2, and even including its regulating APE1, survived longer than those with high expression of SOX2, and APE1. siSOX2 overcomes cisplatin resistance by regulating APE1 signaling, providing a new target for overcoming cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.
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23
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Modi U, Makwana P, Vasita R. Molecular insights of metastasis and cancer progression derived using 3D cancer spheroid co-culture in vitro platform. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 168:103511. [PMID: 34740822 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multistep metastasis process is carried out by the combinatorial effect of the stromal cells and the cancerous cells and plays vital role in the cancer progression. The scaffold/physical cues aided 3D cancer spheroid imitates the spatiotemporal organization and physiological properties of the tumor. Understanding the role of the key players in different stages of metastasis, the molecular cross-talk between the stromal cells and the cancer cells contributing in the advancement of the metastasis through 3D cancer spheroid co-culture in vitro platform is the center of discussion in the present review. This state-of-art in vitro platform utilized to study the cancer cell host defence and the role of exosomes in the cross talk leading to cancer progression has been critically examined here. 3D cancer spheroid co-culture technique is the promising next-generation in vitro approach for exploring potent treatments and personalized medicines to combat cancer metastasis leading to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnati Modi
- Biomaterials & Biomimetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Pooja Makwana
- Biomaterials & Biomimetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Rajesh Vasita
- Biomaterials & Biomimetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India.
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24
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Abstract
The proliferation, metastasis and therapy response of tumour cells are tightly regulated by interaction among various signalling networks. The microRNAs (miRNAs) can bind to 3'-UTR of mRNA and down-regulate expression of target gene. The miRNAs target various molecular pathways in regulating biological events such as apoptosis, differentiation, angiogenesis and migration. The aberrant expression of miRNAs occurs in cancers and they have both tumour-suppressor and tumour-promoting functions. On the contrary, SOX proteins are capable of binding to DNA and regulating gene expression. SOX2 is a well-known member of SOX family that its overexpression in different cancers to ensure progression and stemness. The present review focuses on modulatory impact of miRNAs on SOX2 in affecting growth, migration and therapy response of cancers. The lncRNAs and circRNAs can function as upstream mediators of miRNA/SOX2 axis in cancers. In addition, NF-κB, TNF-α and SOX17 are among other molecular pathways regulating miRNA/SOX2 axis in cancer. Noteworthy, anti-cancer compounds including bufalin and ovatodiolide are suggested to regulate miRNA/SOX2 axis in cancers. The translation of current findings to clinical course can pave the way to effective treatment of cancer patients and improve their prognosis.
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25
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Bryan S, Witzel I, Borgmann K, Oliveira-Ferrer L. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Brain Metastases in HER2-Positive and Triple Negative Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4137. [PMID: 34439289 PMCID: PMC8392331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cause of cancer-associated death for women worldwide, with deaths commonly resulting from metastatic spread to distant organs. Approximately 30% of metastatic BC patients develop brain metastases (BM), a currently incurable diagnosis. The influence of BC molecular subtype and gene expression on breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) development and patient prognosis is undeniable and is, therefore, an important focus point in the attempt to combat the disease. The HER2-positive and triple-negative molecular subtypes are associated with an increased risk of developing BCBM. Several genetic and molecular mechanisms linked to HER2-positive and triple-negative BC breast cancers appear to influence BCBM formation on several levels, including increased development of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and migration of primary BC cells to the brain and/or through superior local invasiveness aided by cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). These specific BC characteristics, together with the ensuing developments at a clinical level, are presented in this review article, drawing a connection between research findings and related therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing BCBM formation and/or progression. Furthermore, we briefly address the critical limitations in our current understanding of this complex topic, highlighting potential focal points for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bryan
- Department of Gynaecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (S.B.); (I.W.)
| | - Isabell Witzel
- Department of Gynaecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (S.B.); (I.W.)
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Center of Oncology, Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Leticia Oliveira-Ferrer
- Department of Gynaecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (S.B.); (I.W.)
