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Ramos‐García P, González‐Moles MÁ, Ayén Á, González‐Ruiz L, Ruiz‐Ávila I, Gil‐Montoya JA. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of
CTTN
/cortactin alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Head Neck 2018; 41:1963-1978. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ángela Ayén
- School of MedicineUniversity of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Lucía González‐Ruiz
- Servicio de DermatologíaHospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Isabel Ruiz‐Ávila
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Granada Spain
- Servicio de Anatomía PatológicaComplejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada Granada Spain
| | - José Antonio Gil‐Montoya
- School of DentistryUniversity of Granada Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Granada Spain
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2
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Chamorro-Petronacci C, Perez-Sayáns M, Padín-Iruegas ME, Marichalar-Mendia X, Gallas-Torreira M, García García A. Differential expression of snoRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinomas: new potential diagnostic markers. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:424-427. [PMID: 29372649 PMCID: PMC6010090 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1426574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are small non-coding RNA sequences whose most studied function is ribosome biogenesis. The altered expression of snoRNA is observed in tumoral processes such as breast cancer and multiple myeloma. However, we have not found any references to snoRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) in the literature at the time this article was written. MATERIAL AND METHODS We have analyzed snoRNA expression in frozen OSCC tissue samples and have compared them to healthy controls. RNA was extracted from a total of eight OSCC samples and eight control samples, measuring the differential expression of small RNAs with the Affymetrix® miRNA 4.1 Array Plate microarray platform. RESULTS Results were analyzed using the Transcriptome Analysis Console 3.0 (TAC) software. We obtained a total of 16 deregulated snoRNAs of which one was over expressed and 15 were under expressed. SnoRNAs expression was altered in OSCC and could serve as a diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Chamorro-Petronacci
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mario Perez-Sayáns
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Padín-Iruegas
- Anatomy and Human Embryology, Functional Biology and Health Science Department, Vigo University, Vigo, Spain
| | - Xabier Marichalar-Mendia
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Stomatology Department, Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallas-Torreira
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Abel García García
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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3
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Chakraborty P, Karmakar T, Arora N, Mukherjee G. Immune and genomic signatures in oral (head and neck) cancer. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00880. [PMID: 30417146 PMCID: PMC6218671 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is responsible for a large number of deaths each year. Oral cancer is the most frequent subtype of HNSCC. Historically, oral cancer has been associated with an increase in the consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, seen especially in the Asian subcontinent. It has also been associated with infection by the human papilloma virus (HPV), particularly strain HPV16. Treatment usually involves a multidisciplinary approach of surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiation. The advent of immunotherapy has broadened the scope for treatment. A better immune response to the tumour can also elicit the action of other therapeutic approaches. A heightened immune response, on the other hand, can lead to resistant tumour formation through the process of immunoediting. Molecular profiling of the tumour microenvironment (TME) can provide us with better insight into the mechanism and progression of the disease, ultimately opening up new therapeutic options. High-throughput molecular profiling techniques over the past decade have enabled us to appreciate the heterogeneity of the TME. In this review, we will be describing the clinicopathological role of the immune and genomic landscape in oral cancer. This study will update readers on the several immunological and genetic factors that can play an important function as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in various forms of head and neck cancer, with a special emphasis on oral carcinoma.
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4
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Ramos-García P, González-Moles MÁ, González-Ruiz L, Ayén Á, Ruiz-Ávila I, Navarro-Triviño FJ, Gil-Montoya JA. An update of knowledge on cortactin as a metastatic driver and potential therapeutic target in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2018; 25:949-971. [PMID: 29878474 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cortactin is a protein encoded by the CTTN gene, localized on chromosome band 11q13. As a result of the amplification of this band, an important event in oral carcinogenesis, CTTN is also usually amplified, promoting the frequent overexpression of cortactin. Cortactin enhances cell migration in oral cancer, playing a key role in the regulation of filamentous actin and of protrusive structures (invadopodia and lamellipodia) on the cell membrane that are necessary for the acquisition of a migratory phenotype. We also analyze a series of emerging functions that cortactin may exert in oral cancer (cell proliferation, angiogenesis, regulation of exosomes, and interactions with the tumor microenvironment). We review its molecular structure, its most important interactions (with Src, Arp2/3 complex, and SH3-binding partners), the regulation of its functions, and its specific oncogenic role in oral cancer. We explore the mechanisms of its overexpression in cancer, mainly related to genetic amplification. We analyze the prognostic implications of the oncogenic activation of cortactin in potentially malignant disorders and in head and neck cancer, where it appears to be relevant in the development of lymph node metastasis. Finally, we discuss its usefulness as a therapeutic target and suggest future research lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucía González-Ruiz
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ángela Ayén
- School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Ávila
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - José Antonio Gil-Montoya
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
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5
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Relevance of chromosomal band 11q13 in oral carcinogenesis: An update of current knowledge. Oral Oncol 2017; 72:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Molecular progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. THE NUCLEUS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-017-0212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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7
