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Bliss VH, Branjerdporn N, Ooi PJ, Teo LM, Tu J, Yeh J, Collins MJ, Vincent SJ. Corneal oedema during reverse piggyback scleral lens wear. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:1065-1069. [PMID: 37170418 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE One clinical approach to address poor front surface wettability during scleral lens wear is the use of a "reverse piggyback" system (a soft contact lens applied to the anterior surface of a scleral lens). The aim of this study was to compare the magnitude of corneal oedema induced following short-term reverse piggyback scleral lens wear and standard scleral lens wear. METHODS Ten young (mean age 22 ± 6 years) healthy participants with normal corneas were recruited. On separate days, central corneal thickness and fluid reservoir thickness were measured using optical coherence tomography before and after 90 min of standard scleral lens wear (Kerectasia Alignment Tangent Torus diagnostic lenses, hexafocon A, Dk 100 × 10-11 (cm2 /s)(ml O2 /ml × mmHg), Capricornia Contact Lenses, capcl.com.au) and reverse piggyback scleral lens wear (the same scleral lens with a Dailies Total 1®, delefilcon A, Dk 140 × 10-11 (cm2 /s)(ml O2 /ml × mmHg), Alcon, alcon.com, applied to the anterior scleral lens surface). RESULTS After correcting for small variations in the initial central fluid reservoir thickness, central corneal oedema was similar between the reverse piggyback (2.32 ± 1.15%) and standard scleral lens conditions (2.02 ± 0.76%; p = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS Following 90 min of lens wear, the highly oxygen-permeable reverse piggyback system did not induce a clinically or statistically greater magnitude of central corneal oedema compared with standard scleral lens wear in young adults with healthy corneas. This approach may be suitable to address poor front surface scleral lens wettability or to correct residual refractive error during diagnostic scleral lens fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyasa H Bliss
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Branjerdporn
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peng Jia Ooi
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Li Mei Teo
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jervis Tu
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin Yeh
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Collins
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Vincent
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Zhu Y, Nasiri R, Davoodi E, Zhang S, Saha S, Linn M, Jiang L, Haghniaz R, Hartel MC, Jucaud V, Dokmeci MR, Herland A, Toyserkani E, Khademhosseini A. A Microfluidic Contact Lens to Address Contact Lens-Induced Dry Eye. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207017. [PMID: 36564357 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The contact lens (CL) industry has made great strides in improving CL-wearing experiences. However, a large amount of CL wearers continue to experience ocular dryness, known as contact lens-induced dry eye (CLIDE), stemming from the reduction in tear volume, tear film instability, increased tear osmolarity followed by inflammation and resulting in ocular discomfort and visual disturbances. In this article, to address tear film thinning between the CL and the ocular surface, the concept of using a CL with microchannels to deliver the tears from the pre-lens tear film (PrLTF) to the post-lens ocular surface using in vitro eye-blink motion is investigated. This study reports an eye-blink mimicking system with microfluidic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(HEMA)) hydrogel with integrated microchannels to demonstrate eye-blink assisted flow through microchannels. This in vitro experimental study provides a proof-of-concept result that tear transport from PrLTF to post-lens tear film can be enhanced by an artificial eyelid motion in a pressure range of 0.1-5 kPa (similar to human eyelid pressure) through poly(HEMA) microchannels. Simulation is conducted to support the hypothesis. This work demonstrates the feasibility of developing microfluidic CLs with the potential to help prevent or minimize CLIDE and discomfort by the enhanced transport of pre-lens tears to the post-lens ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 17165, Sweden
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sourav Saha
- CooperVision Inc., Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA
| | | | - Lu Jiang
- CooperVision Inc., Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 17165, Sweden
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Multi-scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
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Formulation development and evaluation of therapeutic contact lens loaded with ganciclovir. Int Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10792-022-02618-6. [PMID: 36593425 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present investigation ganciclovir (GAN) loaded microparticles dispersed in hydrogel-based contact lenses were fabricated, characterized and evaluated for eye irritation. METHODS GAN-Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) microparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method and evaluated for entrapment efficiency, drug content and drug release. The Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA) contact lenses were synthesized by free radical polymerization reaction using crosslinkers like ethylene glycoldimethacrylate and photoinitiator such as IRGACURE 1173®, in UVB light, λ 365 nm. The GAN-HPMC microparticles when incorporated into the premonomer mixture and polymerized together give rise to a particle dispersion system in the hydrogel contact lenses. The contact lenses were studied for surface morphology, transmittance, swelling, drug release, Na+ion permeability and hens egg test chorioallantoic membrane assay (HETCAM). RESULTS Hydrogel contact lens exhibited satisfactory surface morphology, transmittance, swelling, Na+ion permeability (3.72 × 106 mm2/min) and a release of 48 h suggesting a potential for prolonged ocular drug delivery. Furthermore, HETCAM exhibited no signs of ocular irritation. CONCLUSION The developed delivery platform is a promising alternative to conventional dosage forms like eye drops, suspensions and ointments due to its increase in the residence time attributed to its prolonged release profile.
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Scheuer CA, Barniak VL, Phatak NR, Rah MJ, Reindel W. Effect of Contact Lens Solutions in Stabilizing the Activity of Tear Lysozyme. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2023; 15:119-127. [PMID: 37205004 PMCID: PMC10187650 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s404261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Interactions between tear proteins and the interfaces of contact lenses can be complex and can influence contact lens wear success. Tear proteins, including lysozyme, function to maintain the balance of ocular surface homeostasis, as evidenced by the effects of its conformation relative to stabilizing the tear film and its potential impact on corneal epithelial cells. Contact lens manufacturers include components in lens care and blister package solutions to help stabilize the tear film and preserve homeostasis. This in vitro study was performed to evaluate the ability of daily disposable contact lens package solutions to stabilize lysozyme and preserve its native conformation under denaturing conditions. Methods Lysozyme was added to contact lens solutions sampled from kalifilcon A, etafilcon A, senofilcon A, narafilcon A, nelfilcon A, verofilcon A, delefilcon A, somofilcon A, and stenfilcon A blister packages, then mixed with the protein denaturant sodium lauryl sulfate. Lysozyme activity was evaluated by adding test solutions to a suspension of Micrococcus luteus. Native lysozyme lyses the Micrococcus luteus cell wall, which decreases suspension turbidity. Stabilization of lysozyme activity was determined by comparing suspension turbidity before and after exposure to test solutions. Results Lysozyme stabilization was 90.7% for kalifilcon A solution, a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS, negative control). No significant improvement was observed with any other contact lens solution (all lysozyme stabilization < 5.00%). Conclusion The representative tear protein lysozyme was significantly more stable in the novel kalifilcon A contact lens solution containing multiple moisturizers and osmoprotectants than in PBS or other daily disposable contact lens solutions. The lysozyme activity assay provides mechanistic evidence that the kalifilcon A contact lens solution can stabilize proteins under conditions that typically denature proteins, which may contribute to maintaining ocular surface homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nitasha R Phatak
- Vision Care, Bausch & Lomb Inc., Rochester, NY, USA
- Correspondence: Nitasha R Phatak, Vision Care, Bausch & Lomb Incorporated, Rochester, NY, USA, Tel +1 585 413-6397, Email
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McMonnies CW. Why are soft contact lens wear discontinuation rates still too high? EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2022.2160321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles W McMonnies
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Northbridge, Australia
