Long non-coding RNAs: Biogenesis, functions, and clinical significance in gastric cancer

Role of lncRNA PVT1 in the progression of urological cancers: Novel insights into signaling pathways and clinical opportunities

Urologic malignancies, encompassing cancers of the kidney, bladder, and prostate, represent approximately 25 % of all cancer cases. Recent advances have enhanced our understanding of PVT1's crucial functions. Long noncoding RNAs influence both the onset and development of cancer, as well as epigenetic alterations. Recent findings have focused on PVT1's mechanism of action across several malignancies, particularly urologic cancers. Understanding the various functions of PVT1 linked to cancer is necessary for the development of cancer detection and treatment when PVT1 is dysregulated. Furthermore, recent advancements in genomic and epigenetic research have elucidated the complex regulatory networks that control PVT1 expression. Comprehending the intricate role of PVT1 Understanding the complex function of PVT1 in urologic cancers has substantial clinical implications. Here, we summarize some of the most recent findings about the carcinogenic effects of PVT1 signaling pathways and the possible treatment strategies for urological malignancies that target these pathways.

Dysregulated circular RNA and long non-coding RNA-Mediated regulatory competing endogenous RNA networks (ceRNETs) in ovarian and cervical cancers: A non-coding RNA-Mediated mechanism of chemotherapeutic resistance with new emerging clinical capacities

Cervical cancer (CC) and ovarian cancer (OC) are among the most common gynecological cancers with significant mortality in women, and their incidence is increasing. In addition to the prominent role of the malignant aspect of these cancers in cancer-related women deaths, chemotherapy drug resistance is a major factor that contributes to their mortality and presents a clinical obstacle. Although the exact mechanisms behind the chemoresistance in these cancers has not been revealed, accumulating evidence points to the dysregulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), as key contributors. These ncRNAs perform the roles of regulators of signaling pathways linked to tumor formation and chemoresistance. Strong data from various recent studies have uncovered that the main mechanism of these ncRNAs in the induction of chemoresistance of CC and OC is done through a dysregulated miRNA sponge activity as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in the competing endogenous RNA networks (ceRNETs), where a miRNA regulating a messenger RNA (mRNA) is trapped, thereby removing its inhibitory effect on the desired mRNA. Understanding these mechanisms is essential to enhancing treatment outcomes and managing the problem of drug resistance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of lncRNA- and circRNA-mediated ceRNETs as the core process of chemoresistance against the commonly used chemotherapeutics, including cisplatin, paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, and docetaxel in CC and OC. Furthermore, we highlight the clinical potential of these ncRNAs serving as diagnostic indicators of chemotherapy responses and therapeutic targets.

A single-cell approach to analyzing vascular endothelial cell contributions in VEGF-driven angiogenesis and LINC02313 in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) heterogeneity and lack of suitable molecular markers remain major challenges for this disease. The critical role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer biological processes has been increasingly recognized. A novel lncRNA, LINC02313, was identified in GC in this study, and its function was examined bioinformatically. The differential expression of LINC02313 was examined, and its target genes were predicted using RNA-Seq data from TCGA. LINC02313 showed correlation with 272 significant DEGs in GC. The analysis of single-cell transcriptomes revealed 11 unique clusters of cell types, but vascular endothelial cells have the most targets (30 genes). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis illustrated the diagnostic capabilities of LINC02313 and its targets across most cellular clusters, achieving the highest levels of accuracy. Functionally related signaling pathways were classified through cell-cell communication analysis; in the tumorous state, emphasizing the more prominent role of vascular endothelial cells in the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling pathway compared to the normal state. Trajectory analysis showed vascular endothelial cells are at the start of pseudotime in a normal state, but in a tumorous state, they shift to the middle of pseudotime. The results of this study highlight the critical role of endothelial cells in the advancement of GC and propose novel therapeutic approaches that focus on modulating angiogenic signaling pathways and lncRNA function to enhance treatment efficacy.

Non-coding RNAs and regulation of the PI3K signaling pathway in lung cancer: Recent insights and potential clinical applications

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. It has been demonstrated that the prognosis of current drug treatments is affected by a variety of factors, including late stage, tumor recurrence, inaccessibility to appropriate treatments, and, most importantly, chemotherapy resistance. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) contribute to tumor development, with some acting as tumor suppressors and others as oncogenes. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Ks)/AKT serine/threonine kinase pathway is one of the most important common targets of ncRNAs in cancer, which is widely applied to modulate the cell cycle and a variety of biological processes, including cell growth, mobility survival, metabolic activity, and protein production. Discovering the biology of ncRNA-PI3K/AKT signaling may lead to advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment. As a result, we investigated the expression and role of PI3K/AKT-related ncRNAs in clinical characteristics of lung cancer, as well as their functions as potential biomarkers in lung cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

MIAT: A pivotal oncogenic long noncoding RNA tunning the hallmarks of solid malignancies

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have emerged as intriguing players in cellular regulation, challenging the traditional view of non-coding RNAs as mere "dark genome". Non-coding DNA makes up most of the human genome and plays a pivotal role in cancer development. These RNA molecules, which do not code for proteins, have captivated researchers with their diverse and crucial roles in gene regulation, chromatin dynamics, and other cellular processes. In several physiological and pathological circumstances, lncRNAs serve critical functions. This review will tackle the complex function of the lncRNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT) in various solid malignancies. A special emphasis would be directed on the correlation between cancer patients' clinicopathological features and the expression profile of MIAT. MIAT is a oncogenic regulator in many malignant tumors, where it can control the growth, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to death of cells. As a result, MIAT is thought to be a possible biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer patients. The biological functions, mechanisms and potential clinical implications of MIAT during carcinogenesis and finally the current possible therapeutic approaches targeting MIAT are also outlined in this review.

Long non-coding RNAs in bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression, encompassing various forms such as cyclothymia, bipolar I disorder, and bipolar II disorder. Manic periods present with increased energy and decreased sleep, whereas depressive episodes involve poor energy and extended sleep duration. Despite the availability of treatments, approximately 30% of patients with bipolar disorder are drug resistant and require alternative strategies. Recent research highlights the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as potential biomarkers for bipolar disorder, aiding in distinguishing it from other mood disorders and improving diagnostic accuracy. LncRNAs such as GAS5 and FOXD3-AS1 are downregulated in bipolar disorder patients, suggesting their utility as diagnostic tools. LncRNAs regulate gene expression through interactions with DNA, RNA, and proteins, influencing various biological processes. Studies have identified several lncRNAs linked to bipolar disorder, including lincRNA-p21, lincRNA-ROR, and lincRNA-PINT. These findings underscore the potential of lncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, facilitating more personalized treatment strategies. This review explores the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of lncRNAs in bipolar disorder, aiming to enhance the current understanding and management of this condition.