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Singchat W, Hitakomate E, Rerkarmnuaychoke B, Suntronpong A, Fu B, Bodhisuwan W, Peyachoknagul S, Yang F, Koontongkaew S, Srikulnath K. Genomic Alteration in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) Cell Lines Inferred from Karyotyping, Molecular Cytogenetics, and Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160901. [PMID: 27501229 PMCID: PMC4976893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic alteration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) was studied in two cell line pairs (HN30-HN31 and HN4-HN12) using conventional C-banding, multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH), and array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). HN30 and HN4 were derived from primary lesions in the pharynx and base of tongue, respectively, and HN31 and HN12 were derived from lymph-node metastatic lesions belonging to the same patients. Gain of chromosome 1, 7, and 11 were shared in almost all cell lines. Hierarchical clustering revealed that HN31 was closely related to HN4, which shared eight chromosome alteration cases. Large C-positive heterochromatins were found in the centromeric region of chromosome 9 in HN31 and HN4, which suggests complex structural amplification of the repetitive sequence. Array CGH revealed amplification of 7p22.3p11.2, 8q11.23q12.1, and 14q32.33 in all cell lines involved with tumorigenesis and inflammation genes. The amplification of 2p21 (SIX3), 11p15.5 (H19), and 11q21q22.3 (MAML2, PGR, TRPC6, and MMP family) regions, and deletion of 9p23 (PTPRD) and 16q23.1 (WWOX) regions were identified in HN31 and HN12. Interestingly, partial loss of PTPRD (9p23) and WWOX (16q23.1) genes was identified in HN31 and HN12, and the level of gene expression tended to be the down-regulation of PTPRD, with no detectable expression of the WWOX gene. This suggests that the scarcity of PTPRD and WWOX genes might have played an important role in progression of HNSCC, and could be considered as a target for cancer therapy or a biomarker in molecular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worapong Singchat
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ekarat Hitakomate
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasart University, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Budsaba Rerkarmnuaychoke
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Aorarat Suntronpong
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Winai Bodhisuwan
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Surin Peyachoknagul
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.,Center of Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Thailand (CASTNAR, NRU-KU, Thailand)
| | - Fengtang Yang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.,Center of Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Thailand (CASTNAR, NRU-KU, Thailand)
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8
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Wangsa D, Chowdhury SA, Ryott M, Gertz EM, Elmberger G, Auer G, Åvall Lundqvist E, Küffer S, Ströbel P, Schäffer AA, Schwartz R, Munck-Wikland E, Ried T, Heselmeyer-Haddad K. Phylogenetic analysis of multiple FISH markers in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma suggests that a diverse distribution of copy number changes is associated with poor prognosis. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:98-109. [PMID: 26175310 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is associated with poor prognosis. To improve prognostication, we analyzed four gene probes (TERC, CCND1, EGFR and TP53) and the centromere probe CEP4 as a marker of chromosomal instability, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in single cells from the tumors of sixty-five OTSCC patients (Stage I, n = 15; Stage II, n = 30; Stage III, n = 7; Stage IV, n = 13). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the FISH data distinguished three clusters related to smoking status. Copy number increases of all five markers were found to be correlated to non-smoking habits, while smokers in this cohort had low-level copy number gains. Using the phylogenetic modeling software FISHtrees, we constructed models of tumor progression for each patient based on the four gene probes. Then, we derived test statistics on the models that are significant predictors of disease-free and overall survival, independent of tumor stage and smoking status in multivariate analysis. The patients whose tumors were modeled as progressing by a more diverse distribution of copy number changes across the four genes have poorer prognosis. This is consistent with the view that multiple genetic pathways need to become deregulated in order for cancer to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darawalee Wangsa
- Genetics Branch, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Salim Akhter Chowdhury
- Joint Carnegie Mellon/University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program In Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.,Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael Ryott
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sophiahemmet Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Michael Gertz
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center For Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Göran Elmberger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gert Auer
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Åvall Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology And Department Of Clinical And Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stefan Küffer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alejandro A Schäffer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center For Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Russell Schwartz
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eva Munck-Wikland
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head And Neck Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kerstin Heselmeyer-Haddad
- Genetics Branch, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Genomic DNA copy number alterations from precursor oral lesions to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:404-12. [PMID: 24613650 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a multifactorial disease in which both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the aetiopathogenesis. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with a higher incidence among Melanesian and South Asian countries. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present study aimed to determine common genomic copy number alterations (CNAs) and their frequency by including 12 studies that have been conducted on OSCCs using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). In addition, we reviewed the literature dealing with CNAs that drive oral precursor lesions to the invasive tumors. Results showed a sequential accumulation of genetic changes from oral precursor lesions to invasive tumors. With the disease progression, accumulation of genetic changes increases in terms of frequency, type and size of the abnormalities, even on different regions of the same chromosome. Gains in 3q (36.5%), 5p (23%), 7p (21%), 8q (47%), 11q (45%), 20q (31%) and losses in 3p (37%), 8p (18%), 9p (10%) and 18q (11%) were the most common observations among those studies. However, losses are less frequent than gains but it appears that they might be the primary clonal events in causing oral cancer.