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Qi X, Zhang H, Li Y, Zhang X, Ma H, Zhang L. Nonfouling and Antibacterial Zwitterionic Contact Lenses Loaded with Heme-Mimetic Gallium Porphyrin for Treating Keratitis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14335-14344. [PMID: 36342672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling and antibacterial are two critical challenges in the development of contact lenses (CLs). Herein, we presented nonfouling and antibacterial bifunctionalized CLs by encapsulating cationic heme-mimetic gallium porphyrin (Ga-CHP) into zwitterionic-elastomeric-networked (ZEN) hydrogel. Results proved that the ZEN hydrogel showed excellent abilities to resist non-specific protein adsorption, bacterial adhesion, and biofilm formation. Moreover, Ga-CHP could be sustainably released and kill >99.9% planktonic bacteria and >99.9% mature biofilms. In vivo, the symptoms of bacterial keratitis in mice were significantly alleviated after wearing the CLs for 7 days via iron-blocking and photodynamic synergistic antibacterial therapy with the help of natural sunlight. This study highlights the nonfouling and antibacterial superiority of the Ga-CHP-functional zwitterionic CLs and proposes a portable yet efficient non-antibiotic keratitis treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Qi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
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Capote-Puente R, Bautista-Llamas MJ, Manzoni C, Sánchez-González JM. Pre-Lens Tear Meniscus Height, Lipid Layer Pattern and Non-Invasive Break-Up Time Short-Term Changes with a Water Gradient Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lens. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111710. [PMID: 36362865 PMCID: PMC9697334 DOI: 10.3390/life12111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate pre-lens tear film volume, stability and lipid interferometry patterns with a silicone hydrogel water content contact lens, a novel, noninvasive, ocular-surface-analyzer technology was used. A prospective, longitudinal, single-center, self-control study was performed in daily or monthly replacement silicone hydrogel contact lens wearers. A tear film analysis was achieved with the Integrated Clinical Platform (ICP) Ocular Surface Analyzer (OSA) from SBM System. The subjects were reassessed, with the contact lens, after 30 min of wearing to quantify the volume, stability and lipid pattern of the short-term pre-lens tear film. Lipid layer thickness decreased from 2.05 ± 1.53 to 1.90 ± 1.73 Guillon patterns (p = 0.23). First pre-lens NIBUT decreased from 5.03 ± 1.04 to 4.63 ± 0.89 s (p = 0.01). Mean pre-lens NIBUT significantly increased from 15.19 ± 9.54 to 21.27 ± 11.97 s (p < 0.01). Lid opening time significantly increased from 26.36 ± 19.72 to 38.58 ± 21.78 s (p < 0.01). The silicone hydrogel contact lens with water gradient technology significantly increased the mean pre-lens NIBUT and lid opening time. Lehfilcon A suggested an improvement in contact lens wearers with tear film instability or decreased subjective symptoms of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Capote-Puente
- Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optica Area, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - María-José Bautista-Llamas
- Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optica Area, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Caterina Manzoni
- Department of Materials Science, Optics and Optometry Area, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - José-María Sánchez-González
- Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optica Area, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Yang S, Zhang J, Tan Y, Wang Y. Unraveling the mechanobiology of cornea: From bench side to the clinic. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:953590. [PMID: 36263359 PMCID: PMC9573972 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.953590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is a transparent, dome-shaped structure on the front part of the eye that serves as a major optic element and a protector from the external environment. Recent evidence shows aberrant alterations of the corneal mechano-environment in development and progression of various corneal diseases. It is, thus, critical to understand how corneal cells sense and respond to mechanical signals in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize the corneal mechano-environment and discuss the impact of these mechanical cues on cellular functions from the bench side (in a laboratory research setting). From a clinical perspective, we comprehensively review the mechanical changes of corneal tissue in several cornea-related diseases, including keratoconus, myopia, and keratectasia, following refractive surgery. The findings from the bench side and clinic underscore the involvement of mechanical cues in corneal disorders, which may open a new avenue for development of novel therapeutic strategies by targeting corneal mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Youhua Tan
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Youhua Tan, ; Yan Wang,
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Youhua Tan, ; Yan Wang,
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Finite Element Analysis of Cornea and Lid Wiper during Blink, with and without Contact Lens. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:7930334. [PMID: 35620413 PMCID: PMC9129998 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7930334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular surface disorders such as Lid Wiper Epitheliopathy (LWE), Superior Epithelial Arcuate Lesion (SEAL), and contact lens-induced Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD) as well as Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) affect one’s quality of life. Hence, it is imperative to investigate the underlying causes of these ocular surface disorders. During blink, the undersurface of the eyelid tends to interact with the cornea and the conjunctiva. The presence of a contact lens can add to the biomechanical frictional changes on these surfaces. To estimate these changes with and without a contact lens, a finite element model (FEM) of the eyelid wiper, eyeball, and contact lens was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics. Biomechanical properties such as von Mises stress (VMS) and displacement were calculated. Our study concluded that (a) maximum VMS was observed in the lid wiper in the absence of contact lens in the eye and (b) maximum VMS was observed in the superior 1.3 mm of the cornea in the presence of the contact lens in the eye. Thus, the development of friction-induced ocular surface disorders such as LWE, SLK, SEAL, and LSCD could be attributed to increased VMS. FEA is a useful simulation tool that helps us to understand the effect of blink on a normal eye with and without CL.
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OSDI Questions on Daily Life Activities Allow to Detect Subclinical Dry Eye in Young Contact Lens Users. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092626. [PMID: 35566752 PMCID: PMC9101005 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is difficult to detect in young contact lens (CL) wearers, who usually have no signs, mild symptoms and an ocular surface disease index (OSDI) below the DED diagnosis values (OSDI ≥ 13). We investigate if some of the 12 OSDI questions (OSDI A—ocular symptoms; OSDI B—vision-related functionality; OSDI C—environmental triggers) contribute the most to classify young CL as symptomatic. TBUT and tear volume are also measured. Age, gender and refraction error-matched eye glasses (EG) wearers participated as the control. CL and EG data were compared with t-test and z-test. Confusion matrices and logistic correlation analyses were performed to define the contribution of each OSDI question to classify symptomatic subjects. OSDI classified symptomatic CL better than the tear volume or TBUT values. In CL, only OSDI B and C values were significantly higher in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic subjects (p < 0.001), while values of all twelve OSDI questions were significantly higher in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic EG (p < 0.05−0.001). All OSDI questions contribute equally to identify symptomatic EG, while only OSDI B questions on daily life visual functions are significant to classify symptomatic CL wearers at risk to develop DED or at a subclinical stage. CL wearers scoring ≥ 2 on the OSDI B questions should be considered for preventive treatments, even if their clinical sings are scarce or absent.
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Effects of Medium-Term Soft Contact Lens Fitting on Dry Eye: Analyses Using Ultra-High Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography and Digital Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7220706. [PMID: 35340415 PMCID: PMC8956436 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7220706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the medium-term fit of soft contact lenses (SCLs) and its effects on dry eye by using ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) and digital slit-lamp biomicroscopy (DSLB) and identify factors indicating a better contact lens fit. Methods A total of 14 participants (7 men, 7 women; mean age, 23.1 years) were recruited. Temporal lag and conjunctival coverage were imaged by UHR-OCT. DSLB was used to assess lens decentration and blink-induced movement. In addition, dry eye indices, including ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), and Schirmer I test scores, were measured at baseline and 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after wearing. Results Good repeatability was found in the assessments of lens fit characteristics by two researchers and in the assessments by one researcher at different follow-up times. There were no significant differences in lens fit characteristics, TBUT and Schirmer I test scores at each checkpoint (P >0.05). However, the OSDI was significantly higher than baseline after wearing (P <0.05). Changes in the temporal lag were positively correlated with changes in TBUT (r =0.544, P =0.044) and negatively correlated with changes in OSDI (r = -0.629, P =0.016). Changes in blink-induced movement were positively correlated with changes in OSDI, Schirmer I test scores, and TBUT (P <0.05). Conclusions UHR-OCT and DSLB can be used to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate SCL fit. Both the contact lenses and ocular surface conditions are almost stable within 6 months of SCL wear. Temporal lag and blink-induced movement have a strong correlation with dry eye parameters in SCL wearers.