Role of long noncoding RNAs in the regulation of epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in osteosarcoma (Review)

Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most widespread malignant bone tissue tumors. However, its early diagnosis is difficult, leading to poor prognoses. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) can serve as a molecular marker for the early diagnosis and treatment of OS. lncRNAs regulate the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) process to control the occurrence and progression of OS. The present review summarizes the studies on lncRNA regulation of OS via the EMT process. A search of the PubMed database yielded 93 published articles since January 2015, of which 73 focused on lncRNA regulation of OS via the EMT process. The present review has classified lncRNAs based on their relationship with tumors (promoting or inhibiting), mechanism of action and naming convention. Most lncRNAs promote OS through EMT and act via microRNA sponging. Previous studies have focused on lncRNAs with known functions, antisense lncRNAs and long intergenic noncoding RNAs. The findings indicated that lncRNAs can regulate the EMT process through various mechanisms to control OS progression. Further studies on specific lncRNAs and their underlying mechanisms will provide insights for the development of strategies for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of OS.

Molecular Mechanism of lncRNAs in Regulation of Breast Cancer Metastasis; a Comprehensive Review

Although the number of breast cancer deaths has decreased, and there have been developments in targeted therapies and combination treatments for the management of metastatic illness, metastatic breast cancer is still the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in U.S. women. Numerous phases and a vast number of proteins and signaling molecules are involved in the invasion-metastasis cascade. The tumor cells penetrate and enter the blood or lymphatic vessels, and travel to distant organs via the lymphatic or blood vessels. Tumor cells enter cell cycle arrest, adhere to capillary beds in the target organ, and then disseminate throughout the organ's parenchyma, proliferating and enhancing angiogenesis. Each of these processes is regulated by changes in the expression of different genes, in which lncRNAs play a role in this regulation. Transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides and do not translate into proteins are called RNAs. LncRNA molecules, whose function depends on their unique molecular structure, play significant roles in controlling the expression of genes at various epigenetic levels, transcription, and so on. LncRNAs have essential functions in regulating the expression of genes linked to cell development in healthy and pathological processes, specialization, programmed cell death, cell division, invasion, DNA damage, and spread to other parts of the body. A number of cancer types have been shown to exhibit aberrant expression of lncRNAs. In this review, we describe the general characteristics, potential molecular mechanisms and targeted therapy of lncRNAs and discuss the emerging functions of lncRNAs in breast cancer.

Innovative perspectives on glioblastoma: the emerging role of long non-coding RNAs

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and treatment-resistant brain tumor. Recent advancements have highlighted the crucial role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in GBM's molecular biology. Unlike protein-coding RNAs, lncRNAs regulate gene expression through transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, and chromatin remodeling. Some lncRNAs, like HOTAIR, CCAT2, CRNDE, and MALAT1, promote GBM development by affecting tumor suppressors and various signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt, mTOR, EGFR, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin. Conversely, certain lncRNAs such as TUG1, MEG3, and GAS8-AS1 act as tumor suppressors and are associated with better prognosis. The study presented in the manuscript aims to explore the involvement of lncRNAs in GBM, focusing on their roles in tumor progression, proliferation, invasion, and potential implications for early detection and immunotherapy. The research seeks to elucidate the mechanisms by which specific lncRNAs influence GBM characteristics and highlight their potential as therapeutic targets or biomarkers in managing this aggressive form of brain cancer.

Identification and validation of an m5C-related lncRNA signature for predicting prognosis and immune response in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

This study investigated whether m5C-related Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can predict clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patient prognosis. Co-expression and Cox regression analyses identified 9 prognostic lncRNAs, which were closely associated with tumor immune characteristics and immune escape. The model also predicted the sensitivity of drugs, including Entinostat, SB216763, and Sapitinib. In vitro experiments showed that GNG12-AS1 inhibited ccRCC cell proliferation and migration by reducing the activity of the ERK/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway. Overall, these findings suggest that the 9 m5C-related lncRNAs can accurately predict ccRCC patient prognosis, providing potential applications for clinical and immunotherapy approaches. GNG12-AS1 emerges as a promising prognostic biomarker for predicting survival outcomes in ccRCC, potentially influencing cell migration through the activation of the ERK/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.

LncRNA C2orf27A Promotes Gastric Cancer by Sponging MiR-610 and Elevating NOX4 Expression

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial for gastric cancer (GC) progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the function and molecular pathways of lncRNA C2orf27A in GC development. Bioinformatics databases, tissue cDNA microarrays, and cell lines were used to assess the expression of C2orf27A in GC. Cell proliferation was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, cell cycle assays, whereas cell death using the Annexin V-APC/7-AAD assay. Subcutaneous xenograft mouse models were used to assess the effects of the C2orf27A knockdown on GC growth in vivo. The subcellular localization of C2orf27A in GC cells was verified using nucleocytoplasmic separation. Bioinformatics analysis predicted the binding of C2orf27A, miR-610, and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), which was validated using dual luciferase reporter gene assay. We found that C2orf27A expression increased in GC tissues and cells. Furthermore, GC patients with increased C2orf27A expression levels had worse survival rates. Silencing of C2orf27A suppressed GC cell growth and induced GC cell death in vitro and in vivo. Further investigations into underlying mechanisms showed that C2orf27A functions as a competitive endogenous RNA against miR-610, leading to increased NOX4 expression levels in GC cells. Notably, blocking miR-610 and increasing NOX4 expression levels reversed the anticancer effects of reduced C2orf27A levels in GC cells. In summary, C2orf27A promotes cell proliferation and reduces cell death through the miR-610/NOX4 pathway in GC, which may provide a new perspective for further elucidation of the molecular mechanism underlying GC progression.