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10
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Vincent-Chong VK, Anwar A, Karen-Ng LP, Cheong SC, Yang YH, Pradeep PJ, Rahman ZAA, Ismail SM, Zaini ZM, Prepageran N, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, Mohayadi NABM, Rosli NSBM, Mustafa WMW, Abraham MT, Tay KK, Zain RB. Genome wide analysis of chromosomal alterations in oral squamous cell carcinomas revealed over expression of MGAM and ADAM9. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54705. [PMID: 23405089 PMCID: PMC3566089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), mortality and morbidity rates have not improved over the past decade. A major drawback in diagnosis and treatment of OSCC is the lack of knowledge relating to how genetic instability in oral cancer genomes affects oral carcinogenesis. Hence, the key aim of this study was to identify copy number alterations (CNAs) that may be cancer associated in OSCC using high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). To our knowledge this is the first study to use ultra-high density aCGH microarrays to profile a large number of OSCC genomes (n = 46). The most frequently amplified CNAs were located on chromosome 11q11(52%), 2p22.3(52%), 1q21.3-q22(54%), 6p21.32(59%), 20p13(61%), 7q34(52% and 72%),8p11.23-p11.22(80%), 8q11.1-q24.4(54%), 9q13-q34.3(54%), 11q23.3-q25(57%); 14q21.3-q31.1(54%); 14q31.3-q32.33(57%), 20p13-p12.3(54%) and 20q11.21-q13.33(52%). The most frequently deleted chromosome region was located on 3q26.1 (54%). In order to verify the CNAs from aCGH using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), the three top most amplified regions and their associated genes, namely ADAM5P (8p11.23-p11.22), MGAM (7q34) and SIRPB1 (20p13.1), were selected in this study. The ADAM5P locus was found to be amplified in 39 samples and deleted in one; MGAM (24 amplifications and 3 deletions); and SIRPB1 (12 amplifications, others undetermined). On the basis of putative cancer-related annotations, two genes, namely ADAM metallopeptidase domain 9 (ADAM9) and maltase-glucoamylase alpha-glucosidase (MGAM), that mapped to CNA regions were selected for further evaluation of their mRNA expression using reverse transcriptase qPCR. The over-expression of MGAM was confirmed with a 6.6 fold increase in expression at the mRNA level whereas the fold change in ADAM9 demonstrated a 1.6 fold increase. This study has identified significant regions in the OSCC genome that were amplified and resulted in consequent over-expression of the MGAM and ADAM9 genes that may be utilized as biological markers for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vui King Vincent-Chong
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arif Anwar
- Sengenics Sdn Bhd, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Lee Peng Karen-Ng
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sok Ching Cheong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Oral Cancer Research Team, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yi-Hsin Yang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Padmaja Jayaprasad Pradeep
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zainal Ariff Abdul Rahman
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Mazlipah Ismail
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zuraiza Mohamad Zaini
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Narayanan Prepageran
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thomas George Kallarakkal
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anand Ramanathan
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | - Keng Kiong Tay
- Oral Health Division, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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11
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Vincent-Chong VK, Ismail SM, Rahman ZAA, Sharifah NA, Anwar A, Pradeep PJ, Ramanathan A, Karen-Ng LP, Kallarakkal TG, Mustafa WMW, Abraham MT, Tay KK, Zain RB. Genome-wide analysis of oral squamous cell carcinomas revealed over expression of ISG15, Nestin and WNT11. Oral Dis 2012; 18:469-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Poh C, Zhu Y, Chen E, Berean K, Wu L, Zhang L, Rosin M. Unique FISH Patterns Associated with Cancer Progression of Oral Dysplasia. J Dent Res 2011; 91:52-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034511425676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Subgroups of patients with oral pre-malignant lesions (OPLs) are at extremely high risk for developing invasive cancer in spite of surgical excision. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of specific genes and their associated centromeres as markers to stratify OPLs for their cancer risk. Samples used in this study included 35 oral dysplasia with known outcome and 20 normal oral mucosa. Of the dysplasias, 20 were from an ongoing longitudinal study showing progression. The remaining 15 cases (2 of which progressed) were chosen from the population-based, provincial BC Oral Biopsy Service (OBS). Copy number alterations at EGFR, CEP7, CCND1, and CEP11 were evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). There was no significant difference in demographics between progressors and non-progressors. Specific FISH profiles at these genes and their corresponding centromeres were associated with progression. High gene gain of CCND1 was associated with an 8-fold elevated risk of progression compared with those with no gain in time-to-progression analysis. Numerical alterations of EGFR and CCND1 and their centromeres might be an effective means for identifying OPLs at risk. Future studies will expand on this analysis and set the stage for application of this approach in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.F. Poh
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Science, the University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Y. Zhu
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Science, the University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - E. Chen
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Science, the University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - K.W. Berean
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - L. Wu
- Department of Statistics, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Science, the University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - M.P. Rosin
- Department of Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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13