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Pereira-da-Mota AF, Phan CM, Concheiro A, Jones L, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Testing drug release from medicated contact lenses: The missing link to predict in vivo performance. J Control Release 2022; 343:672-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Marta A, Marques JH, Almeida D, José D, Barbosa I. Keratoconus and Visual Performance with Different Contact Lenses. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:4697-4705. [PMID: 34949911 PMCID: PMC8689658 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s345154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the visual performance in contact lens wearers with keratoconus. Methods A retrospective study including contact lens (CL) wearers was performed. The current best-corrected visual acuity with contact lens (BCVA-CL) and with spectacles (BCVA-S) correction, contrast sensitivity (CS) (by Metrovision-MonPack3®), analysis of light scattering in the retina and vision break-up time (HD Analyzer®), and corneal tomography (Oculus Pentacam® HR) were evaluated. Results This study included 96 eyes of 59 patients with Keratoconus. Rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGPCL), hybrid contact lenses (HCL), and silicone hydrogel/hydrogel contact lenses (HGCL) were fitted in 67, 17, and 12 eyes, respectively. Dynamic objective scatter index (OSI) (p = 0.024), minimum OSI (p = 0.037) and maximum OSI (p = 0.040) were significantly better with RGPCL and worse with HGCL. Mean CS in photopic conditions was significantly worse with HGCL and better with HCL (p = 0.006), without differences in mesopic conditions (p = 0.121). RGPCL wearers showed a higher mean K (p = 0.020), and a lower corneal thickness at the thinnest point (p=0.011). Conclusion Visual quality varied significantly with different types of CL. Although RGPCL was fitted in patients with worse Pentacam tomographic parameters, RGPCL was associated with a better dynamic visual quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), Oporto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Oporto, Portugal
| | - João Heitor Marques
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), Oporto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Almeida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), Oporto, Portugal
| | - Diana José
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), Oporto, Portugal
| | - Irene Barbosa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), Oporto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Oporto, Portugal
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Efron N, Morgan PB, Nichols JJ, Walsh K, Willcox MD, Wolffsohn JS, Jones LW. All soft contact lenses are not created equal. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 45:101515. [PMID: 34583895 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Soft contact lenses that have been prescribed by eye care practitioners are sometimes substituted for alternative lenses by unqualified, unregulated and sometimes even fully regulated lens suppliers, in the mistaken belief that there is essentially no difference between different soft lens types. This review considers the implications of inappropriately substituting soft contact lens types in terms of (a) lens properties: surface treatment, internal wetting agents, material, total diameter, back optic zone radius, thickness, edge profile, back surface design, optical design, power, colour (tint) and ultraviolet protection; and (b) lens usage: wearing modality (daily versus overnight wear) and replacement frequency. Potential aspects of patient dissatisfaction and adverse events when prescribed soft lenses are substituted for lenses with different properties or intended usage are considered. Substitution of 15 of the 16 lens properties considered (i.e. except for back surface design) was found to be related to at least one - and as many as six - potential sources of patient dissatisfaction and adverse ocular events. Contact lens are medical devices which are prescribed and fitted; they should never be substituted for another lens type in the absence of a new prescription further to a full finalised fitting, for the simple reason that all soft contact lenses are not created equal. A substituted lens may have properties that results in undesirable consequences in respect of vision, ocular health, comfort and cosmetic appearance, and may be incompatible with the lifestyle of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Efron
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Phillip B Morgan
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jason J Nichols
- School of Optometry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karen Walsh
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Lyndon W Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong
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15
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Nguyen DCT, Dowling J, Ryan R, McLoughlin P, Fitzhenry L. Pharmaceutical-loaded contact lenses as an ocular drug delivery system: A review of critical lens characterization methodologies with reference to ISO standards. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:101487. [PMID: 34353748 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic contact lenses for ocular drug delivery have received considerable interest as they can potentially enhance ocular bioavailability, increase patient compliance, and reduce side effects. Along with the successful in vitro and in vivo studies on sustained drug delivery through contact lenses, lens critical properties such as water content, optical transparency and modulus have also been investigated. Aside from issues such as drug stability or burst release, the potential for the commercialization of pharmaceutical-loaded lenses can be limited by the alteration of lens physical and chemical properties upon the incorporation of therapeutic or non-therapeutic components. This review outlines advances in the use of pharmaceutical-loaded contact lenses and their relevant characterization methodologies as a potential ocular drug delivery system from 2010 to 2020, while summarizing current gaps and challenges in this field. A key reference point for this review is the relevant ISO standards on contact lenses, relating to the associated characterization methodologies. The content of this review is categorized based on the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the loaded lens with the shortcomings of such analytical technologies examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chau Thuy Nguyen
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group (OTRG), Pharmaceutical & Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford City, County Waterford X91 K0EK, Ireland.
| | - Joseph Dowling
- Research and Development Department, Bausch + Lomb Ireland Ltd., Waterford City, County Waterford X91 V383, Ireland
| | - Richie Ryan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group (OTRG), Pharmaceutical & Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford City, County Waterford X91 K0EK, Ireland
| | - Peter McLoughlin
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group (OTRG), Pharmaceutical & Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford City, County Waterford X91 K0EK, Ireland
| | - Laurence Fitzhenry
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group (OTRG), Pharmaceutical & Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford City, County Waterford X91 K0EK, Ireland
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16
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Monsálvez‐romín D, Domínguez‐vicent A, García‐lázaro S, Esteve‐taboada JJ, Cerviño A. Power profiles in multifocal contact lenses with variable multifocal zone. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 101:57-63. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Monsálvez‐romín
- Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain,
| | - Alberto Domínguez‐vicent
- Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain,
| | - Santiago García‐lázaro
- Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain,
| | - José J Esteve‐taboada
- Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain,
| | - Alejandro Cerviño
- Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain,
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17
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McMonnies CW. Could contact lens dryness discomfort symptoms sometimes have a neuropathic basis? EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 8:12. [PMID: 33820563 PMCID: PMC8022668 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-021-00236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of dryness discomfort in soft contact lens wearers frequently lead to discontinuation from wear. The negative influence of pre-fitting tear dysfunctions appears likely to be exacerbated by the challenges to tear homeostasis caused by contact lenses. The corneal mechanisms for symptoms in contact lens wearers are different to those for dry eye disease because the cornea is insulated by the lens from ambient conditions as well as from lid wiper friction during blinking. Symptoms of dryness discomfort might be the consequence of increased lid wiper friction during blinking when the lens front surface becomes soiled and dry and exhibits very rapid tear break up. It is possible that some cases of contact lens intolerance and discontinuation could be a function of lid wiper neuropathy. In relation to the possibility of corneal neuropathy, a stagnant post-lens tear pool with the possibility of increased concentrations of metabolic by-products, cellular debris, and bacterial exotoxins, might have the potential to disturb the corneal epithelial and sub-basal nerves. Contributions by contact lens-induced inflammation to any neuropathic changes may partly depend on the degree to which inflammatory mediators are concentrated in a stagnant post-lens tear pool. It does not appear to be known if corneal neuropathic changes could develop under these conditions. The chances of neuropathic involvement may be greater if discomfort develops after a significant period of successful wear and there is a history of comorbid pain conditions. Esthesiometry and in vivo confocal microscopy in discontinued contact lens wearers may support a diagnosis of contact lens-related corneal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W McMonnies
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, 77Cliff Avenue, Northbridge Sydney, 2063, Australia.