Role of long non-coding RNAs and natural products in prostate cancer: insights into key signaling pathways

Prostate cancer (PC) ranks among the most prevalent cancers in males. Recent studies have highlighted intricate connections between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), natural products, and cellular signaling in PC development. LncRNAs, which are RNA transcripts without protein-coding function, influence cell growth, programmed cell death, metastasis, and resistance to treatments through pathways like PI3K/AKT, WNT/β-catenin, and androgen receptor signaling. Certain lncRNAs, including HOTAIR and PCA3, are associated with PC progression, with potential as diagnostic markers. Natural compounds, such as curcumin and resveratrol, demonstrate anticancer effects by targeting these pathways, reducing tumor growth, and modulating lncRNA expression. For instance, curcumin suppresses HOTAIR levels, hindering PC cell proliferation and invasion. The interaction between lncRNAs and natural compounds may open new avenues for therapy, as these substances can simultaneously impact multiple signaling pathways. These complex interactions offer promising directions for developing innovative PC treatments, enhancing diagnostics, and identifying new biomarkers for improved prevention and targeted therapy. This review aims to map the multifaceted relationship among natural products, lncRNAs, and signaling pathways in PC pathogenesis, focusing on key pathways such as AR, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, WNT/β-catenin, and MAPK, which are crucial in PC progression and therapy resistance. Regulation of these pathways by natural products and lncRNAs could lead to new insights into biomarker identification, preventive measures, and targeted PC therapies.

Long non-coding RNAs and their role in breast cancer pathogenesis and drug resistance: Navigating the non-coding landscape review

Despite the progress made in the development of targeted therapies, breast cancer (BC) continues to pose a significant threat to the health of women. Transcriptomics has emerged due to the advancements in high-throughput sequencing technology. This provides crucial information about the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human cells, particularly long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), in disease development and function. When the control of these ncRNAs is disrupted, various illnesses emerge, including cancer. Numerous studies have produced empirical data on the function of lncRNAs in tumorigenesis and disease development. However, the roles and mechanisms of numerous lncRNAs remain unidentified at the molecular level because their regulatory role and the functional implications of abnormalities in cancer biology have yet to be thoroughly defined. The review gives an itemized summary of the most current developments in the role of lncRNA in BC, focusing on three main pathways, PI3K, MAPK, NF-kB, and hypoxia, and their resistance mechanisms.

lncRNA PVT1 silencing inhibits gastric cancer cells' progression via enhancing chemosensitivity to paclitaxel

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide because of its high morbidity and the absence of effective therapies. Even though paclitaxel is a powerful anticancer chemotherapy drug, recent studies have indicated its ineffectiveness against GC cells. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) PVT1 has a high expression in GC cells and increases the progression of tumors via inducing drug resistance. In the present study, the effects of the siRNA-mediated lncRNA PVT1 gene silencing along with paclitaxel treatment on the rate of apoptosis, growth, and migration of AGS GC cells were investigated. AGS cells were cultured and then transfected with siRNA PVT1 using electroporation. The MTT test was used to examine the effect of treatments on the viability of cultured cells. Furthermore, the flow cytometry method was used to evaluate the impact of treatments on the cell cycle process and apoptosis induction in GC cells. Finally, the mRNA expression of target genes was assessed using the qRT-PCR method. The results showed that lncRNA PVT1 gene suppression, along with paclitaxel treatment, reduces the viability of cancer cells and significantly increases the apoptosis rate of cancer cells and the number of cells arrested in the G2/M phase compared to the control group. Based on the results of qRT-PCR, combined treatment significantly decreased the expression of MMP3, MMP9, MDR1, MRP1, Bcl-2, k-Ras, and c-Myc genes and increased the expression of the Bax gene compared to the control group. The results of our study showed that lncRNA PVT1 gene targeting, together with paclitaxel treatment, induces apoptosis, inhibits growth, alleviates drug resistance, and reduces the migratory capability of GC cells. Therefore, there is a need for further investigations to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach in vivo in animal models.

LncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axes as potential biomarkers in cervical cancer: a comprehensive overview

Despite the recent advances in vaccination and treatment strategies, cervical cancer continues to claim numerous lives every year. Owing to the fact that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) interact with coding transcripts, and effectuate key roles in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of cervical cancer, there has been extensive research in recent years to explore their potential as biomarkers for early detection, or as therapeutic targets. Through this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in discoveries about cervical cancer-associated lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axes, their dysregulation, and their roles in various signaling pathways associated with the growth, survival, invasion, and metastasis of cervical cancer cells. We further discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to utilize the dysregulated lncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and as therapeutic targets to ameliorate the prognosis of cervical cancer.

Competing endogenous RNA networks in ovarian cancer: from bench to bedside

Epithelial ovarian cancer is responsible for the majority of ovarian malignancies, and its highly invasive nature and chemoresistant development have been major obstacles to treating patients with mainstream treatments. In recent decades, the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) has been highlighted in ovarian cancer development. This hidden language between these RNAs has led to the discovery of enormous regulatory networks in ovarian cancer cells that substantially affect gene expression. Aside from providing ample opportunities for targeted therapies, circRNA- and lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network components provide invaluable biomarkers. The current study provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the recent findings on the significance of these ceRNA networks in the hallmarks of ovarian cancer oncogenesis, treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis. Also, it provides the authorship with future perspectives in the era of single-cell RNA sequencing and personalized medicine.

STAT3-related lncRNAs in colorectal cancer progression; Special focus on immune cell's evasion

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is globally ranked as the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women. There is an urgent need for novel biomarkers to facilitate early diagnosis and enhance patient care, thereby improving treatment response and reducing mortality rates. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is essential for controlling the anti-tumor immune response since it is a hub for several oncogenic signaling pathways. In the tumor environment, STAT3 is widely overactivated in both malignant and non-cancerous cells. It is involved in suppressing the expression of critical immune activation regulators and encouraging the synthesis of immunosuppressive substances. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a kind of non-coding RNA, are critical for CRC development, apoptosis, and metastasis because they influence important signaling pathways such as STAT3 signaling and contribute to gene regulation at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. Moreover, lncRNAs have a significant role in modifying the TME and control the expression of important immunological checkpoints, such as PD-L1. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory roles of lncRNAs is crucial for identifying diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for CRC. Thus, the objective of the present review study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the interaction between the STAT3 signaling pathway and various lncRNAs, as well as their implications for apoptosis, metastasis, and immune evasion in CRC.

Artificial miRNAs and target-mimics as potential tools for crop improvement

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small molecules that negatively regulate gene expression to control the normal development and stress response in plants. They mediate epigenetic changes and regulate gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Synthetic biology approaches have been utilized to design efficient artificial miRNAs (amiRNAs) or target-mimics to regulate specific gene expression for understanding the biological function of genes and crop improvement. The amiRNA based gene silencing is an effective technique to "turn off" gene expression, while miRNA target-mimics or decoys are used for efficiently down regulating miRNAs and "turn on" gene expression. In this context, the development of endogenous target-mimics (eTMs) and short tandem target mimics (STTMs) represent promising biotechnological tools for enhancing crop traits like stress tolerance and disease resistance. Through this review, we present the recent developments in understanding plant miRNA biogenesis, which is utilized for the efficient design and development of amiRNAs. This is important to incorporate the artificially synthesized miRNAs as internal components and utilizing miRNA biogenesis pathways for the programming of synthetic circuits to improve crop tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stress factors. The review also examines the recent developments in the use of miRNA target-mimics or decoys for efficiently down regulating miRNAs for trait improvement. A perspective analysis and challenges on the use of amiRNAs and STTM as potent tools to engineer useful traits in plants have also been presented.

