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Akinyamoju AO, Lawal AO, Adisa AO, Adeyemi BF, Kolude B. Immunohistochemical Expression of E-Cadherin and β-Catenin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF THE WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS 2023; 13:43-47. [PMID: 37538202 PMCID: PMC10395847 DOI: 10.4103/jwas.jwas_1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The E-cadherin/β-catenin protein complexes are actively involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Alterations in cadherin or catenin expression or function, play important roles in the development of invasive or metastatic phenotypes of cancers. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and to compare this with their clinico-pathological parameters. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study to assess the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in 41 cases of OSCC. Data were analyzed using version 26 of SPSS software. Qualitative data were compared using chi-square statistics. Quantitative data were summarized using mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval and compared using a one-way analysis of variance test. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Overall, 95.1% of the cases had positive membrane expression for E-cadherin, while cytoplasmic staining was seen in 90.2% cases. Positive nuclear staining was seen in 46.3% cases. There was a decrease in the percentage of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of E-cadherin as the OSCC became more poorly differentiated (χ2 = 13.96, P = 0.016). Also, a decrease in the percentage of nuclear expression of β-catenin in poorly differentiated cases was seen. However, no statistically significant difference was seen in the expression of β-catenin between the different histologic grades (χ2 = 4.8, P = 0.4). Conclusion This study shows a reduction in the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin as OSCC becomes less differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Oluwatoyin Lawal
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Bukola Folasade Adeyemi
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Kolude
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Hakim SG, Taubitz C, Hoppe S, Steller D, Rades D, Ribbat-Idel J, Alsharif U, Falougy M. Prognostic impact of the loss of E-cadherin and de novo expression of N-cadherin at the invasive front of primary and recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1151879. [PMID: 37265789 PMCID: PMC10231494 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1151879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological mechanism in multiple pathophysiological diseases. Related alterations in cadherin expression play a crucial role in carcinogenesis, progression, angiogenesis, and immune response. EMT cells exhibit a transition from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype (cadherin-switch). This process is characterized by the de novo development of N-cadherin (N-CAD), which replaces E-cadherin (E-CAD) and signifies an increased migratory capacity and malignant transformation. The cadherin switch is a hallmark of EMT and has been studied in various cancer entities. We predicted that the cadherin switch in the primary and recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma (re-OSCC) tissues is an inherent characteristic of the tumor, affects the biologic behavior, and further reflects the post-recurrence survival outcome of these patients. Survival outcome was analyzed by calculating the post-recurrence survival of the high-risk group and correlating the standardized h-score-based IHC expression of both cadherin types with the clinical follow-up. 94 patients with re-OSCC were observed within the cohort. Tissue samples from both primary and recurring tumors were collected. There was a significant association between loss of E-CAD expression and both oral cancer-specific and overall survival, (HR=2.72, CI:1.50-4.95, p=0.001) and (HR=3.84, CI:1.93-7.63, p=0.001), respectively, for expression loss higher than 60%. There was no statistically significant correlation between N-CAD de novo expression and Overall, oral cancer-specific and disease-free post-recurrence survival. The current study clearly shows that cadherin-switch, identified as E-CAD loss and N-CAD de novo expression in the invasion front of a re-OSCC, appears to be an inherent histological hallmark that does not change from primary manifestation to recurrence within the same tumor, regardless of the form of adjuvant therapy used for the primary tumor. The loss of E-CAD expression in re-OSCC is an independent risk factor for poor survival, and may be used to stratify therapy and de/escalate the multimodal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer George Hakim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helios Medical Center, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Clara Taubitz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Steffen Hoppe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Steller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dirk Rades
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julika Ribbat-Idel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ubai Alsharif
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dortmund General Hospital, Dortmund, and Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Mohamed Falougy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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Overexpression of E-Cadherin Is a Favorable Prognostic Biomarker in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020239. [PMID: 36829516 PMCID: PMC9953277 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is characterized by poor survival, mostly due to local invasion, loco-regional recurrence, and metastasis. Given that the weakening of cell-to-cell adhesion is a feature associated with the migration and invasion of cancer cells, different studies have explored the prognostic utility of cell adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin (E-cad). This study aims to summarize current evidence in a meta-analysis, focusing on the prognostic role of E-cad in OSCC. To find studies meeting inclusion criteria, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Medline, and OpenGrey databases were systematically assessed and screened. The selection process led to 25 studies, which were considered eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis, representing a sample of 2553 patients. E-cad overexpression was strongly associated with longer overall survival (OS) with Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.41 95% confidence interval (95% CI) (0.32-0.54); p < 0.001 and disease-free survival with HR 0.47 95% CI (0.37-0.61); p < 0.001. In terms of OS, patients with tongue cancer experienced better survivability when expressing E-cad with HR 0.28 95% CI (0.19-0.43); p < 0.001. Globally, our findings indicate the prognostic role of the immunohistochemical assessment of E-cad in OSCC and its expression might acquire a different role based on the oral cavity subsites.
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Salam H, Ahmed S, Bari MF, Bukhari U, Haider G, Najeeb S, Mughal N. Association of Kaiso and partner proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022; 18:802-811. [PMID: 36852243 PMCID: PMC9957818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives 1. Identification of protein expression and subcellular localization of E-cadherin (E-cad), p120 catenin (P120ctn), and Kaiso in oral cancer (OC). 2. To study the protein expression of cyclin D1 and c-Myc (Kaiso targets) and determine their relationship with the expression and localization of Kaiso. Methods Histological grading was performed in accordance with Broder's criteria. Expression and localization data for E-cad, p120ctn, Kaiso, cyclin D1, and c-Myc were acquired using immunohistochemistry. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. The chi-square test was used to measure the statistical significance of associations, with p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results Of 47 OC cases, 36% showed low E-cad expression and 34% showed low p120ctn. Low Kaiso expression was recognized in 78% of tumor specimens. Aberrant cytoplasmic localization of p120ctn was seen in 80.8% cases. Cytoplasmic Kaiso localization was appreciated in 87% of tumor tissues, whereas 29.7% lacked any nuclear Kaiso. Kaiso expression was significantly associated with the expression of cyclin D1 but not with c-Myc. Conclusion The present study identified a change in the localization of Kaiso in OC. The significance of this in relation to OC and tumor prognosis needs to be investigated with further studies using larger sample sizes and more sensitive molecular tools.