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18
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Jones L, Hui A, Phan CM, Read ML, Azar D, Buch J, Ciolino JB, Naroo SA, Pall B, Romond K, Sankaridurg P, Schnider CM, Terry L, Willcox M. CLEAR - Contact lens technologies of the future. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:398-430. [PMID: 33775384 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Contact lenses in the future will likely have functions other than correction of refractive error. Lenses designed to control the development of myopia are already commercially available. Contact lenses as drug delivery devices and powered through advancements in nanotechnology will open up further opportunities for unique uses of contact lenses. This review examines the use, or potential use, of contact lenses aside from their role to correct refractive error. Contact lenses can be used to detect systemic and ocular surface diseases, treat and manage various ocular conditions and as devices that can correct presbyopia, control the development of myopia or be used for augmented vision. There is also discussion of new developments in contact lens packaging and storage cases. The use of contact lenses as devices to detect systemic disease has mostly focussed on detecting changes to glucose levels in tears for monitoring diabetic control. Glucose can be detected using changes in colour, fluorescence or generation of electric signals by embedded sensors such as boronic acid, concanavalin A or glucose oxidase. Contact lenses that have gained regulatory approval can measure changes in intraocular pressure to monitor glaucoma by measuring small changes in corneal shape. Challenges include integrating sensors into contact lenses and detecting the signals generated. Various techniques are used to optimise uptake and release of the drugs to the ocular surface to treat diseases such as dry eye, glaucoma, infection and allergy. Contact lenses that either mechanically or electronically change their shape are being investigated for the management of presbyopia. Contact lenses that slow the development of myopia are based upon incorporating concentric rings of plus power, peripheral optical zone(s) with add power or non-monotonic variations in power. Various forms of these lenses have shown a reduction in myopia in clinical trials and are available in various markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong.
| | - Alex Hui
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chau-Minh Phan
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Michael L Read
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dimitri Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Verily Life Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Buch
- Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph B Ciolino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shehzad A Naroo
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Brian Pall
- Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kathleen Romond
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Louise Terry
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Alves M, Castanheira EMS, Lira M. Interactions between contact lenses and lens care solutions: Influence in optical properties. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:101414. [PMID: 33579643 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigate changes in optical properties of contact lenses materials (transmittance and reflectance) and lens care solutions (absorption and fluorescence) resulting from its interaction. METHODS From an experimental study, triplicate measurements of transmittance and reflectance of five contact lenses (Senofilcon A, Lotrafilcon B, Balafilcon A, Comfilcon A, and Omafilcon A), as well as UV-vis absorption and fluorescence of four lens care solutions (LCS) (ReNu MultiPlus, Biotrue, OPTI-FREE PureMoist, and AOSept Plus), were evaluated before and after 8 h, one day and one week in storage. The outcomes were provided by Shimadzu UV3101-PC UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere, between 200-700 nm, and SPEX-Fluorolog 2 FL3-22 spectrofluorometer. RESULTS All variables exhibited statistically significant differences over time. Comfilcon A showed the lowest ultraviolet radiation (UVR) A & B attenuation. Balafilcon A and Lotrafilcon B displayed a slight suppression of UVR. Senofilcon A was effective in UVR protection and showed less effect on the fluorescence of lens care solutions. Overall, the reflectance decreased after storage (p < 0.05). AOSept Plus absorbance and fluorescence demonstrated lower interactions than multipurpose solutions (MPS), and Lotrafilcon B induced more remarkable changes in optical properties of LCS than the other materials. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that optical variables of lens care solutions and contact lenses changed mutually after storage, probably associated with biochemical and biophysical interactions between components and the release of some polymer compounds. These findings can provide additional information about the interaction of CL materials and LCS in clinical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael Alves
- Centre of Physics, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Elisabete M S Castanheira
- Centre of Physics, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Madalena Lira
- Centre of Physics, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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20
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Phan CM, Qiao H, Yee A, Jones L. Deposition of Fluorescently Tagged Lysozyme on Contact Lenses in a Physiological Blink Model. Eye Contact Lens 2021; 47:127-133. [PMID: 31789754 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To visualize the deposition of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) lysozyme on daily disposable contact lenses (CLs) using a novel blink model. METHODS Three daily disposable conventional hydrogel CLs (etafilcon A, omafilcon A, and nelfilcon A) and three silicone hydrogel CLs (delefilcon A, senofilcon A, and somofilcon A) were evaluated in the study. The CLs were mounted onto a novel blink model and exposed to an artificial tear solution containing FITC lysozyme for 2 and 10 hr. The flow rate and blink speed were set to 1 μL/min and 6 blinks/min, respectively. After the incubation period, a 5-mm-diameter disc was punched out from the center of the lens and mounted on a microscope slide. The slides were imaged using the Zeiss 510 Meta confocal laser scanning microscope, which scanned the lens from the front to the back surface at 5-μm increments. RESULTS There was an increase in deposition of FITC lysozyme for all lens types with increasing incubation time (P<0.05), with the exception of somofilcon A, which did not show statistical significance between 2 and 10 hr (P>0.05). The conventional hydrogel CLs deposited higher amounts of FITC lysozyme than the silicone hydrogel CLs (P<0.001), with etafilcon A depositing the highest at all time points (P<0.05). Interestingly, at the 2-hr incubation time, most CLs showed a higher amount of deposition at the front surface than the back surface of the lens. In particular, etafilcon A showed preferred deposition at the front surface at all time points. CONCLUSION The results suggest that there is differential deposition at the front surface of the CL, which is exposed to the prelens tear film, compared with the back surface of the CL, which is exposed to the postlens tear film. Therefore, it may be beneficial to design CL materials with differing surface properties for the front and back surfaces of the CL to enhance interactions with the tear film and ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau-Minh Phan
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Pena-Verdeal H, Garcia-Queiruga J, García-Resúa C, Yebra-Pimentel E, Giráldez MJ. Osmolality and pH of commercially available contact lens care solutions and eye drops. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 44:101379. [PMID: 33187860 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The physical properties of contact lens care solutions and Eye Drops (ED) may affect initial comfort and dry eye symptomatology in contact lens wearers, although these properties are not always provided by manufacturers. The present study aimed to measure and compare the osmolality and pH of commercially available contact lens care solutions and ED. METHODS Forty-four solutions were tested (17 lens care solutions and 27 ED) and classified by the presence and/or combination of the viscosity/lubrication-enhancing ingredients. Solution osmolality was obtained with the Fiske 110 osmometer and pH was measured with a micro-pH 2000. Each measurement was taken ten times, following the manufacturer's instructions, while controlling for room temperature and humidity. Differences between the values of the physical properties of the solutions were analysed by type and viscosity/lubrication-enhancing agent subclassification. RESULTS Osmolality ranged from 192.6 ± 2.17 to 364.6 ± 2.88 mOsm/Kg, while pH ranged from 6.35 [6.35-6.26] to 7.99 [7.99-8.00]. A significant difference in the osmolality and pH values of contact lens care solutions and ED was found when classified by type or viscosity/lubrication-enhancing agent (ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis respectively, both p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The physical properties of some contact lens care solutions and ED are not readily available. The osmolality and pH values of various commercially available lens care solutions and ED vary significantly both by type and viscosity/lubrication-enhancing ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Pena-Verdeal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada (Area de Optometría), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (Galicia), Spain.