New insights of LncRNAs fingerprints in breast cancer progression: Tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and therapeutic opportunities

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the common female cancers and it is characterized by considerable problems regarding its development and therapy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as significant modulators in BC development, especially, in tumorigenicity and chemoresistance. We therefore endeavor to present an up-to-date understanding of lncRNAs and their impact on BC progression and treatment, concerning molecular processes, treatment options, and use as a therapeutic opportunity. LncRNAs are novel regulators of genes that cause therapeutic resistance and directly impact the functioning of both coding and non-coding genes in BC patients, but little is known about their mechanisms of actions. Thus, additional study is required to have a deeper understanding of their modes of action and possible roles in BC disease. This study aims to investigate the functions of lncRNAs in the development of BC, with particular attention to their role in tumorigenesis, drug resistance mechanisms, and therapeutic targets. This will help to identify novel therapeutic targets and improve the effectiveness of BC treatment.

Host Long Noncoding RNAs as Key Players in Mycobacteria-Host Interactions

Mycobacterial infections, caused by various species within the Mycobacterium genus, remain one of the main challenges to global health across the world. Understanding the complex interplay between the host and mycobacterial pathogens is essential for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Host long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in cellular response to bacterial infections within host cells. This review provides an overview of the intricate relationship between mycobacterial infections and host lncRNAs in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections. Accumulation of evidence indicates that host lncRNAs play a critical role in regulating cellular response to mycobacterial infection within host cells, such as macrophages, the primary host cells for mycobacterial intracellular survival. The expression of specific host lncRNAs has been implicated in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections, providing potential targets for the development of novel host-directed therapies and biomarkers for TB diagnosis. In summary, this review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge regarding the involvement of host lncRNAs in mycobacterial infections. It also emphasizes their potential application as novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Exosomal LncRNAs and CircRNAs in lung cancer: Emerging regulators and potential therapeutic targets

Lung cancer remains one of the most prevalent and lethal malignancies globally, characterized by high incidence and mortality rates among all cancers. The delayed diagnosis of lung cancer at intermediate to advanced stages frequently leads to suboptimal treatment outcomes. To improve the management of this disease, it is imperative to identify new, highly sensitive prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with a lipid-bilayer structure and a size range of 30-150 nm, are pivotal in intercellular communication and play significant roles in lung cancer progression. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are highly prevalent within exosomes and play a crucial role in various pathophysiological processes mediated by these extracellular vesicles. Beyond their established functions in miRNA and protein sequestration, these ncRNAs are involved in regulating translation and interactions within exosomes. Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of exosomal lncRNAs and circRNAs in influencing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis in lung cancer. Due to their unique functional characteristics, these molecules are promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. This review provides a succinct summary of the formation of exosomal lncRNAs and circRNAs, clarifies their biological roles, and thoroughly explains the mechanisms by which they participate in the progression of lung cancer. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications and challenges associated with exosomal lncRNAs and circRNAs in lung cancer.

Application of multi-omics techniques to androgenetic alopecia: Current status and perspectives

The rapid advancement of sequencing technologies has enabled the generation of vast datasets, allowing for the in-depth analysis of sequencing data. This analysis has facilitated the validation of novel pathogenesis hypotheses for understanding and treating diseases through ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), a common hair loss disorder, has been a key focus of investigators attempting to uncover its underlying mechanisms. Abnormal changes in mRNA, proteins, and metabolites have been identified in individuals with AGA, and future developments in sequencing technologies may reveal new biomarkers for AGA. By integrating multiple omics analysis datasets such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-along with clinical phenotype data-we can achieve a comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of AGA. This review summarizes the data-mining studies conducted on various omics analysis datasets as related to AGA that have been adopted to interpret the biological data obtained from different omics layers. We herein discuss the challenges of integrative omics analyses, and suggest that collaborative multi-omics studies can enhance the understanding of the complete pathomechanism(s) of AGA by focusing on the interaction networks comprising DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites.

Unraveling the role of LncRNAs in glioblastoma progression: insights into signaling pathways and therapeutic potential

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive types of brain cancer, characterized by its poor prognosis and low survival rate despite current treatment modalities. Because GBM is lethal, clarifying the pathogenesis's underlying mechanisms is important, which are still poorly understood. Recent discoveries in the fields of molecular genetics and cancer biology have demonstrated the critical role that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), play in the molecular pathophysiology of GBM growth. LncRNAs are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not encode proteins. They are significant epigenetic modulators that control gene e expression at several levels. Their dysregulation and interactions with important signaling pathways play a major role in the malignancy and development of GBM. The increasing role of lncRNAs in GBM pathogenesis is thoroughly examined in this review, with particular attention given to their regulation mechanisms in key signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and p53. It also looks into lncRNAs' potential as new biomarkers and treatment targets for GBM. In addition, the study discusses the difficulties in delivering lncRNA-based medicines across the blood-brain barrier and identifies areas that need more research to advance lncRNA-oriented treatments for this deadly cancer.

Androgen Receptor and Non-Coding RNAs' Interaction in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most prevalent among the urogenital cancers, accounts for around 3% of new cancer cases worldwide. Significantly, the incidence of RCC has doubled in developed world countries, ranking it as the sixth most common cancer in males, who represent two-thirds of RCC cases. Males with RCC exhibit a higher mortality rate and tend to develop a more aggressive form of the disease than females. Sex-related risk factors, including lifestyle and biological variations, explain this difference. The androgen receptor (AR) oncogenic signaling pathway has been extensively studied among the biological factors that affect RCC. Recent advancements in high-throughput RNA sequencing techniques have underscored the significant roles played by noncoding-RNAs (ncRNAs), previously dismissed as "junk". The oncogenic potential of AR is manifested through its dysregulation of the ncRNAs' availability and function, promoting RCC tumorigenesis. This review offers a summary of the most recent findings on the role and molecular mechanisms of the AR in dysregulating the ncRNAs that play a role in the progression of RCC and the possibility of utilizing ncRNAs to target AR as a potential therapeutic strategy.

