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Chang WH, Chen CC, Wu HK, Hsu PC, Lo LC, Chu HT, Chang HH. Tongue feature dataset construction and real-time detection. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296070. [PMID: 38452007 PMCID: PMC10919637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) provides clinically important, objective evidence from direct observation of specific features that assist with diagnosis. However, the current interpretation of tongue features requires a significant amount of manpower and time. TCM physicians may have different interpretations of features displayed by the same tongue. An automated interpretation system that interprets tongue features would expedite the interpretation process and yield more consistent results. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study applied deep learning visualization to tongue diagnosis. After collecting tongue images and corresponding interpretation reports by TCM physicians in a single teaching hospital, various tongue features such as fissures, tooth marks, and different types of coatings were annotated manually with rectangles. These annotated data and images were used to train a deep learning object detection model. Upon completion of training, the position of each tongue feature was dynamically marked. RESULTS A large high-quality manually annotated tongue feature dataset was constructed and analyzed. A detection model was trained with average precision (AP) 47.67%, 58.94%, 71.25% and 59.78% for fissures, tooth marks, thick and yellow coatings, respectively. At over 40 frames per second on a NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060, the model was capable of detecting tongue features from any viewpoint in real time. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study constructed a tongue feature dataset and trained a deep learning object detection model to locate tongue features in real time. The model provided interpretability and intuitiveness that are often lacking in general neural network models and implies good feasibility for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsien Chang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Han-Kuei Wu
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Chi Hsu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lun-Chien Lo
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsueh-Ting Chu
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Computer Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hen-Hong Chang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, and Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Bu J, Ding R, Zhou L, Chen X, Shen E. Epidemiology of Psoriasis and Comorbid Diseases: A Narrative Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880201. [PMID: 35757712 PMCID: PMC9226890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that remains active for a long period, even for life in most patients. The impact of psoriasis on health is not only limited to the skin, but also influences multiple systems of the body, even mental health. With the increasing of literature on the association between psoriasis and extracutaneous systems, a better understanding of psoriasis as an autoimmune disease with systemic inflammation is created. Except for cardiometabolic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, chronic kidney diseases, malignancy, and infections that have received much attention, the association between psoriasis and more systemic diseases, including the skin system, reproductive system, and oral and ocular systems has also been revealed, and mental health diseases draw more attention not just because of the negative mental and mood influence caused by skin lesions, but a common immune-inflammatory mechanism identified of the two systemic diseases. This review summarizes the epidemiological evidence supporting the association between psoriasis and important and/or newly reported systemic diseases in the past 5 years, and may help to comprehensively recognize the comorbidity burden related to psoriasis, further to improve the management of people with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Bu
- Hospital for Skin Disease (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruilian Ding
- Hospital for Skin Disease (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangjia Zhou
- Hospital for Skin Disease (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangming Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erxia Shen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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