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Key Words
- AJ, Adherens junction
- BTB/POZ, Broad complex
- ChIP, Chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DDRRL, Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DUHS, Dow University of Health Sciences
- E-cad, E-cadherin
- E-cadherin
- FFPE, Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded
- H&E, Hematoxylin and eosin
- HPV, Human papilloma virus
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- KBS, Kaiso-binding site
- Kaiso protein
- MBP, Methyl CpG DNA-binding proteins
- OC, Oral cancer
- Oral squamous cell carcinoma
- SES, Socioeconomic status
- TNM, Tumor
- Tramtrack, and Bric a brac/poxvirus and zinc finger
- ZBTB33 protein
- ZF, Zinc finger
- c-Myc, Cellular Myc proteins
- node, metastasis
- p120ctn, p120-catenin
- qPCR, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Salam
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan,Corresponding address: Department of Oral Pathology, Dr Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha campus, Pakistan.
| | - Shaheen Ahmed
- Department of Oral Surgery, Dow International Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Bari
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi
| | - Uzma Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Haider
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Agha Khan University, Pakistan
| | - Shariq Najeeb
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada,Department of Evidence Synthesis, Evidentia Dental Research, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nouman Mughal
- Department of Surgery, Agha Khan University, Pakistan
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Gupta SK, Agarwal S, Singh SN, Sehra R, Jat PS, Singhal P. Role of Vimentin and E-cadherin Expression in Premalignant and Malignant Lesions of Oral Cavity. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:350-355. [PMID: 36213468 PMCID: PMC9535065 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the role of Vimentin and E-cadherin expression in oral premalignant and malignant lesions. 68 histopathologically confirmed cases of premalignant and malignant oral cavity lesions enrolled. Biopsy specimens were taken from lesion of all cases and subjected to immunohistochemical evaluation of expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin. We examined the relationships between the expression of these markers and specific clinicopathological features were analyzed. Out of 68 cases 28 showed high vimentin expression (3 + and 4 + grade) and 40 showed low vimentin expression (1 + and 2 + grade). 20 cases out of 68 presented with high E-cadherin expression (3 + and 4 +) and rest 48 with low expression (1 + and 2 +) of the same. Smoking and tobacco chewing reflected non-significant association with their expression. In this study all 28 patients (100%) with high vimentin expression had malignant lesions and 17 (60.7%) presented with metastatic lymph nodes Out of 20 patients with high E-cadherin expression 8(40.0%) had malignant lesions and 12 (60.0%) had pre malignant lesions and 4 (20%) showed nodal metastasis. As tumor stage (TNM) progresses, it showed increased vimentin and decreased E-cadherin expression and vice versa. We concluded that increased vimentin and decreased E-cadherin expression in oral cancers are associated with metastasis and disease progression in terms of upstaging of disease. We can use cellular expression of vimentin and E-cadherin for early diagnosis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Sunita Agarwal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Shashank Nath Singh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Ritu Sehra
- ESIC, B-10 Tapovan Vihar, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017 India
| | - Prem Singh Jat
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Pawan Singhal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
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Monteiro L, Delgado L, Amaral B, Ricardo S, Fraga M, Lopes C, Warnakulasuryia S. Occludin and Claudin-1 are potential prognostic biomarkers in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas. An observational study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 134:588-598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sangala BN, Raghunath V, Kavle P, Gupta A, Gotmare SS, Andey VS. Evaluation of immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin in pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2022; 26:65-71. [PMID: 35571293 PMCID: PMC9106255 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_337_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ADCC) are benign and malignant salivary gland tumors, respectively, with distinct behavior. They have similar origins and cell components. E-cadherins are the main homophilic cell adhesion molecules, which play a central role in maintaining epithelial integrity, functioning in intercellular adhesion and differentiation. Hence, changes in E-cadherin function are reflected in the morphologic events associated with the cellular arrangement, movement and wound healing. Aim: To study and compare the expression of E-cadherin immunostaining in PA and ADCC. Materials and Methods: Fifteen cases of each PA and ADCC were immunohistochemically stained with E-cadherin. Five cases of normal salivary gland tissues were taken as the positive control. Mann–Whitney U-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: About 86.6% of PA cases showed homogeneous staining. 66.6% of cases of ADCC showed heterogeneous staining. PA, cribriform and tubular patterns of ADCC predominantly showed moderate immune-staining and solid patterns of ADCC exhibited predominantly mild immunostaining. Depending on the intensity of staining, we found a significant P value between PA and the solid variant of ADCC. Conclusion: E-cadherin proved to be a better marker for epithelial phenotypes in PAs. In ADCC difference in staining intensity between different histological subtypes suggests that further studies should be done to assess the usefulness of an immuno-marker to know the aggressive behavior of ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Nagendra Sangala
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bharati Vidhyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vandana Raghunath
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pratibha Kavle
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bharati Vidhyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anish Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, People's Dental Academy, People's university, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Shrikant Gotmare
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, DY Patil University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Venkata Subhash Andey
- Department of Dentistry, Gayathri Medical College and Hospital, Marikivalasa, Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Gao Z, Xu M, Yue S, Shan H, Xia J, Jiang J, Yang S. Abnormal sialylation and fucosylation of saliva glycoproteins: Characteristics of lung cancer-specific biomarkers. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 3:100079. [PMID: 35005612 PMCID: PMC8718573 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated surface glycoproteins play an important role in tumor cell proliferation and progression. Abnormal glycosylation of these glycoproteins may activate tumor signal transduction and lead to tumor development. The tumor microenvironment alters its molecular composition, some of which regulate protein glycosylation biosynthesis. The glycosylation of saliva proteins in lung cancer patients is different from healthy controls, in which the glycans of cancer patients are highly sialylated and hyperfucosylated. Most studies have shown that O-glycans from cancer are truncated O-glycans, while N-glycans contain fucoses and sialic acids. Because glycosylation analysis is challenging, there are few reports on how glycosylation of saliva proteins is related to the occurrence or progression of lung cancer. In this review, we discussed glycoenzymes involved in protein glycosylation, their changes in tumor microenvironment, potential tumor biomarkers present in body fluids, and abnormal glycosylation of saliva or lung glycoproteins. We further explored the effect of glycosylation changes on tumor signal transduction, and emphasized the role of receptor tyrosine kinases in tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Gao
- Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dushu Lake Hospital to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215125, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Mingming Xu
- Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Shuang Yue
- Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Huang Shan
- Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Junhong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dushu Lake Hospital to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215125, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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Chakraborti S, Paul RR, Pal M, Chatterjee J, Das RK. Collagen deposition correlates with loss of E-cadherin and increased p63 expression in dysplastic conditions of oral submucous fibrosis. Med Mol Morphol 2021; 55:20-26. [PMID: 34482436 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-021-00304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the status of epithelial markers, E-cadherin, and p63 in the backdrop of an abnormal amount of collagen in the sub-mucosa of dysplastic and non-dysplastic grades of OSF. Histologically confirmed OSF and normal oral mucosa samples were procured. Samples were stained by Van Gieson's stain (VG) and immunohistochemistry. The captured images were analyzed by ImageJ software to quantify their grayscale intensities. There was a gradual increase in the intensity of VG stain from normal to non-dysplastic and dysplastic OSF and the differences in their mean grayscale values were found to be significant (p < 0.00001). The intensity of E-cadherin was found to be the highest in non-dysplastic conditions and lowest in dysplastic conditions. The intensity difference of E-cadherin between normal and non-dysplastic OSF was found to be significant (p < 0.00001). The grayscale scale intensity values for p63 in whole epithelium depicted significant differences between normal and diseased conditions but for its intensity, in basal cells, significant differences were found between non-dysplastic and other classes of tissues. There was a positive correlation observed between VG and p63 staining intensity. The diseased oral epithelium demonstrated greater deposition of sub-epithelial collagen fibers along with subsequent loss of E-cadherin and an increased p63 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourangshu Chakraborti
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjan Rashmi Paul
- Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mousumi Pal
- Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Raunak Kumar Das
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Differences in Extracellular Vesicle Protein Cargo Are Dependent on Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell of Origin and Human Papillomavirus Status. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153714. [PMID: 34359613 PMCID: PMC8345072 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify potential extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we evaluated EV protein cargo and whole cell lysates (WCL) from HPV-positive and -negative HNSCC cell lines, as well as normal oral keratinocytes and HPV16-transformed cells. EVs were isolated from serum-depleted, conditioned cell culture media by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation/ultracentrifugation. EV and WCL preparations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Candidate proteins detected at significantly higher levels in EV compared with WCL, or compared with EV from normal oral keratinocytes, were identified and confirmed by Wes Simple Western protein analysis. Our findings suggest that these proteins may be potential HNSCC EV markers as proteins that may be (1) selectively included in EV cargo for export from the cell as a strategy for metastasis, tumor cell survival, or modification of tumor microenvironment, or (2) representative of originating cell composition, which may be developed for diagnostic or prognostic use in clinical liquid biopsy applications. This work demonstrates that our method can be used to reliably detect EV proteins from HNSCC, normal keratinocyte, and transformed cell lines. Furthermore, this work has identified HNSCC EV protein candidates for continued evaluation, specifically tenascin-C, HLA-A, E-cadherin, EGFR, EPHA2, and cytokeratin 19.