lncRNAs'p potential roles in the pathogenesis of cancer via interacting with signaling pathways; special focus on lncRNA-mediated signaling dysregulation in lung cancer

Lung cancer ranks among the most lethal types of cancer globally, with a high occurrence and fatality rate. The spread of cancer to other parts of the body, known as metastasis, is the primary cause of treatment failure and death in lung cancer cases. Current approaches for treating advanced lung cancer typically involve a combination of chemotherapy and targeted therapy. However, the majority of patients ultimately develop resistance to these treatments, leading to a worsened prognosis. In recent years, cancer biology research has predominantly focused on the role of protein-encoding genes in cancer development. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts over 200 nucleotides in length that do not encode proteins but are crucial RNA molecules involved in numerous biological functions. While many functions of lncRNAs remain unknown, some have been linked to human diseases, including cancer. Studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs interact with other large molecules in the cell, such as proteins, DNA, and RNA, influencing various critical aspects of cancer. LncRNAs play a significant role in regulating gene expression and have a crucial function in the transcriptional regulation of cancer cells. They mediate various biological and clinical processes such as invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Dysregulation of lncRNAs has been found to impact the process of carcinogenesis through advanced technologies like RNA sequencing and microarrays. Collectively, these long non-coding RNAs hold promise as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for human cancers. In this segment, we provide a comprehensive summary of the literature on the characteristics and formation of lncRNAs, along with an overview of their current known roles in lung cancer.

Exploring the clinical potential of circulating LncRNAs in breast cancer: insights into primary signaling pathways and therapeutic interventions

Breast cancer (BC) occupies the top spot among women on a global scale. The tumor has a significant degree of heterogeneity, displaying a notable prevalence of medication resistance, recurrence, and metastasis, rendering it one of the most lethal forms of malignant neoplasms. The timely identification, ongoing evaluation of therapeutic interventions, and accurate prediction of outcomes play crucial roles in determining the overall survival rates of women with BC. Nevertheless, the absence of precise biomarkers remains a significant determinant impacting the overall well-being and both the physical and emotional health of BC patients. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) exerts regulatory control over several genes and signaling pathways, hence assuming crucial roles in the development of neoplastic growth. Recently, research has indicated that the atypical expression of circulating lncRNAs in various biological bodily fluids has a noteworthy impact on the early detection, pathological categorization, staging, monitoring of therapy outcomes, and evaluation of prognosis in cases of BC. This article aims to assess the potential clinical utility of circulating lncRNAs in the context of BC focusing on specific primary signaling pathways; Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, TGF-β, and hedgehog (Hh), in addition to some therapeutic interventions.

lncRNAs: New players of cancer drug resistance via targeting ABC transporters

Cancer drug resistance poses a significant obstacle to successful chemotherapy, primarily driven by the activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which actively efflux chemotherapeutic agents from cancer cells, reducing their intracellular concentrations and therapeutic efficacy. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating this resistance, positioning them as crucial modulators of ABC transporter function. lncRNAs, once considered transcriptional noise, are now recognized for their complex regulatory capabilities at various cellular levels, including chromatin modification, transcription, and post-transcriptional processing. This review synthesizes current research demonstrating how lncRNAs influence cancer drug resistance by modulating the expression and activity of ABC transporters. lncRNAs can act as molecular sponges, sequestering microRNAs that would otherwise downregulate ABC transporter genes. Additionally, they can alter the epigenetic landscape of these genes, affecting their transcriptional activity. Mechanistic insights reveal that lncRNAs contribute to the activity of ABC transporters, thereby altering the efflux of chemotherapeutic drugs and promoting drug resistance. Understanding these interactions provides a new perspective on the molecular basis of chemoresistance, emphasizing the regulatory network of lncRNAs and ABC transporters. This knowledge not only deepens our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying drug resistance but also suggests novel therapeutic strategies. In conclusion, the intricate interplay between lncRNAs and ABC transporters is crucial for developing innovative solutions to combat cancer drug resistance, underscoring the importance of continued research in this field.

The roles of lncRNAs in the development of drug resistance of oral cancers

Oral cancers are a significant global health concern, with a high incidence of treatment failure primarily due to the development of drug resistance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression, playing pivotal roles in various cellular processes, including tumor progression and response to therapy. This review explores the multifaceted roles of lncRNAs in the development of drug resistance in oral cancers. We highlight the mechanisms by which lncRNAs modulate drug efflux, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and other pathways associated with chemoresistance. Key lncRNAs implicated in resistance to commonly used chemotherapeutic agents in oral cancers are discussed, along with their potential as therapeutic targets. Understanding the involvement of lncRNAs in drug resistance mechanisms offers promising avenues for overcoming treatment barriers and improving patient outcomes. This review underscores the need for further research to elucidate the precise roles of lncRNAs in oral cancer resistance and their translation into clinical interventions.

Emerging Roles of ncRNAs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Mechanisms to Drug Discovery

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a high-incidence chronic metabolic disorder, has emerged as a global health issue, where most patients need lifelong medication. Gaining insights into molecular mechanisms involved in T2DM development is expected to provide novel strategies for clinical prevention and treatment. Growing evidence validates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) function as crucial regulators in multiple biological processes of T2DM, inspiring various potential targets and drug candidates. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ncRNA roles in T2DM and discuss the potential use of ncRNAs as targets and active molecules for drug discovery.

Unraveling the ncRNA landscape that governs colorectal cancer: A roadmap to personalized therapeutics

Colorectal cancer (CRC) being one of the most common malignancies, has a significant death rate, especially when detected at an advanced stage. In most cases, the fundamental aetiology of CRC remains unclear despite the identification of several environmental and intrinsic risk factors. Numerous investigations, particularly in the last ten years, have indicated the involvement of epigenetic variables in this type of cancer. The development, progression, and metastasis of CRC are influenced by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are significant players in the epigenetic pathways. LncRNAs are implicated in diverse pathological processes in CRC, such as liver metastasis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation, and chemo-/radioresistance. It has recently been determined that CRC cells and tissues exhibit dysregulation of tens of oncogenic and tumor suppressor lncRNAs. Serum samples from CRC patients exhibit dysregulated expressions of several of these transcripts, offering a non-invasive method of detecting this kind of cancer. In this review, we outlined the typical paradigms of the deregulated lncRNA which exert significant role in the underlying molecular mechanisms of CRC initiation and progression. We comprehensively discuss the role of lncRNAs as innovative targets for CRC prognosis and treatment.