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Peng CH, Liao CT, Peng SC, Chen YJ, Cheng AJ, Juang JL, Tsai CY, Chen TC, Chuang YJ, Tang CY, Hsieh WP, Yen TC. A novel molecular signature identified by systems genetics approach predicts prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23452. [PMID: 21853135 PMCID: PMC3154947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular methods for predicting prognosis in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are urgently needed, considering its high recurrence rate and tendency for metastasis. The present study investigated the genetic basis of variations in gene expression associated with poor prognosis in OSCC using Affymetrix SNP 6.0 and Affymetrix GeneChip Human Gene 1.0 ST arrays. We identified recurrent DNA amplifications scattered from 8q22.2 to 8q24.3 in 112 OSCC specimens. These amplicons demonstrated significant associations with increased incidence of extracapsular spread, development of second primary malignancies, and poor survival. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, in a validation panel consisting of 295 cases, confirmed these associations. Assessment of the effects of copy number variations (CNVs) on genome-wide variations in gene expression identified a total of 85 CNV-associated transcripts enriched in the MYC-centered regulatory network. Twenty-four transcripts associated with increased risk of second primary malignancies, tumor relapse, and poor survival. Besides MYC itself, a novel dysregulated MYC module plays a key role in OSCC carcinogenesis. This study identified a candidate molecular signature associated with poor prognosis in OSCC patients, which may ultimately facilitate patient-tailored selection of therapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks/genetics
- Genes, Neoplasm/genetics
- Genetic Loci/genetics
- Genome, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/mortality
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Quantitative Trait, Heritable
- Survival Rate
- Systems Biology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hua Peng
- Resource Center for Clinical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ta Liao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Head and Neck Oncology Group, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Chi Peng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yin-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jyh-Lyh Juang
- Divisions of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ying Tsai
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Yi Tang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ping Hsieh
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (W-PH); (T-CY)
| | - Tzu-Chen Yen
- Head and Neck Oncology Group, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (W-PH); (T-CY)
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14
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Kim KY, Kim J, Kim HJ, Nam W, Cha IH. A method for detecting significant genomic regions associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma using aCGH. Med Biol Eng Comput 2010; 48:459-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-010-0595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Freier K, Knoepfle K, Flechtenmacher C, Pungs S, Devens F, Toedt G, Hofele C, Joos S, Lichter P, Radlwimmer B. Recurrent copy number gain of transcription factor SOX2 and corresponding high protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:9-16. [PMID: 19787784 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene copy number aberrations are involved in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development. To delineate candidate genes inside critical chromosomal regions, array-CGH was applied to 40 OSCC specimens using a microarray covering the whole human genome with an average resolution of 1 Mb. Gene copy number gains were predominantly found at 1q23 (9 cases), 3q26 (11), 5p15 (13), 7p11 (7), 8q24 (17), 11q13 (15), 14q32 (8), 19p13 (8), 19q12 (7), 19q13 (8), and 20q13 (9), whereas gene copy number losses were detected at 3p21-3p12 (15), 8p32 (11), 10p12 (8), and 18q21-q23 (10). Subsequent mRNA expression analyses by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction found high mRNA expression of candidate genes SOX2 in 3q26.33, FSLT3 in 19p13.3, and CCNE1 in 19q12. Tissue microarray (TMA) analyses in a representative OSCC collection found gene copy number gain for SOX2 in 52% (115/223) and for CCNE1 in 31% (72/233) of the tumors. Immunohistochemical analyses on TMA sections of the corresponding proteins detected high expression of SOX2 in 18.1% (49/271) and of CyclinE1 in 23.3% (64/275) of tumors analyzed. These findings indicate that SOX2 and CCNE1 might be activated via gene copy number gain and participate in oral carcinogenesis. The combination of array-CGH with TMA analyses allows rapid pinpointing of novel promising candidate genes, which might be used as therapeutic stratification markers or target molecules for therapeutic interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolja Freier
- Abteilung Molekulare Genetik (B060), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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16
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EGFR protein overexpression and gene copy number increases in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1700-8. [PMID: 19332367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New promising therapeutic agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been developed although clinical information concerning EGFR status in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is limited. We investigated EGFR protein expression and gene copy numbers in 78 pretreatment OTSCC paraffin samples. EGFR protein expression was found in all 78 tumours, of which 72% showed an intense staining. Fifty-four percent of the tumours had high (> or =four gene copies) EGFR gene copy numbers. EGFR gene copy number was significantly associated with EGFR protein expression (P=0.002). Pretreatment EGFR staining intensity tended to be associated with non-pathological complete remission after preoperative radiotherapy for Stage II OTSCC. No correlation was found between EGFR status and survival. EGFR FISH results were significantly (P=0.003) higher in more advanced tumours (Stages II, III and IV) than in the tumours in Stage I. Non-smokers exhibited a significantly higher EGFR gene copy number and protein overexpression in Stages I and II OTSCC than smokers (P=0.001, P=0.009). In conclusion, EGFR was found to be overexpressed in all OTSCCs making this cancer type interesting for exploring new therapeutic agents targeting the EGFR receptor.