| | - Jacobo Garcia-Queiruga
- Departamento de Física Aplicada (Area de Optometría), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (Galicia), Spain
| | - Carlos García-Resúa
- Departamento de Física Aplicada (Area de Optometría), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (Galicia), Spain
| | - Eva Yebra-Pimentel
- Departamento de Física Aplicada (Area de Optometría), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (Galicia), Spain
| | - María J Giráldez
- Departamento de Física Aplicada (Area de Optometría), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (Galicia), Spain
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22
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Saez-Martinez V, Mann A, Lydon F, Molock F, Layton SA, Toolan DTW, Howse JR, Topham PD, Tighe BJ. The influence of structure and morphology on ion permeation in commercial silicone hydrogel contact lenses. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:137-148. [PMID: 32710466 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the microstzructure of silicone hydrogels is widely appreciated but is poorly understood and minimally investigated. To ensure comfort and eye health, these materials must simultaneously exhibit both high oxygen and high water permeability. In contrast with most conventional hydrogels, the water content and water structuring within silicone hydrogels cannot be solely used to predict permeability. The materials achieve these opposing requirements based on a composite of nanoscale domains of oxygen-permeable (silicone) and water-permeable hydrophilic components. This study correlated characteristic ion permeation coefficients of a selection of commercially available silicone hydrogel contact lenses with their morphological structure and chemical composition. Differential scanning calorimetry measured the water structuring properties through subdivision of the freezing water component into polymer-associated water (loosely bound to the polymer matrix) and ice-like water (unimpeded with a melting point close to that of pure water). Small-angle x-ray scattering, and environmental scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate the structural morphology of the materials over a range of length scales. Significant, and previously unrecognized, differences in morphology between individual materials at nanometer length scales were determined; this will aid the design and performance of the next generation of ocular biomaterials, capable of maintaining ocular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Saez-Martinez
- Biomaterials Research Unit, Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aisling Mann
- Biomaterials Research Unit, Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fiona Lydon
- Biomaterials Research Unit, Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Frank Molock
- Biomaterials Research Unit, Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Siân A Layton
- Biomaterials Research Unit, Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jonathan R Howse
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul D Topham
- Aston Institute of Materials Research (AIMR), Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Brian J Tighe
- Biomaterials Research Unit, Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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23
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Wang J, Liu L, Boost M, Yap M, Cho P. Risk factors associated with contamination of orthokeratology lens cases. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 43:178-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Ohkubo Y, Aoki T, Kaibara D, Seino S, Mori O, Sasaki R, Endo K, Yamamura K. Strong Biomimetic Immobilization of Pt-Particle Catalyst on ABS Substrate Using Polydopamine and Its Application for Contact-Lens Cleaning with H 2O 2. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E114. [PMID: 31936136 PMCID: PMC7022822 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA)-a known adhesive coating material-was used herein to strongly immobilize a Pt-particle catalyst on an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) substrate. Previous studies have shown that the poor adhesion between Pt particles and ABS surfaces is a considerable problem, leading to low catalytic durability for H2O2 decomposition during contact-lens cleaning. First, the ABS substrate was coated with PDA, and the PDA film was evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Second, Pt particles were immobilized on the PDA-coated ABS substrate (ABS-PDA) using the electron-beam irradiation reduction method. The Pt particles immobilized on ABS-PDA (Pt/ABS-PDA) were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The Pt-loading weight was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Third, the catalytic activity of the Pt/ABS-PDA was evaluated as the residual H2O2 concentration after immersing it in a 35,000-ppm H2O2 solution (the target value was less than 100 ppm). The catalytic durability was evaluated as the residual H2O2 concentration after repeated use. The PDA coating drastically improved both the catalytic activity and durability because of the high Pt-loading weight and strong adhesion among Pt particles, PDA, and the ABS substrate. Plasma treatment prior to PDA coating further improved the catalytic durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ohkubo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.A.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (K.E.); (K.Y.)
| | - Tomonori Aoki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.A.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (K.E.); (K.Y.)
| | - Daisuke Kaibara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.A.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (K.E.); (K.Y.)
| | - Satoshi Seino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.A.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (K.E.); (K.Y.)
| | - Osamu Mori
- Menicon Co., Ltd., Kasugai, Aichi 487-0032, Japan; (O.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Rie Sasaki
- Menicon Co., Ltd., Kasugai, Aichi 487-0032, Japan; (O.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Katsuyoshi Endo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.A.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (K.E.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kazuya Yamamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.A.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (K.E.); (K.Y.)
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25
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Fleiszig SMJ, Kroken AR, Nieto V, Grosser MR, Wan SJ, Metruccio MME, Evans DJ. Contact lens-related corneal infection: Intrinsic resistance and its compromise. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100804. [PMID: 31756497 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Contact lenses represent a widely utilized form of vision correction with more than 140 million wearers worldwide. Although generally well-tolerated, contact lenses can cause corneal infection (microbial keratitis), with an approximate annualized incidence ranging from ~2 to ~20 cases per 10,000 wearers, and sometimes resulting in permanent vision loss. Research suggests that the pathogenesis of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis is complex and multifactorial, likely requiring multiple conspiring factors that compromise the intrinsic resistance of a healthy cornea to infection. Here, we outline our perspective of the mechanisms by which contact lens wear sometimes renders the cornea susceptible to infection, focusing primarily on our own research efforts during the past three decades. This has included studies of host factors underlying the constitutive barrier function of the healthy cornea, its response to bacterial challenge when intrinsic resistance is not compromised, pathogen virulence mechanisms, and the effects of contact lens wear that alter the outcome of host-microbe interactions. For almost all of this work, we have utilized the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa because it is the leading cause of lens-related microbial keratitis. While not yet common among corneal isolates, clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa have emerged that are resistant to virtually all currently available antibiotics, leading the United States CDC (Centers for Disease Control) to add P. aeruginosa to its list of most serious threats. Compounding this concern, the development of advanced contact lenses for biosensing and augmented reality, together with the escalating incidence of myopia, could portent an epidemic of vision-threatening corneal infections in the future. Thankfully, technological advances in genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and imaging combined with emerging models of contact lens-associated P. aeruginosa infection hold promise for solving the problem - and possibly life-threatening infections impacting other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M J Fleiszig
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Group in Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Groups in Microbiology and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Abby R Kroken
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Nieto
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephanie J Wan
- Graduate Group in Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - David J Evans
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
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Moore J, Lopes BT, Eliasy A, Geraghty B, Wu R, White L, Elsheikh A, Abass A. Simulation of the Effect of Material Properties on Soft Contact Lens On-Eye Power. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6040094. [PMID: 31600967 PMCID: PMC6956153 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the variation in the optical power achieved following soft contact lens eye fitting for spherical and cylindrical lenses with differing hydrogel material properties. Methods: Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on four hydrogel materials 77% water-content (w-c) hydrogel, 74% w-c blue silicone hydrogel, 74% w-c clear silicone hydrogel, and 64% w-c clear hydrogel (shortly referred to as H77p0, SiH74p5-blue, SiH74p5-clear, and H64p0-clear), under loading conditions that would be expected in vivo. Finite element models of the cornea and contact lens interaction were generated using spherical and cylindrical lenses with powers varying from −10 to +20 D; overall diameters of either 13.5, 14.0, or 14.5 mm; and with material properties matching those determined through experimental testing. Results: The moduli of elasticity for each of the tested hydrogel materials were 0.195 ± 0.027 MPa, 0.277 ± 0.019 MPa, 0.279 ± 0.01 MPa, and 0.457 ± 0.013 MPa for H77p0, SiH74p5-blue, SiH74p5-clear, and H64p0 respectively. The calculated values of effective power change (EPC) showed strong negative correlations with lens power. This was particularly apparent in the higher end of the lens power spectrum (over +5 D), where each of the materials demonstrated a highly linear reduction in EPC with increased lens power. Conclusions: Soft contact lenses composed of a stiffer hydrogel are far more resilient to changes in EPC across the lower end of the lens power spectrum (−10 to +5 D). Beyond this range, the material choice does not have a significant effect on the EPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Moore
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK.
| | - Bernardo T Lopes
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil.
| | - Ashkan Eliasy
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK.
| | - Brendan Geraghty
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK.
| | - Richard Wu
- Department of Optometry, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan.
- College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR 97116, USA.
| | - Lynn White
- UltraVision CLPL, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire LU7 4RW, UK.
| | - Ahmed Elsheikh
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK.
- School of Biological Science and Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
| | - Ahmed Abass
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK.