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de Lima MAP, Cavalcante RB, da Silva CGL, Nogueira RLM, Macedo GEC, de Galiza LE, Pinheiro JV, Maia Filho PHB, Santos SF, Rabenhorst SHB. Evaluation of HPV and EBV in OSCC and the expression of p53, p16, E-cadherin, COX-2, MYC, and MLH1. Oral Dis 2021; 28:1104-1122. [PMID: 33660890 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the expression of p53, p16, E-cadherin, COX-2, MLH1, and MYC in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred OSCC specimens were submitted to in situ hybridization for HPV and EBV, and immunohistochemistry for detection of the human proteins. RESULTS Thirty-one cases showed HPV in tumor tissue. EBV was not detected in any case investigated. The HPV(+) group demonstrated an increase of staining scores for nuclear p16 (p = .047), cytoplasmic MYC (p = .002), while a decrease for nuclear MLH1 (p = .048), suggesting that HPV may upregulate the expression of the first two proteins and down-regulate the latter. CONCLUSION Our findings reinforce the hypothesis of the HPV-related oral carcinogenesis involving the expression of p16 and MYC, and MLH1 suppression. Exclusively cytoplasmic stainings for p16, MLH1, and MYC were also associated with more advanced tumors. Finally, in view of the lack of studies correlating the HPV or EBV infection to the expression of oncoproteins, more researches assessing a broader panel of markers and employing different approaches are still necessary in order to understand the role of these viruses as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of oral carcinomas.
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Valentiner U, Knips J, Pries R, Clauditz T, Münscher A, Sauter G, Wollenberg B, Schumacher U. Selectin Binding Sites Are Involved in Cell Adhesive Properties of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111672. [PMID: 31661833 PMCID: PMC6896014 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of distant metastases often determines the fate of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and their ligands of the leukocyte adhesion cascade has been associated with metastatic competence in several malignant entities. In this study, human HNSCC cell lines were analyzed in vitro and in a spontaneous metastatic xenograft model. Immunohistochemical analyses of several CAMs were performed on xenograft tumors and tissue microarrays (TMA) from 453 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas with full histo-pathological and clinical follow-up data. UTSCC 24A and 24B cells bind to E-selectin in vitro, show E-selectin dependent binding to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and express sLeX. All HNSCC cells engrafted into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, and UTSCC 24A cells formed sporadically spontaneous lung metastases. The expression of CAMs varied between the cell lines, but a correlation between tumor growth and metastatic potential did not exist. None of the CAMS or their ligands could be identified to be of prognostic relevance in the TMA study. The in vitro results indicate that E-selectin and sLeX are involved in the adhesion of HNSCC cells to endothelium. However, specific prognostic markers chosen from the leukocyte adhesion cascade for HNSCC were not identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Valentiner
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jillian Knips
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ralph Pries
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Till Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Adrian Münscher
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Barbara Wollenberg
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Zhao M, Hu X, Xu Y, Wu C, Chen J, Ren Y, Kong L, Sun S, Zhang L, Jin R, Zhou X. Targeting of EZH2 inhibits epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via regulating the STAT3/VEGFR2 axis. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1165-1175. [PMID: 31545422 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis regulated by epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a significant role in the development of human cancers, whereas the molecular mechanisms of this process in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remain elusive. In this study, we found that inhibition of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) resulted in suppressed EMT in HNSCC in vitro and in vivo. We reported that signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) axis served as the downstream signaling of EZH2 and mediated EMT in HNSCC. EZH2 inhibition downregulated the expression of key molecules of the STAT3/VEGFR2 axis and EMT‑related markers, while the expression of E‑cadherin was upregulated in HNSCC cells. Targeting the EZH2/STAT3/VEGFR2 axis significantly reduced motility of HNSCC cells. Furthermore, EZH2 knockdown reduced the growth of xenograft HNSCC tumors via inhibiting the EZH2/STAT3/VEGFR2 axis. In conclusion, we proposed that EZH2 regulates EMT and tumor invasion and metastasis in HNSCC by governing the STAT3/VEGFR2 axis. These findings provide a rationale for developing novel strategies to treat invasive and metastatic HNSCC via targeting the EZH2/STAT3/VEGFR2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhao
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Hu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yini Xu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Chuanqiang Wu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Lingping Kong
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Lun Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
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14
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López-Verdín S, Martínez-Fierro ML, Garza-Veloz I, Zamora-Perez A, Grajeda-Cruz J, González-González R, Molina-Frechero N, Arocena-Sutz M, Bologna-Molina R. E-Cadherin gene expression in oral cancer: Clinical and prospective data. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2019; 24:e444-e451. [PMID: 31256188 PMCID: PMC6667017 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low protein expression of E-cadherin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been associated with clinical and histopathological traits such as metastases, recurrence, low survival and poor tumor differentiation, and it is considered a high-risk marker of malignancy. However, it is still unknown whether low expression of E-cadherin is also present at the mRNA level in OSCC cases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare E-cadherin mRNA expression in OSCC patients and controls and to correlate the expression with clinical and prospective characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty patients and 40 controls were enrolled. E-cadherin mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan probes. RESULTS E-cadherin mRNA expression was significantly decreased in OSCC patients compared to that of controls (p<0.001). Whereas no significant association between clinical parameters and E-cadherin expression levels was observed, we noted lower E-cadherin expression levels in patients with positive lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin mRNA expression was markedly diminished in OSCC, in agreement with previous results that examined E-cadherin expression at the protein level. E-cadherin is downregulated in the early clinical stages of OSCC, and its mRNA levels do not change significantly in the advanced stages, suggesting that there is limited usefulness of this parameter for predicting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López-Verdín
- Molecular Pathology, School of Dentistry Universidad de la República (UDELAR) Las Heras 1925, Montevideo, Uruguay
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15
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Yazdani J, Ghavimi MA, Jabbari Hagh E, Ahmadpour F. The Role of E-Cadherin as a Prognostic Biomarker in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2019; 22:523-535. [PMID: 30006812 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we systematically investigated and analyzed articles focusing on the prognostic value of E-cadherin (E-cad) in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Searching through the different databases, the studies examining the associations between E-cad and HNSCC prognosis were identified. Outcomes such as disease-specific survival and overall survival were considered acceptable. Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to demonstrate prognostic value. RESULTS A total of 40 studies were systematically analyzed, and finally, 1939 subjects were included in our meta-analysis. Our findings showed that significant aberrant expression of E-cad was associated with poor survival. However, some studies showed increased expression of E-cad in metastatic lesions was associated with poor prognosis. Alteration in location of E-cad expression also showed significant association with cancer survival, i.e., increased cytoplasmic E-cad. We conducted a meta-analysis on the eligible articles using a random effect model because of moderate heterogeneity. Strong association between aberrant expression of E-cad and poor survival was demonstrated (pooled HR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.78-2.91). CONCLUSIONS Aberrant expression of E-cad may be a promising prognostic signature for HNSCC, especially when it is used with other prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Yazdani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohhamad Ali Ghavimi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elahe Jabbari Hagh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzin Ahmadpour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran.