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17
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Tan KD, Zhu Y, Tan HK, Rajasegaran V, Aggarwal A, Wu J, Wu HY, Hwang J, Lim DTH, Soo KC, Tan P. Amplification and overexpression of PPFIA1, a putative 11q13 invasion suppressor gene, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:353-62. [PMID: 18196592 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal amplifications of the 11q13 genomic region are frequent in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To identify novel 11q13 amplification targets, we integrated high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization and Affymetrix gene-expression profiling of eight HNSCC cell lines. We found that PPFIA1 was the highest upregulated gene in the 11q13 amplicon of HNSCC cell lines when compared with HNSCC lines without 11q13 amplification and confirmed the upregulation of PPFIA1 in primary HNSCCs by real-time PCR. Using siRNA knockdown, we investigated PPFIA1 function in three HNSCC lines using both in vitro invasion assays and wound-healing assays. Surprisingly, we found that cancer cells become more invasive when the PPFIA1 protein levels were reduced, suggesting that PPFIA1 may act as an invasion inhibitor in HNSCC. This unexpected result suggests that the 11q13 amplicon may comprise both positive and negative regulators involved in HNSCC. Our study is the first to evaluate the role of PPFIA1 in head and neck carcinogenesis and suggests a potential link between PPFIA1 activity and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. This article contains supplementary material available via the Internet at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia Davis Tan
- Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Asakawa T, Esumi M, Endo S, Kida A, Ikeda M. Tongue cancer patients have a high frequency of allelic loss at the von Hippel-Lindau gene and other loci on 3p. Cancer 2008; 112:527-34. [PMID: 18072267 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although genetic abnormalities on 3p have been suggested to be linked to the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, to the authors' knowledge no study to date has examined such genetic abnormalities in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. In the current study, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was evaluated at several loci within 3p, including the von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL), in samples of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, the coding region of the intact VHL allele was screened for sequence mutations. METHODS DNA was extracted from tumor and nontumor tissues collected from 28 patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma. LOH was investigated by analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms within exon 3 of VHL and by microsatellite analysis within another 10 loci. Mutation analysis of the VHL gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of the coding region of the gene. RESULTS LOH within VHL was found at a high frequency (45.5%) within the tumor. However, mutations of the VHL gene were not detected in all tumor samples. LOH of other microsatellite markers on 3p was observed in 27.3% to 50% of tumor samples. Eleven (58%) of 19 samples that were informative at more than 2 loci exhibited LOH of at least 1 locus; 10 of these 11 cases exhibited LOH at multiple loci. CONCLUSIONS A wide range of deletions in 3p, including at the VHL gene, may play a role in the development of tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Asakawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT) is one of the most prevalent tumors of the head and neck region. Despite advances in treatment, the survival of patients with SCCOT has not significantly improved over the past several decades. Most frequently, treatment failure takes the form of local and regional recurrences, but as disease control in these areas improves, SCCOT treatment failures are occurring more often as distant metastasis. The presence of cervical lymph node metastasis is the most reliable adverse prognostic factor in patients with SCCOT, and extracapsular spread (ECS) of cervical lymph nodes metastasis is a particularly reliable predictor of regional and distant recurrence and death from disease. Decisions regarding the elective and therapeutic management of cervical lymph node metastases are made mainly on clinical grounds as we cannot always predict cervical lymph node metastasis from the size and extent of invasion of the primary tumors. Therefore, the treatment of these metastases in the management of SCCOT remains controversial. The promise of basing treatment decisions on biomarkers has yet to be fully realized because of our poor understanding of the mechanisms of regional and distant metastases of SCCOT. Here we summarize the current status of investigations of SCCOT metastases and the potential of these studies to have a positive impact on the clinical management of SCCOT in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sano
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 441, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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20
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Tsantoulis PK, Kastrinakis NG, Tourvas AD, Laskaris G, Gorgoulis VG. Advances in the biology of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:523-34. [PMID: 17258495 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of oral cancer remains high and is associated with many deaths in both Western and Asian countries. Several risk factors for the development of oral cancer are now well known, including smoking, drinking and consumption of smokeless tobacco products. Genetic predisposition to oral cancer has been found in certain cases but its components are not yet entirely clear. In accordance with the multi-step theory of carcinogenesis, the natural history of oral cancer seems to gradually evolve through transitional precursor lesions from normal epithelium to a full-blown metastatic phenotype. A number of genomic lesions accompany this transformation and a wealth of related results has appeared in recent literature and is being summarized here. Furthermore, several key genes have been implicated, especially well-known tumor suppressors like the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, TP53 and RB1 and oncogenes like the cyclin family, EGFR and ras. Viral infections, particularly with oncogenic HPV subtypes and EBV, can have a tumorigenic effect on oral epithelia and their role is discussed, along with potential therapeutic interventions. A brief explanatory theoretical model of oral carcinogenesis is provided and potential avenues for further research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Tsantoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Antaiou 53 Str., Lamprini, Ano Patissia, GR-11146 Athens, Greece