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Ross AE, Bengani LC, Tulsan R, Maidana DE, Salvador-Culla B, Kobashi H, Kolovou PE, Zhai H, Taghizadeh K, Kuang L, Mehta M, Vavvas DG, Kohane DS, Ciolino JB. Topical sustained drug delivery to the retina with a drug-eluting contact lens. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Raman Analysis of Tear Fluid Alteration Following Contact Lense Use. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19153392. [PMID: 31382386 PMCID: PMC6695878 DOI: 10.3390/s19153392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tear fluid is a heterogeneous solution containing mainly proteins, lipids, mucins and electrolytes, which regulates the physiology of the human eye. The complex composition of tears can be altered in the presence of eye inflammations. The use of contact lenses is one of the most frequent causes of inflammatory responses of the eye, with the related discomfort often causing the wearer to give up using them. In this paper, we exploit the potentiality of Raman Spectroscopy to analyse the biochemical changes in tear fluid in a contact lens wearer. In particular, we analysed the tear fluid collected from a volunteer as a function of the wearing time for two types of monthly contact lenses (Hydrogel and Si-Hydrogel). Our experimental results show an alteration of the relative concentrations of proteins and lipids in both of the analysed cases. More importantly, our results highlight the diagnostic sensitivity of Raman analysis to select the proper contact lens type for each wearer and optimise the lens wearing conditions.
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Eftimov P, Yokoi N, Peev N, Georgiev GA. Impact of Air Exposure Time on the Water Contact Angles of Daily Disposable Silicone Hydrogels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061313. [PMID: 30875896 PMCID: PMC6471927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The wettability of silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lens (CLs) is crucial for the pre-lens tear film stability throughout the day. Therefore, sessile drop and captive bubble setups were used to study the advancing and receding water contact angles (CA) of four SiHy materials: narafilcon A (TE), senofilcon A (AOD), stenfilcon A (MD), and delefilcon A (DT). TE and AOD have 48% and 38% water content, respectively, and no surface coating. MD (54% water) implements "smart chemistry" with just 4.4% bulk silicone content, while DT has >80% water at its surface. These SiHy were subjected to continuous blink-like air exposure (10 s)/rehydration (1s) cycles for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 h. The advancing CA, which measures the rehydration propensity of the CL surface, proved to be the most sensitive parameter to discriminate between the samples. The order of performance for the entire time scale was DT > MD >> AOD ≥ TE. The extended desiccation/rehydration cycling increased the differences between the CA of DT and MD compared to AOD and TE. This suggests that the low Si surface content and the high surface hydration are major determinants of SiHy wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Eftimov
- Department of Cytology, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria.
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Nikola Peev
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Physics, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria.
| | - Georgi As Georgiev
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Physics, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria.
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Ohkubo Y, Aoki T, Seino S, Mori O, Ito I, Endo K, Yamamura K. Improved Catalytic Durability of Pt-Particle/ABS for H₂O₂ Decomposition in Contact Lens Cleaning. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E342. [PMID: 30832399 PMCID: PMC6473946 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, Pt nanoparticles were supported on a substrate of acrylonitrile⁻butadiene⁻styrene copolymer (ABS) to give the ABS surface catalytic activity for H₂O₂ decomposition during contact lens cleaning. Although the Pt-particle/ABS catalysts exhibited considerably high specific catalytic activity for H₂O₂ decomposition, the catalytic activity decreased with increasing numbers of repeated usage, which meant the durability of the catalytic activity was low. Therefore, to improve the catalytic durability in this study, we proposed two types of pretreatments, as well as a combination of these treatments before supporting Pt nanoparticles on the ABS substrate. In the first method, the ABS substrate was etched, and in the second method, the surface charge of the ABS substrate was controlled. A combination of etching and surface charge control was also applied as a third method. The effects of these pretreatments on the surface morphology, surface chemical composition, deposition behavior of Pt particles, and Pt loading weight were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cross-sectional SEM, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), respectively. Both etching and controlling the surface charge effectively improved the catalytic durability for H₂O₂ decomposition. In addition, the combination treatment was the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ohkubo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Aoki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Seino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Osamu Mori
- Menicon Co., Ltd., Kasugai, Aichi 487-0032, Japan.
| | - Issaku Ito
- Menicon Co., Ltd., Kasugai, Aichi 487-0032, Japan.
| | - Katsuyoshi Endo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Yamamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Stach S, Ţălu Ş, Głuchaczka A, Siek P, Zając J, Tavazzi S. Microscopic investigations of surface texture of siloxane-hydrogel contact lenses. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stach
- Department of Biomedical Computer Systems; University of Silesia, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Informatics; Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Ştefan Ţălu
- The Directorate of Research, Development, and Innovation Management (DMCDI); Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Cluj County, Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Alicja Głuchaczka
- Department of Biomedical Computer Systems; University of Silesia, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Informatics; Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Patrycja Siek
- Department of Biomedical Computer Systems; University of Silesia, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Informatics; Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Joanna Zając
- Department of Biomedical Computer Systems; University of Silesia, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Informatics; Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Silvia Tavazzi
- University of Milano Bicocca; Department of Materials Science and COMiB Research Center; Milano Italy
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Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Anguiano-Igea S, Varela-García A, Vivero-Lopez M, Concheiro A. Bioinspired hydrogels for drug-eluting contact lenses. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:49-62. [PMID: 30448434 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Efficient ocular drug delivery that can overcome the challenges of topical application has been largely pursued. Contact lenses (CLs) may act as light-transparent cornea/sclera bandages for prolonged drug release towards the post-lens tear fluid, if their composition and inner architecture are fitted to the features of the drug molecules. In this review, first the foundations and advantages of using CLs as ocular drug depots are revisited. Then, pros and cons of common strategies to prepare drug-loaded CLs are analyzed on the basis of recent examples, and finally the main section focuses on bioinspired strategies that can overcome some limitations of current designs. Most bioinspired strategies resemble a reverse engineering process to create artificial receptors for the drug inside the CL network by mimicking the human natural binding site of the drug. Related bioinspired strategies are being also tested for designing CLs that elute comfort ingredients mimicking the blinking-associated renewal of eye mucins. Other bioinspired approaches exploit the natural eye variables as stimuli to trigger drug release or take benefit of bio-glues to specifically bind active components to the CL surface. Overall, biomimicking approaches are being revealed as valuable tools to fit the amounts loaded and the release profiles to the therapeutic demands of each pathology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomimetic and bioinspired strategies are remarkable tools for the optimization of drug delivery systems. Translation of the knowledge about how drugs interact with the natural pharmacological receptor and about components and dynamics of anterior eye segment may shed light on the design criteria for obtaining efficient drug-eluting CLs. Current strategies for endowing CLs with controlled drug release performance still require optimization regarding amount loaded, drug retained in the CL structure during storage, regulation of drug release once applied onto the eye, and maintenance of CL physical properties. All these limitations may be addressed through a variety of recently growing bioinspired approaches, which are expected to pave the way of medicated CLs towards the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Soledad Anguiano-Igea
- HGBeyond Materials Science S.L, Edificio Emprendia, Campus Vida s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angela Varela-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; HGBeyond Materials Science S.L, Edificio Emprendia, Campus Vida s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Vivero-Lopez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a review of existing literature describing complications with contemporary contact lenses and their management. It is envisioned that this will serve as a useful summary of noninfectious and infectious complications associated with contact lens wear.
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Tse V, Tan B, Kim YH, Zhou Y, Lin MC. Tear dynamics under scleral lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2018; 42:43-48. [PMID: 30545775 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate post-lens tear dynamics at two different time points during scleral lens wear in two cohorts with 10 neophytes each. METHODS All subjects wore bilaterally scleral lenses for 5 h on 3 separate visits. Post-lens tear exchange was measured using Out-in method, which required 5 μL of 2% FITC-Dextran instilled on the bulbar conjunctiva during lens wear. Time taken to observe the first sign of fluorescence in post-lens tear reservoir was recorded with a stopwatch. Out-in measurements were collected at 5-hour post-lens insertion in Group 1 and compared with those obtained at 20 min of lens wear in Group 2. Tear dynamics under the lens was observed in Group 2 with fluorogram using a modified slit-lamp technique (Tan et al., 2018) to monitor post-lens fluorescence intensity and with high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (ENVISU 2300; Bioptigen Inc.) to measure post-lens tear thickness (PoLTT) over 5 h of lens wear. RESULTS 60% of subjects in Group 1 achieved Out-in times less than 5 min at 5-hour post-lens insertion, compared with 67% of subjects at 20-min lens wear (Tan et al., 2018). Using qualitative analysis on 60 series of data in Group 2 to compare the changes in fluorescence intensity and PoLTT with respect to lens-wearing time, 27% was due to lens settling, 13% was due to tear exchange and mixing while 60% indicated tear dynamics under scleral lenses was due to a combination of tear exchange, mixing, and lens settling. CONCLUSION Tear flow into tear reservoir under a scleral lens on subjects with healthy cornea occurred at 20 min and 5 h after lens insertion. After 5 h of lens wear, roughly one third of the subjects had no tear flow into post-lens reservoir, as the observed decline in post-lens tear fluorescence was predominately due to lens settling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Tse
- Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Bo Tan
- Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Young Hyun Kim
- Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, United States; Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, United States; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Yixiu Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Meng C Lin
- Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, United States; Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, United States.