CircRNA and lncRNA-encoded peptide in diseases, an update review

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are unique RNA molecules widely identified in the eukaryotic genome. Their dysregulation has been discovered and played key roles in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including various cancers. Previously considered devoid of protein-coding ability, recent research has revealed that a small number of open reading frames (ORFs) within these ncRNAs endow them with the potential for protein coding. These ncRNAs-derived peptides or proteins have been proven to regulate various physiological and pathological processes through diverse mechanisms. Their emerging roles in disease diagnosis and targeted therapy underscore their potential utility in clinical settings. This comprehensive review aims to provide a systematic overview of proteins or peptides encoded by lncRNAs and circRNAs, elucidate their production and functional mechanisms, and explore their promising applications in cancer diagnosis, disease prediction, and targeted therapy.

LncRNAs orchestration of gastric cancer - particular emphasis on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment resistance

Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major public health challenge worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the development, progression, and resistance to the treatment of GC, as shown by recent developments in molecular characterization. Still, an in-depth investigation of the lncRNA landscape in GC is absent. However, The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate our present understanding of the role that lncRNA dysregulation plays in the etiology of GC and treatment resistance, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications. Research that described the functions of lncRNA in angiogenesis, stemness, epigenetics, metastasis, apoptosis, development, and resistance to key treatments was given priority. In GC, it has been discovered that a large number of lncRNAs, including MALAT1, HOTAIR, H19, and ANRIL, are aberrantly expressed and are connected with disease-related outcomes. Through various methods such as chromatin remodeling, signal transduction pathways, and microRNA sponging, they modulate hallmark cancer capabilities. Through the activation of stemness programs, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and survival signaling, LncRNAs also control resistance to immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. By clarifying their molecular roles further, we may be able to identify new treatment targets and ways to overcome resistance. This article aims to explore the interplay between lncRNAs, and GC. Specifically, the focus is on understanding how lncRNAs contribute to the etiology of GC and influence treatment resistance in patients with this disease.

Unraveling the influence of LncRNA in gastric cancer pathogenesis: a comprehensive review focus on signaling pathways interplay

Gastric cancers (GCs) are among the most common and fatal malignancies in the world. Despite our increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying GC, further biomarkers are still needed for more in-depth examination, focused prognosis, and treatment. GC is one among the long non-coding RNAs, or lncRNAs, that have emerged as key regulators of the pathophysiology of cancer. This comprehensive review focuses on the diverse functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development of GC and their interactions with important intracellular signaling pathways. LncRNAs affect GC-related carcinogenic signaling cascades including pathways for EGFR, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, p53, Wnt/β-catenin, JAK/STAT, Hedgehog, NF-κB, and hypoxia-inducible factor. Dysregulated long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression has been associated with multiple characteristics of cancer, such as extended growth, apoptosis resistance, enhanced invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, and therapy resistance. For instance, lncRNAs such as HOTAIR, MALAT1, and H19 promote the development of GC via altering these pathways. Beyond their main roles, GC lncRNAs exhibit potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The overview discusses CRISPR/Cas9 genome-modifying methods, antisense oligonucleotides, small molecules, and RNA interference as potential therapeutic approaches to regulate the expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). An in-depth discussion of the intricate functions that lncRNAs play in the development of the majority of stomach malignancies is provided in this review. It provides the groundwork for future translational research in lncRNA-based whole processes toward GC by highlighting their carcinogenic effects, regulatory roles in significant signaling cascades, and practical scientific uses as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

RP11-789C1.1 inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation and accelerates apoptosis via the ATR/CHK1 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) plays an important role in the progression of gastric cancer (GC). Their involvement ranges from genetic regulation to cancer progression. However, the mechanistic roles of RP11-789C1.1 in GC are not fully understood.

METHODS

We identified the expression of lncRNA RP11-789C1.1 in GC tissues and cell lines by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A series of functional experiments revealed the effect of RP11-789C1.1 on the proliferation of GC cells. In vivo experiments verified the effect of RP11-789C1.1 on the biological behavior of a GC cell line. RNA pull-down unveiled RP11-789C1.1 interacting proteins. Western blot analysis indicated the downstream pathway changes of RP11-789C1.1, and an oxaliplatin dosing experiment disclosed the influence of RP11-789C1.1 on the drug sensitivity of oxaliplatin.

RESULTS

Our results demonstrated that RP11-789C1.1 inhibited the proliferation of GC cells and promoted the apoptosis of GC cells. Mechanistically, RP11-789C1.1 inhibited checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) phosphorylation by binding ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related (ATR), a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, promoted GC apoptosis, and mediated oxaliplatin sensitivity.

CONCLUSION

In general, we discovered a tumor suppressor molecule RP11-789C1.1 and confirmed its mechanism of action, providing a theoretical basis for targeted GC therapy.

Decoding the Non-coding: Tools and Databases Unveiling the Hidden World of "Junk" RNAs for Innovative Therapeutic Exploration

Non-coding RNAs are pivotal regulators of gene and protein expression, exerting crucial influences on diverse biological processes. Their dysregulation is frequently implicated in the onset and progression of diseases, notably cancer. A profound comprehension of the intricate mechanisms governing ncRNAs is imperative for devising innovative therapeutic interventions against these debilitating conditions. Significantly, nearly 80% of our genome comprises ncRNAs, underscoring their centrality in cellular processes. The elucidation of ncRNA functions is pivotal for grasping the complexities of gene regulation and its implications for human health. Modern genome sequencing techniques yield vast datasets, stored in specialized databases. To harness this wealth of information and to understand the crosstalk of non-coding RNAs, knowledge of available databases is required, and many new sophisticated computational tools have emerged. These tools play a pivotal role in the identification, prediction, and annotation of ncRNAs, thereby facilitating their experimental validation. This Review succinctly outlines the current understanding of ncRNAs, emphasizing their involvement in disease development. It also highlights the databases and tools instrumental in classifying, annotating, and evaluating ncRNAs. By extracting meaningful biological insights from seemingly "junk" data, these tools empower scientists to unravel the intricate roles of ncRNAs in shaping human health.