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21
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Tubbs RR, Swain E, Pettay JD, Hicks DG. An approach to the validation of novel molecular markers of breast cancer via TMA-based FISH scanning. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:141-50. [PMID: 17211577 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue microarrays (TMA) are valuable tools for validating results of array-based comparative genomic hybridization (ACGH) and other translational research applications requiring independent verification of genomic gains and losses by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). However, spatial orientation and accurate manual tracking of the TMA cores is challenging and prone to error. Image analysis combined with core tracking software, implemented via an automated FISH scanning workstation, represents a new approach to FISH and TMA-based validation of novel genomic changes discovered by ACGH in breast and other cancers. Automated large-scale tissue microarray validation FISH studies of genomic gains and losses identified by ACGH for breast cancer are feasible using an automated imaging scanner and tracking/classifying software. Furthermore, by leveraging the bifunctional fluorescent and chromogenic properties of the alkaline phosphatase chromogen fast red K and combining the technology with FISH, correlative and simultaneous phenotype/genotype studies may be enabled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond R Tubbs
- Departments of Anatomical and Clinical Pathology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, The Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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22
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Freier K, Schwaenen C, Sticht C, Flechtenmacher C, Mühling J, Hofele C, Radlwimmer B, Lichter P, Joos S. Recurrent FGFR1 amplification and high FGFR1 protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral Oncol 2007; 43:60-6. [PMID: 16807070 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations are known to have an impact on the initiation and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but individual genes involved in OSCC pathogenesis are poorly described. To elucidate the molecular events underlying oral carcinogenesis, a set of primary OSCC were screened for distinct genetic imbalances by means of array-based comparative genomic hybridisation. For this, a DNA array was used containing 812 genomic targets including oncogenes, tumour-suppressor genes and chromosomal regions frequently altered in human neoplasms. The most frequent aberrations were amplification of MYC, EGFR, CCND1 and PIK3CA, whereas deletions affected TRAILR1 and ATM. Furthermore, a distinct high-level amplification of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) locus was detected in two cases. Detailed FISH analysis on OSCC tissue microarray sections revealed amplification prevalence for FGFR1 of 17.4% (16/92). Furthermore, FGFR1 protein analysis by immunohistochemistry on a TMA containing 178 OSCC found a high FGFR1 expression in tumours of early t-stadium and UICC stage (T1/2 vs. T3/4: p=0.002; SI-II vs. S III-IV: p=0.048). Our results indicate that an increase in FGFR1 expression contributes to oral carcinogenesis at an early stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolja Freier
- Abteilung Molekulare Genetik (B060), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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23
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O'Regan EM, Toner ME, Smyth PC, Finn SP, Timon C, Cahill S, Flavin R, O'Leary JJ, Sheils O. Distinct array comparative genomic hybridization profiles in oral squamous cell carcinoma occurring in young patients. Head Neck 2006; 28:330-8. [PMID: 16470878 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer typically affects smokers older than 50 years of age. Recently, however, a marked increase in the number of patients 40 years old and younger, many with no history of tobacco smoking, has been noted. Studies in this age group have so far been restricted to genomic areas well recognized as abnormal in typical patients with oral cancer. The aim of this study was to assess genomic aberrations in oral cancer, using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray technology, and to compare the genomic aberration profile of patients older than 40 years old with those 40 years old and younger. METHODS Tumor samples from 20 patients with oral cancer (age range, 21-78; 10 smokers and 10 nonsmokers) were laser microdissected, and array CGH was used to identify genomic imbalances in these two cohorts. RESULTS The older cohort showed high numbers of gains and losses in contrast to very few copy number changes in the younger nonsmoker cohort. In concurrence with the literature, tumors from the older cohort manifested deletions involving 3p and 9p21 and gains involving 3q, 5q, 7p, 8q, 11q, and 20q. The younger group, particularly the nonsmokers, showed very few changes overall, and the aberrations were not in the sites classically associated with oral cancer. Deletion of CDKN2A (p16) was completely absent in the younger group but was present in 50% of the older cohort. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that there is far less genomic instability in young nonsmokers with oral cancer than found in typical patients with oral cancer. These observations indicate that oral cancer presenting at a younger age, particularly in nonsmokers, has a genomic profile different from the classically described oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M O'Regan
- Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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24