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Masterton S, Ahearne M. Mechanobiology of the corneal epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:122-129. [PMID: 30086260 PMCID: PMC6280025 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been a drive to develop new cell based therapies to treat corneal blindness, one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide. Mechanical and physical cues are known to regulate the behavior of many cell types, however studies examining these effects on corneal epithelial cells have been limited in number and their findings have not previously been amalgamated and contrasted. Here, we provide an overview of the different types of mechanical stimuli to which the corneal epithelium is exposed and the influence that these have on the cells. Shear stress from the tear film motion and blinking, extracellular matrix stiffness and external physical forces such as eye rubbing and contact lens wear are among some of the forms of mechanical stimuli that the epithelium experiences. In vivo and in vitro studies examining the mechanobiology on corneal epithelial cells under differing mechanical environments are explored. A greater understanding of the mechanobiology of the corneal epithelium has the potential to lead to improved tissue engineering and cell based therapies to repair and regenerate damaged cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Masterton
- Dept of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Ahearne
- Dept of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Ireland.
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Chrysouli M, Banti C, Milionis Ι, Koumasi D, Raptopoulou C, Psycharis V, Sainis I, Hadjikakou S. A water-soluble silver(I) formulation as an effective disinfectant of contact lenses cases. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:902-910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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A measure of tear inflow in habitual scleral lens wearers with and without midday fogging. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2018; 42:36-42. [PMID: 30455083 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate tear inflow in a scleral lens system using fluorophotometry, and indirectly assess the exchange of the tear reservoir in habitual scleral lens wearers with the presence or absence of midday fogging (MDF). METHODS Habitual scleral lens wearers (n=23) and normal scleral lens neophytes (n=10) were recruited. Of the 23 habitual wearers, 11 of them experienced MDF and 12 did not have a diagnosis of MDF. Contact lens-fitting characteristics were evaluated using ocular coherence tomograpy (OCT) and biomicroscopy. High molecular weight fluorescein (FITC) Dextran was instilled into the tear reservoir beneath the scleral lens, and the tear fluid fluorescein concentration was measured using the Fluorotron fluorophotometer. Calculated fluorescein concentrations were plotted over time to measure the fluorescein decay rate of the tear fluid beneath the scleral lens, which was used to calculate the tear exchange rate. RESULTS There was no significant difference in tear inflow between the MDF group (mean: 0.111%) and the non-MDF group (mean: 0.417%), and there was a high amount of variability seen in the rates (p = 0.26). In addition, there was no significance between the tear reservoir thickness in the MDF (283um) and non-MDF (326um) groups (p = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS The relationship between the amount of tear exchange during scleral lens wear and the incidence of MDF was not significant. Additional studies are needed to further examine the role of tear exchange in MDF and address the causes of variability to improve measurement techniques with fluorophotometry in the scleral lens system.
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Proteomics Unravels the Regulatory Mechanisms in Human Tears Following Acute Renouncement of Contact Lens Use: A Comparison between Hard and Soft Lenses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11526. [PMID: 30069058 PMCID: PMC6070515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact lenses (CLs) provide a superior alternative to spectacles. Although beneficial, the global burden of ocular dysfunctions attributed to regular use of CLs remains a topic of much challenge in ophthalmic research owing to debilitating clinical repercussions on the ocular surface, which are often manifested as breach in tear film integrity. This study elucidated the intricate tear proteome changes attributed to the use of different CLs (hard and soft) and unravelled, for the first time, the restorative mechanisms of several protein clusters following acute renouncement of CL use employing the label-free mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics approach. The expression patterns of certain proteins clusters were specific to the use of a particular lens type and a large majority of these actively regulates cell death and survival and, modulates cellular movement on the ocular surface. Noteworthy, CL use also evoked a significant upregulation of glycolytic enzymes associated with hypoxia and corresponding cognate metabolic pathways, particularly glucose metabolism and FXR/RXR pathways. Importantly, the assessment of CL renouncement unravelled the restorative properties of several clusters of proteins involved mainly in organismal injury and abnormalities and, cellular function and maintenance. These proteins play key roles in restoring tear homeostasis and wound-healing mechanisms post-CL use-elicited injury.
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Walther H, Phan CM, Subbaraman LN, Jones L. Differential Deposition of Fluorescently Tagged Cholesterol on Commercial Contact Lenses Using a Novel In Vitro Eye Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:18. [PMID: 29644148 PMCID: PMC5892225 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.2.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We evaluate the differences in lipid uptake and penetration in daily disposable (DD) contact lenses (CL) using a conventional “in-vial” method compared to a novel in vitro eye model. Methods The penetration of fluorescently labelled 22-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol-4-yl)Amino)-23,24-Bisnor-5-Cholen-3beta-Ol (NBD)–cholesterol on three silicone hydrogel (SH) and four conventional hydrogel (CH) DD CLs were investigated. CLs were incubated for 4 and 12 hours in a vial, containing 3.5 mL artificial tear solution (ATS), or were mounted on an in vitro eye-blink platform designed to simulate physiologic tear flow (2 mL/24 hours), tear volume and “simulated” blinking. Subsequently, CLs were analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscopy and ImageJ. Results Penetration depth and fluorescence intensities of NBD-cholesterol varied between the incubation methods as well as lens materials. Using the traditional vial incubation method, NBD-cholesterol uptake occurred equally on both sides of all lens materials. However, using our eye-blink model, cholesterol penetration was observed primarily on the anterior surface of the CLs. In general, SH lenses showed higher intensities of NBD-cholesterol than CH materials. Conclusions The traditional “in-vial” incubation method exposes the CLs to an excessively high amount of ATS, which results in an overestimation for cholesterol deposition. Our model, which incorporates important ocular factors, such as intermittent air exposure, small tear volume, and physiological tear flow between blinks, provides a more natural environment for in vitro lens incubation. Translational Relevance In vitro measurements of CLs are a common approach to predict their interactions and performance on the eye. Traditional methods, however, are rudimentary. Therefore, this study presents a novel in vitro model to evaluate CLs, which consequently will enhance elucidations of the interactions between CLs and the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Walther
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE) - formerly Centre for Contact Lens Research (CCLR), School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chau-Minh Phan
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE) - formerly Centre for Contact Lens Research (CCLR), School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshman N Subbaraman
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE) - formerly Centre for Contact Lens Research (CCLR), School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE) - formerly Centre for Contact Lens Research (CCLR), School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Sorbara L, Maram J, Simpson T, Hutchings N. Corneal, Conjunctival effects and blood flow changes related to silicone hydrogel lens wear and their correlations with end of day comfort. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2018; 41:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Diquafosol Ophthalmic Solution Increases Pre- and Postlens Tear Film During Contact Lens Wear in Rabbit Eyes. Eye Contact Lens 2018; 43:378-382. [PMID: 27243352 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the behavior of prelens tear film (PLTF) and postlens tear film (PoLTF) after the instillation of diquafosol using an experimental rabbit model of eyes with contact lens. METHODS Cross-sectional, anterior segment optical coherence tomographic images of the inferior midperipheral cornea were obtained at baseline and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the instillation of 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution in 10 Japanese white rabbits wearing contact lenses. From the obtained images, the areas of the PLTF and PoLTF were calculated. Both artificial tear solution and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution were used for comparison. RESULTS Significant fluid accumulation in both the PLTF and PoLTF was observed after diquafosol instillation, whereas no fluid accumulation was visible after the instillation of artificial tear or sodium hyaluronate. The increase in PLTF area after diquafosol instillation was significantly higher (P<0.01) at 15 and 30 min than that after the instillation of artificial tear or sodium hyaluronate. The increase in PoLTF area up to 60 min after the instillation of diquafosol was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that after the instillation of either of the other two drugs. CONCLUSIONS Instillation of 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution increases PLTF and PoLTF in rabbit eyes with contact lenses. Diquafosol has potential as a treatment option for contact lens-related dry eye.