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16
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Wang M, Niu W, Qi M, Chen H, Zhang M, Wang C, Ge L, Yang J, Miao C, Shi N, Chen T, Tang X. Nicotine promotes cervical metastasis of oral cancer by regulating peroxiredoxin 1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mice. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:3327-3338. [PMID: 31118684 PMCID: PMC6501726 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s194129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco is a major risk factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the role of nicotine in OSCC is not completely understood. Materials and methods To analyze the mechanisms of nicotine-induced cervical metastasis, we investigated whether nicotine induced invasion, migration, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) via regulating peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) in CAL 27 cells. In addition, we established a mouse model to confirm the roles of nicotine in regulating Ets1/Prx1/EMT signaling in OSCC metastasis. Results We showed that nicotine induced CAL 27 cell invasion, migration, EMT, and Prx1 and Ets1 expression. Prx1 knockdown inhibited cell invasion, migration, and EMT. Ets1 silencing downregulated Prx1 expression and EMT. Prx1 and Ets1 were shown to interact in CAL 27 cells treated with nicotine, and nicotine could significantly upregulate the binding of the transcription factor Ets1 to the Prx1 gene promoter region. Additionally, an in vivo study showed that nicotine induced tumor metastasis and EMT. Prx1 knockdown inhibited cervical metastasis rates and EMT progression. No significant differences in metastasis rates and EMT-related marker expression levels were observed between vehicle- and nicotine-treated mice. Conclusion The results indicate that nicotine promotes cervical lymph node metastasis through regulating Ets1/Prx1/EMT signaling during OSCC pathogenesis; consequently, Prx1 may represent a potential target for the prevention and treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wenwen Niu
- Beijing Shibalidian Community Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Moci Qi
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China,
| | - Min Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China,
| | - Lihua Ge
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China,
| | - Congcong Miao
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ni Shi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Tong Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Xiaofei Tang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China,
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17
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Re M, Gioacchini FM, Scarpa A, Cassandro C, Tulli M, Cassandro E. The prognostic significance of E-cadherin expression in laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 38:504-510. [PMID: 30499566 PMCID: PMC6325659 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically review publications that investigated the prognostic role of E-cadherin immunostaining in patients affected by laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. An appropriate string was run on PubMed to retrieve articles dealing with this topic. A double cross-check was performed on citations and full-text articles by two authors independently to analyse all manuscripts and perform a comprehensive quality assessment. Among 89 abstracts identified, 13 articles were included. These studies reported on 1,121 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, there were 10 studies that showed a significant correlation between E-cadherin immunohistochemical expression and at least one of the clinical and histopathological parameters considered by the authors. In particular E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with N stage (five studies), grading (four studies) and disease-free survival/disease-specific survival (six studies). In conclusion, the findings of our review appear similar to the results published by other authors on the putative role of E-cadherin in progression of malignancy. In fact, for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma it seems that lower levels of E-cadherin correlate with increased tumoural aggressiveness and worse prognosis. Nevertheless, further high-quality prospective studies should be carried out to clarify if E-cadherin expression may be considered as an independent prognostic factor for patients affected by laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Re
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - F M Gioacchini
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Scarpa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - C Cassandro
- Surgical Sciences Department, University of Turin, Italy
| | - M Tulli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - E Cassandro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy
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18
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Mohajertehran F, Sahebkar A, Zare R, Mohtasham N. The promise of stem cell markers in the diagnosis and therapy of epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8499-8507. [PMID: 29797575 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer. Epithelial dysplasia is often initiated in the cells and cell nuclei adjacent to the epithelial cell membrane. Reduced cell-cell adhesions enable cancer cells to detach from the tumor and disseminate to other organs. The mutations in epithelial dysplasia markers such as E-cadherin and epithelial cell adhesion molecules (CD326) can lead to proliferation, growth and survival of the tumor cells and persistence of numerous malignancies that play a key role in epithelial dysplasia of OSCC. Accordingly, these genes can be considered prognostic markers or potential therapeutic targets for the tailored management of patients with OSCC. The gene expression profile of OSCC stem cells indicates a differential pattern that facilitates establishing a cell signature. Owing to the highly tumorigenic behavior of cancer stem cells and the role of these cells in tumor differentiation, treatment resistance, relapse, and metastasis, we reviewed the role of stem cell markers in epithelial dysplasia and OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Mohajertehran
- Oral and Maxillofacial Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Zare
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Mohtasham
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Di Domenico M, Giordano A. Signal transduction growth factors: the effective governance of transcription and cellular adhesion in cancer invasion. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36869-36884. [PMID: 28415812 PMCID: PMC5482705 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Giulio Bizzozero classified the tissues concerning their capacity to self-renew during the adult life in labile, stable and permanent tissues. In 1940 Viktor Hamburger and Rita Levi Montalcini exposed the possibility to induce the growth of permanent cells thanks to a specific ligand Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). Stanley Cohen purified a protein the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), able to induce epidermis proliferation and to elicit precocious eye disclosure and teeth eruption, establishing the “inverse” relationships between the proliferation and differentiation. These two biological effects induced by EGF were according to EGFR signaling is involved in a large array of cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration and differentiation. This review is focused on the key role of growth factors signaling and their downstream effectors in physiological and in pathological phenomena, the authors highlight the governance of Growth factors during the EMT in cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy.,IRCCS Institute of Women's Health Malzoni Clinic, Avellino, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition during Metastasis of HPV-Negative Pharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7929104. [PMID: 29693014 PMCID: PMC5859914 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7929104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In epithelial tumors, a shift towards a mesenchymal phenotype has been associated with increased invasiveness and metastasis. It is assumed that this phenomenon plays a major role in disease progression and ultimately prognosis. This study investigated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human papillomavirus- (HPV-) negative pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Tissue was obtained from one hypopharyngeal primary tumor and a regional lymph node metastasis during surgery with curative intention. A cell culture was established from the primary tumor and mesenchymal growth conditions were emulated. Gene expression profiling was performed (Human 8 × 60 K design array, Agilent Technologies) and EMT was assessed by a gene set (MSigDB: M5930, Hallmark_epithelial_mesenchymal_transition), applying gene set expression analysis (GSEA). Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry of CD44 and E-cadherin were compared in primary tumor, metastasis, and cell cultures. Primary tumor and metastasis were highly positive for CD44. A loss of E-cadherin occurred in the metastasis. Flow cytometry showed the appearance of a population without E-cadherin in spheroid colonies. In GSEA, the EMT phenotype was enriched in the primary tumor compared to metastasis and cell cultures (FDR < 25%, p < 5%). EMT showed variable expression during metastasis. It may thereby be a dynamic state in HPV-negative pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is active only during the process of metastasis itself. Thereby, the primary tumor as well as the metastasis may exhibit fewer EMT properties.