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Sparano A, Quesnelle KM, Kumar MS, Wang Y, Sylvester AJ, Feldman M, Sewell DA, Weinstein GS, Brose MS. Genome-Wide Profiling of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization. Laryngoscope 2006; 116:735-41. [PMID: 16652080 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000205141.54471.7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was used to develop a genome-wide molecular profile of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Copy number alterations (CNAs) were identified by chromosomal region, mapped to specific genes, and compared with several previously documented CNAs associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The status of 512 commonly altered cancer genes was assessed and evaluated as potential correlates of tumor behavior. METHODS Tumor tissue DNA was isolated for aCGH from 21 prospectively collected fresh-frozen OSCC specimens. aCGH was performed at 0.9-Mb resolution to identify distinct regions of genomic alteration and their associated genes. Cancer genes commonly altered were then correlated with clinicopathologic tumor data. RESULTS Genomic regions most frequently amplified (>35%) were located on 3q, 5p, 8q, 9q, and 20q, although regions most frequently deleted (>40%) involved chromosomes 3p, 8p, 13q, and 18q. Minimal regions of CNA identified, by aCGH narrowed larger, previously documented CNAs associated with HNSCC to significantly smaller regions, yielding shorter lists of candidate genes. Cancer-related genes altered in greater than 25% OSCC samples were identified (22 amplified, 17 deleted). Several genes associated with the Fanconi anemia DNA-damage response pathway were frequently altered, including BRCA1, BRCA2, FANCD2, and FANCG. Other cancer-related genes linked to hereditary cancer syndromes include VHL, MLH1, XPC, and RB1. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide aCGH can be used to detect and map CNAs in OSCC tissue specimens with high resolution. These data implicate several candidate genes and gene pathways in the tumorigenesis of sporadic OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sparano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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25
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O'Toole SA, Dunn E, Sheppard BL, Klocker H, Bektic J, Smyth P, Martin C, Sheils O, O'Leary JJ. Genome-wide analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid in endometrial cancer using comparative genomic hybridization microarrays. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:834-42. [PMID: 16681770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify amplified oncogenes in endometrial cancer using array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). Despite its prevalence, the molecular mechanisms of endometrial carcinogenesis are still poorly understood. The selected array CGH allows the simultaneous examination of 58 oncogenes commonly amplified in human cancers and is capable of achieving increased mapping resolution compared with conventional CGH. A subset of 8 specimens from a bank of 60 malignant and normal specimens was selected for array analysis to identify potential genes of interest. TaqMan polymerase chain reaction was carried out on the 60 specimens to examine if aberrations at the genomic level correlated with gene expression and to compare expression in normal and malignant samples. Oncogenes amplified in the endometrial cancers included AR, PIK3CA, MET, HRAS, NRAS, D17S1670, FGFR1, CTSB, RPS6KB1, LAMC2, MYC, PDGFRA, FGF4/FGF3, PAKI, and FGR. Three genes were examined at the messenger RNA level. AR and PIK3CA were higher in normal specimens, and MET was higher in malignant samples, suggesting a role for MET in endometrial cancer. Newer arrays examining more genes and larger sample numbers are necessary to elucidate the carcinogenic pathway in endometrial cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/genetics
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/metabolism
- Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology
- Endometrium/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Middle Aged
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Oncogenes/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- S A O'Toole
- Trinity College Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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26
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Baldwin C, Garnis C, Zhang L, Rosin MP, Lam WL. Multiple microalterations detected at high frequency in oral cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7561-7. [PMID: 16140918 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) at tiling-path resolution has enabled the detection of gene-sized segmental DNA copy number gains and losses. Here, we present the first application of whole genome tiling-path array CGH to archival clinical specimens for the detailed analysis of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). We describe the genomes of 20 OSCCs as well as a selection of matched normal DNA in unprecedented detail. Examination of their whole genome profiles enabled the identification of alterations ranging in size from whole-arm, segmental, to gene size alterations. Tiling-path resolution enabled the detection of many more alterations within each tumor than previously reported, many of which include narrow alterations found to be frequent events among the 20 OSCCs. We report the presence of several novel frequent submegabase alterations, such as the 0.58 Mb gain at 5p15.2 containing triple functional domain (TRIO), detected in 45% of cases. We also report the first coamplification of two gene clusters, by fine-mapping the precise base pair boundaries of the high-level amplification at 11q22.2-22.3 containing both matrix metalloproteinase and baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (BIRC) gene clusters. These results show the large improvement in detection sensitivity and resolution compared with genome interval marker arrays and the utility of tiling resolution array CGH for the detection of both submegabase and single copy gains and losses in cancer gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corisande Baldwin
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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27
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Lippman SM, Sudbø J, Hong WK. Oral cancer prevention and the evolution of molecular-targeted drug development. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:346-56. [PMID: 15637397 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted rationale for molecular-targeted prevention of oral cancer is strong. Oral cancer is a major global threat to public health, causing great morbidity and mortality rates that have not improved in decades. Oral cancer development is a tobacco-related multistep and multifocal process involving field carcinogenesis and intraepithelial clonal spread. Biomarkers of genomic instability, such as aneuploidy and allelic imbalance, can accurately measure the cancer risk of oral premalignant lesions, or intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN). Retinoid-oral IEN studies (eg, of retinoic acid receptor-beta, p53, genetic instability, loss of heterozygosity, and cyclin D1) have advanced the overall understanding of the biology of intraepithelial carcinogenesis and of preventive agent molecular mechanisms and targets-important advances for monitoring preventive interventions and assessing cancer risk and pharmacogenomics. Clinical management of oral IEN varies from watchful waiting to complete resection, although complete resection does not prevent oral cancer in high-risk patients. New approaches, such as interventions with molecular-targeted agents and agent combinations in molecularly defined high-risk oral IEN patients, are urgently needed to reduce the devastating worldwide consequences of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Lippman