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Lafosse E, Romín DM, Esteve-Taboada JJ, Wolffsohn JS, Talens-Estarelles C, García-Lázaro S. Comparison of the influence of corneo-scleral and scleral lenses on ocular surface and tear film metrics in a presbyopic population. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2017; 41:122-127. [PMID: 28964684 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess and compare the effect of the corneo-scleral lenses (C-ScL) and scleral lenses (ScL) on tear film parameters and central corneal thickness (CCT) in healthy presbyopic subjects. METHODS Thirty subjects wore two contact lenses (CLs), randomly assigned, of neutral power, but of different diameters, 12.7mm (C-ScL) and 18mm (ScL) and being equal in the others parameters: material (HS100) and centre thickness (0.29mm). At baseline, 20min after insertion and at 8h, the tear meniscus area (TMA) and CCT was measured (with optical coherence tomography) as well as tear osmolarity. RESULTS TMA revealed statistical differences for both lenses at 20min (p<0.001), and also at 8h (p=0.003), being greater for the C-ScL. CCT showed statistical differences for both lenses at 20min (p=0.002), and also at 8h (p=0.001), being lower for the C-ScL. Osmolarity did not reveal statistical differences at 20min (p=0.29), while it was statistically different at 8h (p=0.03), being lower for the C-ScL. CONCLUSIONS C-ScL lead to a lesser reduction in the TMA and a lower induced hypoxic stress than the ScL. Osmolarity levels remained within normal values across the day with no clinical difference between lenses. Both designs can represent a good optical platform for correcting presbyopia as well as protecting the ocular surface by vaulting the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Lafosse
- Optics Department, University of Valencia, Carrer del Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Daniel Monsálvez Romín
- Optics Department, University of Valencia, Carrer del Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José-Juan Esteve-Taboada
- Optics Department, University of Valencia, Carrer del Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | | | - Santiago García-Lázaro
- Optics Department, University of Valencia, Carrer del Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Mousavi M, Jesus DA, Garaszczuk IK, Szczesna-Iskander DH, Iskander DR. The utility of measuring tear film break-up time for prescribing contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2017; 41:105-109. [PMID: 28863983 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical value of non-invasive keratograph tear film breakup time (NIKBUT) in the assessment of pre-corneal and pre-lens tear film quality for prescribing contact lenses (CLs). METHODS Forty-six subjects aged 25.5±4.3 (mean±standard deviation) years were recruited. Visual acuity (VA), anterior eye health checks and NIKBUT were evaluated. On the following day, subjects were fitted with a daily Silicon Hydrogel (SiHy) CL in one eye and a Hydrogel (Hy) CL in the other. After four hours one material for both eyes was chosen based on a qualitative analysis which included VA, CL fitting and comfort. Information about the first and the mean NIKBUT was then contrasted against the prescription decision. RESULTS Thirty-four subjects were fitted with SiHy and twelve with Hy CL. No statistically significant differences were found for both NIKBUT parameters between left and right eye at baseline (p=0.38 and p=0.50, respectively) and post four hours of CL wear (p=0.61 and p=0.06). The chosen lens did not always correspond to longer NIKBUT. In 39.1% and 34.8% of cases (i.e., 18 and 16 out of 46), there was a match between prescription decision and the first and the mean NIKBUT results, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although there is no evidence whether tear film surface quality measurement has a superior diagnostic values compared to other traditional clinical measures used in practice, NIKBUT measurements have provided additional information that could be of interest during CL fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mousavi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland.
| | - Danilo A Jesus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland; Department of Neurosciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Izabela K Garaszczuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland; Department of Optics, Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain
| | | | - D Robert Iskander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Properties and toughening mechanisms of PVA/PAM double-network hydrogels prepared by freeze-thawing and anneal-swelling. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:1017-1026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
The members of the Tear Film Subcommittee reviewed the role of the tear film in dry eye disease (DED). The Subcommittee reviewed biophysical and biochemical aspects of tears and how these change in DED. Clinically, DED is characterized by loss of tear volume, more rapid breakup of the tear film and increased evaporation of tears from the ocular surface. The tear film is composed of many substances including lipids, proteins, mucins and electrolytes. All of these contribute to the integrity of the tear film but exactly how they interact is still an area of active research. Tear film osmolarity increases in DED. Changes to other components such as proteins and mucins can be used as biomarkers for DED. The Subcommittee recommended areas for future research to advance our understanding of the tear film and how this changes with DED. The final report was written after review by all Subcommittee members and the entire TFOS DEWS II membership.
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Accounting for Ethnicity-Related Differences in Ocular Surface Integrity as a Step Toward Understanding Contact Lens Discomfort. Eye Contact Lens 2017; 43:23-31. [PMID: 27763911 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Contact lens discomfort is a common problem that can lead to unsuccessful or limited contact lens wear. Although many factors may contribute to contact lens discomfort, limited research has explored the influence of ethnicity-related differences in the anatomy and physiology of the ocular surface. Therefore, we performed a search of the literature in PubMed using key words related to "ocular surface" paired with the terms "race" and "ethnicity." The goal of this review was to determine potential areas of research regarding ethnicity differences, particularly between Asian and non-Asian eyes, in ocular surface integrity to advance our understanding of contact lens discomfort.
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The correct diagnosis and therapeutic management of tear dysfunction: recommendations of the P.I.C.A.S.S.O. board. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 38:875-895. [PMID: 28397148 PMCID: PMC5932107 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To describe a standard approach to manage tear dysfunction (TD), in order to obtain a clinically favourable outcome. TD is a highly prevalent, yet largely underdiagnosed, condition that affects from 5 to 30% of the population above 50 years old. Left untreated, TD is associated with eye discomfort and ocular surface disease, substantially affecting quality of life. Although the prevalence of this problem is increasing significantly, a standard approach to its prevention and treatment is not available yet. Methods In September 2015, a team of Ocular Surface Italian Experts convened for a roundtable to discuss on the latest knowledge about diagnosis and treatments for TD and the real issues in the management of these patients. The discussion centred on the appropriate definition of TD, proposing a new classification of risk factors and how to identify them, how to make a correct diagnosis choosing the rational therapy (questionnaires, symptoms’ time relation, seasonality, low tech diagnostic manoeuvres, specific tests for the detection of tear film disturbances leading to recognition of the level of disease and of the ocular system elements involved), which artificial tear matches the ideal profile for a rational therapy and which questions should be done to the patient. Results A multi-item flowchart for tear film dysfunction, with point-by-point explanatory guide, to better identify and manage the patient with this disorder is provided. Conclusions The growing prevalence of TD demands increased attention. An appropriate prevention and a treatment pattern for the patient, combined with greater patient–practitioner interaction, and patient education is offered.
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Gavara R, Compañ V. Oxygen, water, and sodium chloride transport in soft contact lenses materials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:2218-2231. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gavara
- Packaging Group, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Avda, Agustín Escardino; 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de vera s/n; 46020 Valencia Spain
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