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21
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Interpretation of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Protein-Protein Interaction Network Construction and Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.62004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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López-Verdín S, Soto-Avila JJ, Zamora-Perez AL, Lazalde-Ramos BP, Martínez-Fierro ML, González-González R, Molina-Frechero N, Isiordia-Espinoza MA, Bologna-Molina R. Patients with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma have high levels of soluble E-cadherin in the saliva. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2017; 22:e694-e701. [PMID: 29053653 PMCID: PMC5813987 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the potential clinical value of the concentration of soluble salivary E-cadherin (sE-cadherin) compared with the clinical value of the presence of membranous E-cadherin (mE-cadherin) in oral squamous cell carcinoma tumor tissues. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data regarding patient demographics, clinical stage, saliva and tumor tissue samples were collected. The saliva was analyzed for sE-cadherin protein levels and was compared to the mE-cadherin immunohistochemical expression levels in tumor tissues, which were assessed via the HercepTest® method. Patients without cancer were included in the study as a control group for comparisons of the sE-cadherin levels. RESULTS sE-cadherin levels in the saliva of patients without cancer were lower than those in patients with cancer, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.031). Low mE-cadherin expression was statistically significantly associated with lymph node positivity (p=0.015) and advanced clinical stage (p=0.001). The inverse relationship between mE-cadherin and sE-cadherin was significant in terms of lymph node positivity (p=0.014) and advanced clinical stage (p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that sE-cadherin levels are significantly increased in patients with oral cancer and that its low expression within the membrane as well as the progression of the disease appear to be inversely associated with levels of sE-cadherin in the saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López-Verdín
- Molecular Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Las Heras 1925, Montevideo, Uruguay,
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23
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Angadi PV, Patil PV, Angadi V, Mane D, Shekar S, Hallikerimath S, Kale AD, Kardesai SG. Immunoexpression of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Proteins E-Cadherin, β-Catenin, and N-Cadherin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2016; 24:696-703. [PMID: 27312520 DOI: 10.1177/1066896916654763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aims Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process for acquisition of malignant phenotype, aggressiveness, and metastatic capacity in neoplasms. It is characterized by loss of epithelial markers and gain of mesenchymal markers. Studies on EMT and its potential association with the histological grading are sparse in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aims to evaluate the expression of EMT-associated proteins-E-cadherin, β-catenin, and N-cadherin-in different grades of OSCC. Methodology In all, 60 cases of OSCC further subdivided into 20 cases each of well-, moderately, and poorly differentiated OSCCs were stained immunohistochemically with E-cadherin, β-catenin, and N-cadherin antibodies. The differences in the expression were evaluated using χ2 and Fisher exact tests, whereas Spearman's correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the markers. Results A reduced E-cadherin expression noted in 40% of the OSCCs was associated with reduced β-catenin expression in 66.6% of the cases and increase in the expression of mesenchymal N-cadherin seen in 80% of cases. This expression pattern demonstrated a significant association with histological grades. A membrane to cytoplasmic shift of E-cadherin (73.3%) and β-catenin (78.3%) increased with histological grade. A negative correlation was observed with the E-cadherin and N-cadherin localization, though it did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion OSCC tissues had high levels of EMT phenotype as compared with the normal oral mucosa. This phenotype was characterized by reduced E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and overexpression of N-cadherin. Aberrant localization of the studied proteins was a hallmark for depicting EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnya V Angadi
- KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Vidya Angadi
- KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepa Mane
- KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Saurabh Shekar
- KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Alka D Kale
- KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - S G Kardesai
- KLE University's JN Medical College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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24
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Ren X, Wang J, Lin X, Wang X. E-cadherin expression and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: evidence from 19 published investigations. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2447-53. [PMID: 27217768 PMCID: PMC4853145 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s98577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to review the published literature and investigate whether E-cadherin gene is a prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by conducting a meta-analysis. Methods Studies were identified from the databases Embase, Medline, and Cochrane Library by using the keywords “E-cadherin gene” and “head and neck cancer”. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were the primary outcome measurements. Results Our literature review identified 1,458 articles; 19 studies with a total number of 2,012 cases were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) for OS of patients with decreased expression of E-cadherin gene was 0.57 (95% CI =0.37, 0.89; P=0.000). However, statistical heterogeneity was unacceptably high (I2=74.5%, P=0.000). After sensitivity analysis, heterogeneity became acceptable, and the effect measure was still significant (I2=7.0%; HR =0.52; 95% CI =0.40, 0.66; P=0.000). The HR for DFS was 0.53 (95% CI =0.42, 0.67; P=0.000). Conclusion This meta-analysis showed clear evidence that high E-cadherin gene expression is a positive prognostic factor of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, resulting in better OS and DFS. However, this conclusion must be interpreted with caution due to a few limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianning Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuxia Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Wang YQ, Yuan Y, Jiang S, Jiang H. Promoter methylation and expression of CDH1 and susceptibility and prognosis of eyelid squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9521-6. [PMID: 26790440 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyelid skin tumors are the most frequent type of cancer in ophthalmology. And, eyelid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for a large part of it. CDH1 encodes E-cadherin, a glycoprotein that plays an important part in cell-cell interaction. Loss of CDH1 function was suspected to be associated with tumorigenesis. Methylation of CDH1 promotors can alter the expression of its protein and is also considered as a contributor to various cancers. In this study, CDH1 methylation and expression profile as well as prognosis of 38 cases of eyelid SCC and the corresponding adjacent tissues were analyzed to clarify the role of CDH1 methylation in SCC carcinogenesis and prognosis. Methylation was detected by PCR, and CDH1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We observed that CDH1 methylation is significantly correlated with decreased CDH1 protein expression in eyelid SCC patients. Patients with methylation and low expression of CDH1 are significantly associated with advanced and aggressive phenotypes. Therefore, CDH1 methylation and CDH1 expression are both independent prognostic factors for prognosis of eyelid SCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Military General Hospital, No. 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Military General Hospital, No. 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Military General Hospital, No. 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China.