Novel insights on the positive correlation between sense and antisense pairs on gene expression

A considerable proportion of the eukaryotic genome undergoes transcription, leading to the generation of noncoding RNA molecules that lack protein-coding information and are not subjected to translation. These noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are well recognized to have essential roles in several biological processes. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent the most extensive category of ncRNAs found in the human genome. Much research has focused on investigating the roles of cis-acting lncRNAs in the regulation of specific target gene expression. In the majority of instances, the regulation of sense gene expression by its corresponding antisense pair occurs in a negative (discordant) manner, resulting in the suppression of the target genes. The notion that a negative correlation exists between sense and antisense pairings is, however, not universally valid. In fact, several recent studies have reported a positive relationship between corresponding cis antisense pairs within plants, budding yeast, and mammalian cancer cells. The positive (concordant) correlation between anti-sense and sense transcripts leads to an increase in the level of the sense transcript within the same genomic loci. In addition, mechanisms such as altering chromatin structure, the formation of R loops, and the recruitment of transcription factors can either enhance transcription or stabilize sense transcripts through their antisense pairs. The primary objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive understanding of both aspects of antisense regulation, specifically focusing on the positive correlation between sense and antisense transcripts in the context of eukaryotic gene expression, including its implications towards cancer progression. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > 3' End Processing Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs.

Sperm epigenetics and male infertility: unraveling the molecular puzzle

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of infertility among couples is estimated to range from 8 to 12%. A paradigm shift has occurred in understanding of infertility, challenging the notion that it predominantly affects women. It is now acknowledged that a significant proportion, if not the majority, of infertility cases can be attributed to male-related factors. Various elements contribute to male reproductive impairments, including aberrant sperm production caused by pituitary malfunction, testicular malignancies, aplastic germ cells, varicocele, and environmental factors.

MAIN BODY

The epigenetic profile of mammalian sperm is distinctive and specialized. Various epigenetic factors regulate genes across different levels in sperm, thereby affecting its function. Changes in sperm epigenetics, potentially influenced by factors such as environmental exposures, could contribute to the development of male infertility.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this review investigates the latest studies pertaining to the mechanisms of epigenetic changes that occur in sperm cells and their association with male reproductive issues.

Critical role of the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in radiotherapy (RT)-resistance of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer: Is there a way to defeat this resistance?

Radiotherapy (RT) is a frequently used treatment for cervical cancer, effectively decreasing the likelihood of the disease returning in the same area and extending the lifespan of individuals with cervical cancer. Nevertheless, the primary reason for treatment failure in cancer patients is the cancer cells' resistance to radiation therapy (RT). Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a subset of RNA molecules that do not code for proteins and are longer than 200 nucleotides. They have a significant impact on the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers biological processes. Recent research has shown that lncRNAs have a significant impact in controlling the responsiveness of GI cancer to radiation. This review provides a concise overview of the composition and operation of lncRNAs as well as the intricate molecular process behind radiosensitivity in GI cancer. Additionally, it compiles a comprehensive list of lncRNAs that are linked to radiosensitivity in such cancers. Furthermore, it delves into the potential practical implementation of these lncRNAs in modulating radiosensitivity in GI cancer.

Non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in lung cancer: insights into their functions

Lung cancer is the second most common form of cancer worldwide Research points to the pivotal role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in controlling and managing the pathology by controlling essential pathways. ncRNAs have all been identified as being either up- or downregulated among individuals suffering from lung cancer thus hinting that they may play a role in either promoting or suppressing the spread of the disease. Several ncRNAs could be effective non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose or even serve as effective treatment options for those with lung cancer, and several molecules have emerged as potential targets of interest. Given that ncRNAs are contained in exosomes and are implicated in the development and progression of the malady. Herein, we have summarized the role of ncRNAs in lung cancer. Moreover, we highlight the role of exosomal ncRNAs in lung cancer.

Competing endogenous RNA networks and ferroptosis in cancer: novel therapeutic targets

As a newly identified regulated cell death, ferroptosis is a metabolically driven process that relies on iron and is associated with polyunsaturated fatty acyl peroxidation, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial damage. This distinct regulated cell death is dysregulated in various cancers; activating ferroptosis in malignant cells increases cancer immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy responses across different malignancies. Over the last decade, accumulating research has provided evidence of cross-talk between non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks and highlighted their significance in developing and progressing malignancies. Aside from pharmaceutical agents to regulate ferroptosis, recent studies have shed light on the potential of restoring dysregulated ferroptosis-related ceRNA networks in cancer treatment. The present study provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the ferroptosis significance, ferroptosis pathways, the role of ferroptosis in cancer immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy, ceRNA biogenesis, and ferroptosis-regulating ceRNA networks in different cancers. The provided insights can offer the authorship with state-of-the-art findings and future perspectives regarding the ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related ceRNA networks and their implication in the treatment and determining the prognosis of affected patients.

Sialylated glycoproteins and sialyltransferases in digestive cancers: Mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets

Sialic acid (SA), as the ultimate epitope of polysaccharides, can act as a cap at the end of polysaccharide chains to prevent their overextension. Sialylation is the enzymatic process of transferring SA residues onto polysaccharides and is catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as sialyltransferases (SiaTs). It is noteworthy that the sialylation level of glycoproteins is significantly altered when digestive cancer occurs. And this alteration exhibits a close correlation with the progression of these cancers. In this review, from the perspective of altered SiaTs expression levels and changed glycoprotein sialylation patterns, we summarize the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, we propose potential early diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic indicators for different digestive cancers. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic value of sialylation in digestive system cancers.

Exploring the Key Signaling Pathways and ncRNAs in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer to be diagnosed, and it has a substantial mortality rate. Despite numerous studies being conducted on CRC, it remains a significant health concern. The disease-free survival rates notably decrease as CRC progresses, emphasizing the urgency for effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. CRC development is caused by environmental factors, which mostly lead to the disruption of signaling pathways. Among these pathways, the Wingless/Integrated (Wnt) signaling pathway, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, and p53 signaling pathway are considered to be important. These signaling pathways are also regulated by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). They have emerged as crucial regulators of gene expression in CRC by changing their expression levels. The altered expression patterns of these ncRNAs have been implicated in CRC progression and development, suggesting their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This review provides an overview of the five key signaling pathways and regulation of ncRNAs involved in CRC pathogenesis that are studied to identify promising avenues for diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Decoding the role of long non-coding RNAs in gallbladder cancer pathogenesis: A review focus on signaling pathways interplay

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the most aggressive types of biliary tree cancers and the commonest despite its rarity. It is infrequently diagnosed at an early stage, further contributing to its poor prognosis and low survival rate. The lethal nature of the disease has underlined a crucial need to discern the underlying mechanisms of GBC carcinogenesis which are still largely unknown. However, with the continual evolution in the research of cancer biology and molecular genetics, studies have found that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an active role in the molecular pathophysiology of GBC development. Dysregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their interaction with intracellular signaling pathways contribute to malignancy and disease development. LncRNAs, a subclass of ncRNAs with over 200 nucleotides, regulate gene expression at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels and especially as epigenetic modulators. Thus, their expression abnormalities have been linked to malignancy and therapeutic resistance. lnsRNAs have also been found in GBC patients' serum and tumor tissue biopsies, highlighting their potential as novel biomarkers and for targeted therapy. This review will examine the growing involvement of lncRNAs in GBC pathophysiology, including related signaling pathways and their wider clinical use.