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and, disappointingly, survival rates are not improving. Moreover, HNSCC has a severe impact on the quality of life of patients and survivors, and the significant morbidity subsequent to treatment often mandates long-term multidisciplinary care, which places significant financial pressures on the treating institution. Therefore, prevention and early diagnosis of high-risk pre-malignant lesions are high priorities for reducing deaths due to head and neck cancer. Recent advances have begun to elucidate the different aetiologies of HNSCCs in relation to previous pre-malignancies and to identify which pre-malignant lesions are likely to progress to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Hunter
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland
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29
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de Leeuw RJ, Davies JJ, Rosenwald A, Bebb G, Gascoyne RD, Dyer MJS, Staudt LM, Martinez-Climent JA, Lam WL. Comprehensive whole genome array CGH profiling of mantle cell lymphoma model genomes. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:1827-37. [PMID: 15229187 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with median patient survival times of approximately 3 years. Although the characteristic t(11;14)(q13;q32) is found in virtually all cases, experimental evidence suggests that this event alone is insufficient to result in lymphoma and secondary genomic alterations are required. Using a newly developed DNA microarray of 32 433 overlapping genomic segments spanning the entire human genome, we can for the first time move beyond marker based analysis and comprehensively search for secondary genomic alterations concomitant with the t(11;14) in eight commonly used cell models of MCL (Granta-519, HBL-2, NCEB-1, Rec-1, SP49, UPN-1, Z138C and JVM-2). Examining these genomes at tiling resolution identified an unexpected average of 35 genetic alterations per cell line, with equal numbers of amplifications and deletions. Recurrent high-level amplifications were identified at 18q21 containing BCL2, and at 13q31 containing GPC5. In addition, a recurrent homozygous deletion was identified at 9p21 containing p15 and p16. Alignment of these profiles revealed 14 recurrent losses and 21 recurrent gains as small as 130 kb. Remarkably, even the intra immunoglobulin gene deletions at 2p11 and 22q11 were detected, demonstrating the power of combining the detection sensitivity of array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) with the resolution of an overlapping whole genome tiling-set. These alterations not only coincided with previously described aberrations in MCL, but also defined 13 novel regions. Further characterization of such minimally altered genomic regions identified using whole genome array CGH will define novel dominant oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that play important roles in the pathogenesis of MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J de Leeuw
- Department of Cancer Genetics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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30
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Garnis C, Buys TPH, Lam WL. Genetic alteration and gene expression modulation during cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2004; 3:9. [PMID: 15035667 PMCID: PMC408463 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progresses through a series of histopathological stages. Progression is thought to be driven by the accumulation of genetic alterations and consequently gene expression pattern changes. The identification of genes and pathways involved will not only enhance our understanding of the biology of this process, it will also provide new targets for early diagnosis and facilitate treatment design. Genomic approaches have proven to be effective in detecting chromosomal alterations and identifying genes disrupted in cancer. Gene expression profiling has led to the subclassification of tumors. In this article, we will describe the current technologies used in cancer gene discovery, the model systems used to validate the significance of the genes and pathways, and some of the genes and pathways implicated in the progression of preneoplastic and early stage cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathie Garnis
- Cancer Genetics and Developmental Biology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre; 601 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Timon PH Buys
- Cancer Genetics and Developmental Biology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre; 601 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Wan L Lam
- Cancer Genetics and Developmental Biology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre; 601 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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31
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Ishkanian AS, Malloff CA, Watson SK, DeLeeuw RJ, Chi B, Coe BP, Snijders A, Albertson DG, Pinkel D, Marra MA, Ling V, MacAulay C, Lam WL. A tiling resolution DNA microarray with complete coverage of the human genome. Nat Genet 2004; 36:299-303. [PMID: 14981516 DOI: 10.1038/ng1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We constructed a tiling resolution array consisting of 32,433 overlapping BAC clones covering the entire human genome. This increases our ability to identify genetic alterations and their boundaries throughout the genome in a single comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiment. At this tiling resolution, we identified minute DNA alterations not previously reported. These alterations include microamplifications and deletions containing oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes and new genes that may be associated with multiple tumor types. Our findings show the need to move beyond conventional marker-based genome comparison approaches, that rely on inference of continuity between interval markers. Our submegabase resolution tiling set for array CGH (SMRT array) allows comprehensive assessment of genomic integrity and thereby the identification of new genes associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ishkanian
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 601 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
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