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26
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Liu S, Ye D, Guo W, Yu W, He Y, Hu J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Liao Y, Song H, Zhong S, Xu D, Yin H, Sun B, Wang X, Liu J, Wu Y, Zhou BP, Zhang Z, Deng J. G9a is essential for EMT-mediated metastasis and maintenance of cancer stem cell-like characters in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6887-901. [PMID: 25749385 PMCID: PMC4466657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a particularly aggressive cancer with poor prognosis, largely due to lymph node metastasis and local recurrence. Emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important for cancer metastasis, and correlated with increased cancer stem cells (CSCs) characteristics. However, the mechanisms underlying metastasis to lymph nodes in HNSCC is poorly defined. In this study, we show that E-cadherin repression correlates with cancer metastasis and poor prognosis in HNSCC. We found that G9a, a histone methyltransferase, interacts with Snail and mediates Snail-induced transcriptional repression of E-cadherin and EMT, through methylation of histone H3 lysine-9 (H3K9). Moreover, G9a is required for both lymph node-related metastasis and TGF-β-induced EMT in HNSCC cells since knockdown of G9a reversed EMT, inhibited cell migration and tumorsphere formation, and suppressed the expression of CSC markers. Our study demonstrates that the G9a protein is essential for the induction of EMT and CSC-like properties in HNSCC. Thus, targeting the G9a-Snail axis may represent a novel strategy for treatment of metastatic HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingzhou Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueling Liao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyong Song
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Translation Medicine Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Translation Medicine Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yadi Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Translation Medicine Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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27
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Greco A, De Virgilio A, Rizzo MI, Pandolfi F, Rosati D, de Vincentiis M. The prognostic role of E-cadherin and β-catenin overexpression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2015; 126:E148-55. [PMID: 26511677 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) consists of a rapid and reversible change in the cellular phenotype toward the mesenchymal cell phenotype that facilitates cell migration and invasion of the tumor into surrounding tissues followed by metastasis. In the present study, we sought to determine the clinical significance of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, α-catenin, γ-catenin, caveolin-1, and vimentin in a cohort of patients with stage I to IVA laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) treated with surgery with or without adjuvant therapy using immunohistochemical analyses. STUDY DESIGN Individual retrospective cohort study. METHODS E-cadherin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, α-catenin, γ-catenin, caveolin-1, and vimentin immunohistochemical expression were evaluated in a cohort of 82 patients with stages I to IVA LSCC. The Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney test where appropriate for continuous variables. Survival comparisons was performed using the log-rank test. A multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model was performed and considered all EMT markers. RESULTS In multivariate analysis, T stage was an independent risk factor for adverse disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) (P = .025 and .019, respectively). Cytoplasmic β-catenin overexpression was independently associated with a longer DSS (P = .0007), and E-cadherin overexpression was found to be an independent risk factor for poor OS (P = .030). CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin and β-catenin pathways could represent future therapeutic targets in the treatment of LSCC. However, validation of our results in prospective cohorts of patients with LSCCs is required before their clinical implementation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Greco
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando De Virgilio
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Surgical Science, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Rizzo
- Department of Surgical Science, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Pandolfi
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Rosati
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco de Vincentiis
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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28
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Sridevi U, Jain A, Nagalaxmi V, Kumar UV, Goyal S. Expression of E-cadherin in normal oral mucosa, in oral precancerous lesions and in oral carcinomas. Eur J Dent 2015; 9:364-372. [PMID: 26430364 PMCID: PMC4569987 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.163238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of E-cad in oral precancerous lesions and conditions and oral carcinomas in comparison with normal mucosa. Materials and Methods: Total of 50 samples were selected for the study and were categorized into five groups and 10 samples in each group as Group I-oral leukoplakia (OL), Group II-oral lichen planus (OLP), Group III-oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), Group IV-oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and Group V-normal oral mucosa (NOM) as control group. All the samples were assessed for the expression of E-cad by immunohistochemical study. Results: Upon assessing the expression of E-cad in OL, OSMF, OLP and OSCC, as majority of the samples with OSCC (90%), OL (80%), OLP (70%) and OSMF (60%) showed mild to moderate expression of E-cad staining, which was suggestive of reduction in dysplastic cells on comparison to NOM cells. This difference in expression and variation of E-cad upon comparison with normal mucosa was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: There is significant (P < 0.001) variation of expression of E-cad with the histopathological dysplasia of the oral precancerous lesions and conditions, and the tumor differentiation of the oral cancers. However, there was no correlation of the degree of loss of expression of E-cad with the degree of dysplasia or the tumor differentiation of oral cancers. We conclude with our study that, there is a variation in the expression of E-cad but its value as a prognostic marker is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugrappa Sridevi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST Dental Institute, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Ajay Jain
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST Dental Institute, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Velpula Nagalaxmi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Stuti Goyal
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana, India
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29
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Costa LCMC, Leite CF, Cardoso SV, Loyola AM, Faria PRD, Souza PEA, Horta MCR. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers at the invasive front of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Appl Oral Sci 2015; 23:169-78. [PMID: 26018309 PMCID: PMC4428462 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignances. In epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), epithelial cells switch to mesenchymal-like cells exhibiting high mobility. This migratory phenotype is significant during tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Ferreira Leite
- Department of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Vitorino Cardoso
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriano Mota Loyola
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rogério de Faria
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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30
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive disease accounting for more than 260,000 cancer cases diagnosed and 128,000 deaths worldwide. A large majority of cancer deaths result from cancers that have metastasized beyond the primary tumor. The relationship between genetic changes and clinical outcome can reflect the biological events that promote cancer's aggressive behavior, and these can serve as molecular markers for improved patient management and survival. To this end, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a major process that promotes tumor invasion and metastasis, making EMT-related proteins attractive diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to study the expression of a panel of transcription factors (TWIST1, SNAI1/2, ZEB1 and ZEB2) and other genes intimately related to EMT (CDH1 and LAMC2) at the invasive tumor front of OSCC tissues. The association between the expression of these proteins and clinico-pathological parameters were examined with Pearson Chi-square and correlation with survival was analyzed using Kaplan Meier analysis. Our results demonstrate that there was a significant differential expression of CDH1, LAMC2, SNAI1/2 and TWIST1 between OSCC and normal oral mucosa (NOM). Specifically, CDH1 loss was significantly associated with Broder's grading, while diffused LAMC2 was similarly associated with non-cohesive pattern of invasion. Notably, co-expression of TWIST1 and ZEB2 in OSCC was significantly associated with poorer overall survival, particularly in patients without detectable lymph node metastasis. This study demonstrates that EMT-related proteins are differentially expressed in OSCC and that the co-expression of TWIST1 and ZEB2 could be of clinical value in identifying patients with poor survival for appropriate patient management.