Crosstalk between ubiquitin ligases and ncRNAs drives cardiovascular disease progression

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are multifactorial chronic diseases and have the highest rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in posttranslational modification and quality control of proteins, maintaining intracellular homeostasis via degradation of misfolded, short-lived, or nonfunctional regulatory proteins. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs, such as microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs and small interfering RNAs) serve as epigenetic factors and directly or indirectly participate in various physiological and pathological processes. NcRNAs that regulate ubiquitination or are regulated by the UPS are involved in the execution of target protein stability. The cross-linked relationship between the UPS, ncRNAs and CVDs has drawn researchers' attention. Herein, we provide an update on recent developments and perspectives on how the crosstalk of the UPS and ncRNAs affects the pathological mechanisms of CVDs, particularly myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and ischemic stroke. In addition, we further envision that RNA interference or ncRNA mimics or inhibitors targeting the UPS can potentially be used as therapeutic tools and strategies.

Non-coding RNA-Mediated N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) deposition: A pivotal regulator of cancer, impacting key signaling pathways in carcinogenesis and therapy response

The emergence of RNA modifications has recently been considered as critical post-transcriptional regulations which governed gene expression. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most abundant type of RNA modification which is mediated by three distinct classes of proteins called m6A writers, readers, and erasers. Accumulating evidence has been made in understanding the role of m6A modification of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in cancer. Importantly, aberrant expression of ncRNAs and m6A regulators has been elucidated in various cancers. As the key role of ncRNAs in regulation of cancer hallmarks is well accepted now, it could be accepted that m6A modification of ncRNAs could affect cancer progression. The present review intended to discuss the latest knowledge and importance of m6A epigenetic regulation of ncRNAs including mircoRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, and their interaction in the context of cancer. Moreover, the current insight into the underlying mechanisms of therapy resistance and also immune response and escape mediated by m6A regulators and ncRNAs are discussed.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) PVT1 in drug resistance of cancers: Focus on pathological mechanisms

According to estimates, cancer will be the leading cause of death globally in 2022, accounting for 9.6 million deaths. At present, the three main therapeutic modalities utilized to treat cancer are radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. However, during treatment, tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy may arise. Drug resistance remains a major oppose since it often leads to therapeutic failure. Furthermore, the term "acquired drug resistance" describes the situation where tumor cells already display drug resistance before undergoing chemotherapy. However, little is still known about the basic mechanisms underlying chemotherapy-induced drug resistance. The development of new technologies and bioinformatics has led to the discovery of additional genes associated with drug resistance. Long noncoding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, according to a growing body of research. Apart from biological functions associated with cell division, development, pluripotency, and cell cycle, lncRNA PVT1 contributes significantly to the regulation of various aspects of genome function, such as transcription, splicing, and epigenetics. The article will address the mechanism by which lncRNA PVT1 influences drug resistance in cancer cells.

Tumor-derived lncRNAs: Behind-the-scenes mediators that modulate the immune system and play a role in cancer pathogenesis

Having been involved in complex cellular regulatory networks and cell-to-cell communications, non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have become functional carriers that transmit information between cells and tissues, modulate tumor microenvironments, encourage angiogenesis and invasion, and make tumor cells more resistant to drugs. Immune cells' exosomal lncRNAs may be introduced into tumor cells to influence the tumor's course and the treatment's effectiveness. Research has focused on determining if non-coding RNAs affect many target genes to mediate regulating recipient cells. The tumor microenvironment's immune and cancer cells are influenced by lncRNAs, which may impact a treatment's efficacy. The lncRNA-mediated interaction between cancer cells and immune cells invading the tumor microenvironment has been the subject of numerous recent studies. On the other hand, tumor-derived lncRNAs' control over the immune system has not gotten much attention and is still a relatively new area of study. Tumor-derived lncRNAs are recognized to contribute to tumor immunity, while the exact mechanism is unclear.

Decoding the regulatory landscape of lncRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for gastric and colorectal cancers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) are major contributors to cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advancements in understanding molecular mechanisms and improved drug treatments, the overall survival rate for patients remains unsatisfactory. Metastasis and drug resistance are major challenges contributing to the high mortality rate in both CRC and GC. Recent research has shed light on the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development and progression of these cancers. LncRNAs regulate gene expression through various mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications and interactions with microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins. They can serve as miRNA precursors or pseudogenes, modulating gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Additionally, circulating lncRNAs have emerged as non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of drug therapy response in CRC and GC. This review explores the intricate relationship between lncRNAs and CRC/GC, encompassing their roles in cancer development, progression, and chemoresistance. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets in these malignancies. The interplay between lncRNAs, miRNAs, and tumor microenvironment is also highlighted, emphasizing their impact on the complexity of cancer biology. Understanding the regulatory landscape and molecular mechanisms governed by lncRNAs in CRC and GC is crucial for the development of effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel therapeutic strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and paves the way for further exploration of lncRNAs as key players in the management of CRC and GC.

Research progress and perspectives of noncoding RNAs in adrenocortical carcinoma: A review

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly aggressive endocrine malignancy. Although surgery can cure localized disease, but the majority of patients experience recurrence of ACC. The 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic ACC is <15%, and the prognosis is poor. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for ACC. Recently, it has been proved that non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) is widely involved in pathological and physiological processes, including tumorigenesis and development. Aberrantly expressed ncRNAs have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of ACC. Here, we summarized the expression patterns and the molecular mechanism of the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in ACC development. To explore the clinical value of ncRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers of ACC, we also displayed the relationship between the expression level of ncRNAs and the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with ACC.

Role of lncRNAs in Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus associated gastric cancers

Helicobacter pylori infection is a risk factor for the development of gastric cancer (GC), and the role of co-infection with viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, in carcinogenesis cannot be ignored. Furthermore, it is now known that genetic factors such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in many diseases, including GC. On the other side, they can also be used as therapeutic goals. Modified lncRNAs can cause aberrant expression of genes encoding proximal proteins, which are essential for the development of carcinoma. In this review, we present the most recent studies on lncRNAs in GC, concentrating on their roles in H. pylori and EBV infections, and discuss some of the molecular mechanisms of these GC-related pathogens. There was also a discussion of the research gaps and future perspectives.