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26
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Mohan A, Raj Rajan R, Mohan G, Kollenchery Puthenveettil P, Maliekal TT. Markers and Reporters to Reveal the Hierarchy in Heterogeneous Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668851. [PMID: 34150761 PMCID: PMC8209516 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A subpopulation within cancer, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), regulates tumor initiation, chemoresistance, and metastasis. At a closer look, CSCs show functional heterogeneity and hierarchical organization. The present review is an attempt to assign marker profiles to define the functional heterogeneity and hierarchical organization of CSCs, based on a series of single-cell analyses. The evidences show that analogous to stem cell hierarchy, self-renewing Quiescent CSCs give rise to the Progenitor CSCs with limited proliferative capacity, and later to a Progenitor-like CSCs, which differentiates to Proliferating non-CSCs. Functionally, the CSCs can be tumor-initiating cells (TICs), drug-resistant CSCs, or metastasis initiating cells (MICs). Although there are certain marker profiles used to identify CSCs of different cancers, molecules like CD44, CD133, ALDH1A1, ABCG2, and pluripotency markers [Octamer binding transcriptional factor 4 (OCT4), SOX2, and NANOG] are used to mark CSCs of a wide range of cancers, ranging from hematological malignancies to solid tumors. Our analysis of the recent reports showed that a combination of these markers can demarcate the heterogeneous CSCs in solid tumors. Reporter constructs are widely used for easy identification and quantification of marker molecules. In this review, we discuss the suitability of reporters for the widely used CSC markers that can define the heterogeneous CSCs. Since the CSC-specific functions of CD44 and CD133 are regulated at the post-translational level, we do not recommend the reporters for these molecules for the detection of CSCs. A promoter-based reporter for ABCG2 may also be not relevant in CSCs, as the expression of the molecule in cancer is mainly regulated by promoter demethylation. In this context, a dual reporter consisting of one of the pluripotency markers and ALDH1A1 will be useful in marking the heterogeneous CSCs. This system can be easily adapted to high-throughput platforms to screen drugs for eliminating CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Mohan
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Reshma Raj Rajan
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Gayathri Mohan
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Xia Y, Tang G, Chen Y, Wang C, Guo M, Xu T, Zhao M, Zhou Y. Tumor-targeted delivery of siRNA to silence Sox2 gene expression enhances therapeutic response in hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1330-1340. [PMID: 33210026 PMCID: PMC7658325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is one of the most promising methods for the treatment of malignant tumors. However, developing an efficient biocompatible delivery vector for small interfering RNA (siRNA) remains a challenging issue. This study aimed to prepare a non-viral tumor-targeted carrier, named RGDfC-modified functionalized selenium nanoparticles (RGDfC-SeNPs). RGDfC-SeNPs were used to selectively deliver siSox2 to HepG2 liver cancer cells and tissues for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the current study, RGDfC-SeNPs were successfully synthesized and characterized. It was shown that RGDfC-SeNPs could effectively load siSox2 to prepare an antitumor prodrug RGDfC-Se@siSox2. RGDfC-Se@siSox2 exhibited selective uptake in HepG2 liver cancer cells and LO2 normal liver cells, indicating RGDfC-SeNPs could effectively deliver siSox2 to HepG2 liver cancer cells. RGDfC-Se@siSox2 entered HepG2 cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis by firstly encircling the cytoplasm and then releasing siSox2 in the lysosomes. RGDfC-Se@siSox2 could effectively silence Sox2 and inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. RGDfC-Se@siSox2 induced HepG2 cells apoptosis most likely via overproduction of reactive oxygen species and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potentials. Most importantly, RGDfC-Se@siSox2 significantly inhibited the tumor growth in HepG2 tumor-bearing mice without obvious toxic side effects. These studies indicated that RGDfC-SeNPs may be an ideal gene carrier for delivering siSox2 to HepG2 cells and that RGDfC-Se@siSox2 may be a novel and highly specific gene-targeted prodrug therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Guoyi Tang
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Changbing Wang
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Min Guo
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yongjian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
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28
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The role of SOX family transcription factors in gastric cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:608-624. [PMID: 33662423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. GC is the third-most common cause of cancer-related death after lung and colorectal cancer. It is also the fifth-most commonly diagnosed cancer. Accumulating evidence has revealed the role of signaling networks in GC progression. Identification of these molecular pathways can provide new insight into therapeutic approaches for GC. Several molecular factors involved in GC can play both onco-suppressor and oncogene roles. Sex-determining region Y (Sry)-box-containing (SOX) family members are transcription factors with a well-known role in cancer. SOX proteins can bind to DNA to regulate cellular pathways via a highly conserved domain known as high mobility group (HMG). In the present review, the roles of SOX proteins in the progression and/or inhibition of GC are discussed. The dual role of SOX proteins as tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing factors is highlighted. SOX members can affect upstream mediators (microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and NF-κB) and down-stream mediators (FAK, HIF-1α, CDX2 and PTEN) in GC. The possible role of anti-tumor compounds to target SOX pathway members in GC therapy is described. Moreover, SOX proteins may be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in GC.
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29
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Functional characterization of SOX2 as an anticancer target. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:135. [PMID: 32728033 PMCID: PMC7391717 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a well-characterized pluripotent factor that is essential for stem cell self-renewal, reprogramming, and homeostasis. The cellular levels of SOX2 are precisely regulated by a complicated network at the levels of transcription, post-transcription, and post-translation. In many types of human cancer, SOX2 is dysregulated due to gene amplification and protein overexpression. SOX2 overexpression is associated with poor survival of cancer patients. Mechanistically, SOX2 promotes proliferation, survival, invasion/metastasis, cancer stemness, and drug resistance. SOX2 is, therefore, an attractive anticancer target. However, little progress has been made in the efforts to discover SOX2 inhibitors, largely due to undruggable nature of SOX2 as a transcription factor. In this review, we first briefly introduced SOX2 as a transcription factor, its domain structure, normal physiological functions, and its involvement in human cancers. We next discussed its role in embryonic development and stem cell-renewal. We then mainly focused on three aspects of SOX2: (a) the regulatory mechanisms of SOX2, including how SOX2 level is regulated, and how SOX2 cross-talks with multiple signaling pathways to control growth and survival; (b) the role of SOX2 in tumorigenesis and drug resistance; and (c) current drug discovery efforts on targeting SOX2, and the future perspectives to discover specific SOX2 inhibitors for effective cancer therapy.
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