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31
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Anura A, Das RK, Pal M, Paul RR, Ray AK, Chatterjee J. Correlated analysis of semi-quantitative immunohistochemical features of E-cadherin, VEGF and CD105 in assessing malignant potentiality of oral submucous fibrosis. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:1054-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Kim KH, Kim L, Choi SJ, Han JY, Kim JM, Chu YC, Kim YM, Park IS, Lim JH. The clinicopathological significance of epithelial mesenchymal transition associated protein expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 48:263-9. [PMID: 25214857 PMCID: PMC4160588 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2014.48.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) has an important role in invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the roles of EMT-associated proteins on progression and metastasis as a prognostic/predictive factor in curatively-resected (R0) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods A total of 118 patients who received curative surgery for HNSCC at Inha University Hospital between January 1996 and December 2011 were included. We used protein immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, and EZH2 on tissue microarrays. Also, we reviewed all medical records and analyzed the relationship between the expression of EMT-associated proteins and prognosis. Results The E-cadherin-negative group showed more moderate/poor differentiation of cancer cell type than the higher E-cadherin-expressing group (p=.016) and high EZH2 expression was significantly correlated with nodal metastasis (p=.012). Our results demonstrate a significant association between high expression of EZH2 and vimentin and presence of distant progression (p=.026). However, expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, and EZH2 was not significantly associated with overall survival. Conclusions These findings suggest that an EMT-associated protein expression profile is correlated with aggressiveness of disease and prognosis, and could be a useful marker for determination of additional treatment in curatively-resected HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Lucia Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Suk Jin Choi
- Department of Pathology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jee Young Han
- Department of Pathology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Joon Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Chae Chu
- Department of Pathology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - In Suh Park
- Department of Pathology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Joo Han Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Wong TS, Gao W, Chan JYW. Interactions between E-cadherin and microRNA deregulation in head and neck cancers: the potential interplay. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:126038. [PMID: 25161999 PMCID: PMC4138976 DOI: 10.1155/2014/126038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin expression in the head and neck epithelium is essential for the morphogenesis and homeostasis of epithelial tissues. The cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts are required for the anchorage-dependent growth of epithelial cells. Further, survival and proliferation require physical tethering created by proper cell-cell adhesion. Otherwise, the squamous epithelial cells will undergo programmed cell death. Head and neck cancers can escape from anoikis and enter into the epithelial-mesenchymal transition stages via the modulation of E-cadherin expression with epigenetic mechanisms. At epigenetic level, gene expression control is not dependent on the DNA sequence. In the context of E-cadherin regulation in head and neck cancers, 2 major mechanisms including de novo promoter hypermethylation and microRNA dysregulation are most extensively studied. Both of them control E-cadherin expression at transcription level and subsequently hinder the overall E-cadherin protein level in the head and neck cancer cells. Increasing evidence suggested that microRNA mediated E-cadherin expression in the head and neck cancers by directly/indirectly targeting the transcription suppressors of E-cadherin, ZEB1 and ZEB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jimmy Yu-Wai Chan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Balasundaram P, Singh MK, Dinda AK, Thakar A, Yadav R. Study of β-catenin, E-cadherin and vimentin in oral squamous cell carcinoma with and without lymph node metastases. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:145. [PMID: 25047112 PMCID: PMC4223686 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here:
http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/6506095201182002.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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35
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Luo SL, Xie YG, Li Z, Ma JH, Xu X. E-cadherin expression and prognosis of oral cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5533-7. [PMID: 24573611 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the association of E-cadherin expression with the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Literature retrieval, selection and assessment, data extraction, and meta-analyses were performed according to the Revman 5.0 guidelines. In the meta-analysis, we utilized either fixed effects or random effects model to pool the HR according to the test of heterogeneity. A total of nine eligible studies included 973 OSCC patients were analyzed. Of the patients, 76.3 % had low expression of E-cadherin according to the cutoff value defined by the authors. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) of low expression of E-cadherin for overall survival (OS) was 0.65 (95 % CI 0.52 to 0.80, P<0.001); in Asian population, the HR for overall survival of the patients with reduced expression of E-cadherin was 0.84 (95 % CI 0.75 to 0.95, P=0.006), and in non-Asian population, the HR for overall survival of the patients with reduced expression of E-cadherin was 0.54 (95 % CI 0.41 to 0.69, P<0.001). Patients with reduced expression of E-cadherin appear to have a poorer OS compared with those with normal or higher expression of E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Lei Luo
- Stomatology School of Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
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36
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Immunohistochemical distribution and morphometric analysis of aquaporin-3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 43:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abdulmajeed AA, Farah CS. Can immunohistochemistry serve as an alternative to subjective histopathological diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia? BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2013; 5:49-60. [PMID: 24179398 PMCID: PMC3798313 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to identify objective molecular biomarkers to diagnose and prognosticate oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) because histopathological interpretation is subjective and lacks sensitivity. The majority of these efforts describe changes in gene expression at protein level in OED as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, the literature on these putative markers of oral cancer progression is vast and varied. The main purpose of this article is to review current knowledge on biomarkers of protein expression for OED by IHC approaches. We further discuss these findings in terms of the proposed essential hallmarks of cancer cells to better understand their role in oral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Abdulmajeed
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
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Das RK, Anura A, Pal M, Bag S, Majumdar S, Barui A, Chakraborty C, Ray AK, Sengupta S, Paul RR, Chatterjee J. Epithelio-mesenchymal transitional attributes in oral sub-mucous fibrosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:259-69. [PMID: 23994666 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating molecular attributes in association with its epithelial and sub-epithelial changes of oral sub-mucous fibrosis is meaningful in exploring the plausibility of an epithelio-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and malignant potentiality of this pathosis. In this study histopathological and histochemical attributes for basement membrane and connective tissue in biopsies of oral sub-mucous fibrosis (n = 55) and normal oral mucosa (n = 16) were assessed and expressions of p63, E-cadherin, β-catenin, N-cadherin and TWIST were analyzed immunohistochemically. The p63 and its isoforms (TA and ∆N), PARD3, E-cadherin and β-catenin were also assessed transcriptomically by q-PCR and EMT players like TWIST1, ZEB1, MMP9 and micro-RNA 205 were searched in gene expression microarrays. Oral epithelium demonstrating impairment in progressive maturation in oral sub-mucous fibrosis concomitantly experienced an increase in basement membrane thickness and collagen deposition along with alteration in target molecular expressions. In comparison to non-dysplastic conditions dysplastic stages exhibited significant increase in p63 and p63∆N expressions whereas, E-cadherin and β-catenin exhibited loss from the membrane with concurrent increase in cytoplasm. Further the N-cadherin and TWIST were gained remarkably along with the appearance of nuclear accumulation features of β-catenin. The microarray search had noticed the up-regulation of TWIST1, ZEB1 and MMP9 along with down regulation of micro-RNA 205. The simultaneous increase in basement membrane thickness and sub-epithelial collagen deposition were the plausible indicators for increased matrix stiffness with expected impact on oral epithelial functional homoeostasis. This was corroborated with the increase in expressions of epithelial master regulator p63 and its oncogenic isoform (∆N) along with membranous loss of E-cadherin (EMT hallmark) and its associate β-catein and gain of mesenchymal markers like N-cadherin and TWIST. These also became indicative for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transitional mechanism in oral sub-mucous fibrosis when connoted here with the relevant modulation in expressions of EMT regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raunak Kumar Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Kong CS, Cao H, Kwok S, Nguyen CM, Jordan RC, Beaudry VG, Attardi LD, Le QT. Loss of the p53/p63 target PERP is an early event in oral carcinogenesis and correlates with higher rate of local relapse. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115:95-103. [PMID: 23217540 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PERP is a p53/p63-regulated gene encoding a desmosomal protein that plays a critical role in cell-cell adhesion and tumor suppression. STUDY DESIGN We evaluated PERP expression in different grades of oral dysplasia (34 cases) and at different stages of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and correlated the latter with clinical outcome. A tissue microarray consisting of nondysplastic mucosa, carcinoma in situ, SCC, and nodal metastases from 33 patients with human papilloma virus-negative SCC was stained for PERP and E-cadherin. RESULTS Complete loss of PERP expression was associated with worse local control in patients with SCC. The 5-year local control rate was 91% for patients with partial PERP loss versus 31% for those with complete loss (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that loss of PERP expression correlates with the transition to SCC and with increased local relapse in patients with oral cavity SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Kong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.
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Yamamura M, Noguchi K, Nakano Y, Segawa E, Zushi Y, Takaoka K, Kishimoto H, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T, Urade M. Functional analysis of Zyxin in cell migration and invasive potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:873-80. [PMID: 23292068 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Zyxin is an evolutionarily conserved protein that has been implicated in the regulation of actin assembly and is mainly located at focal adhesions. However, the biological roles of Zyxin in cancer cells are incompletely understood. We analyzed the functions of Zyxin in cell migration and the invasive potential of OSCC. Zyxin expression was examined using eight OSCC cell lines with two different cell morphologies (6 epithelial type and 2 fibroblastic type). To knockdown Zyxin expression, OSCC cells were transfected with Zyxin siRNA and control siRNA. The cell lines were studied by western blot analysis, immunocytochemical analysis and cell migration and invasion assay. Epithelial type OSCC cells showed a high level of E-cadherin expression and a low level of Zyxin expression. N-cadherin as well as Zyxin were strongly expressed in fibroblastic type OSCC cells. Expression levels of LPP and TRIP6, members of the human Zyxin family, did not differ between epithelial type and fibroblastic type. Knockdown of Zyxin expression by siRNA in fibroblastic type OSCC cells was associated with cell morphological changes from spindle (fibroblastic) to polygonal (epithelial) shape and significantly inhibited cell growth as well as cell migration and invasion. Expression levels of Rac1 and Cdc42 were weaker in Zyxin siRNA-treated fibroblastic type OSCC cells than in control siRNA-treated cells, but the expression of RhoA did not differ significantly. Treatment of fibroblastic type OSCC cells with Rac1 inhibitor decreased the expression of Zyxin mRNA and protein. Zyxin is suggested to promote growth, migration and invasiveness of fibroblastic type OSCC cells by upregulating Rac1 and Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Yamamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Over-expression of integrin-linked kinase correlates with aberrant expression of Snail, E-cadherin and N-cadherin in oral squamous cell carcinoma: implications in tumor progression and metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:957-69. [PMID: 22638656 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK), an intracellular protein with serine/threonine protein kinase activities, plays a key role in integrin mediated cell-excellular matrix interactions, regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration. ILK has been implicated in the development and progression in several malignancies. However, the role of ILK and ILK-mediated epithelial-mensenchymal transition (EMT) in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been well understood. Here, by immunohistochemistry, we studied the expression of ILK, Snail, E-cadherin and N-cadherin in 98 primary OSCC specimens and analyzed their correlations with clinicopathologic profiles and clinical outcome. We also investigated the expression of ILK in 42 corresponding lymph node metastases. Positive expression of ILK protein was detected in 87.8 % of the primary tumors and 100 % of metastatic lesions. Increased ILK expression was correlated strongly with enhanced tumor invasion, higher tumor grade, advanced clinical stage, positive lymph node status and increased risk of recurrence. Higher ILK expression was also observed in lymph node metastases in comparison with the corresponding primary tumor. Moreover, up-regulation of Snail and N-cadherin and down-regulation of E-cadherin correlated significantly with both ILK over-expression and tumor invasion. Patients with higher ILK expression exhibited shorter disease-free survival while those with absent E-cadherin expression exhibited shorter overall and disease-free survival. Taken together, our results suggest that ILK may have an important role in progression and metastasis of OSCC, possibly through EMT involving up-regulation of Snail and consequent aberrant expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin. ILK should be considered as a critical prognostic indicator for patients with OSCC.
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Zhao Z, Ge J, Sun Y, Tian L, Lu J, Liu M, Zhao Y. Is E-cadherin immunoexpression a prognostic factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:761-7. [PMID: 22455948 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We summarized existing evidence about whether the aberrant E-cadherin expression is a prognostic factor for patients with HNSCC. Identifying relevant articles, filtrating studies and extracting data were independently conducted by two reviewers. The quality of eligible studies was assessed according to systematic score criteria. Associations between aberrant E-cadherin expression and overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) were summarized by hazard ratio (HR) estimates. Random or fixed effects models were used to investigate the effect of E-cadherin across the studies. According to the multivariate and univariate analyses, the meta-analysis of the included studies gave a statistically significant pooled HR for OS in HNSCC [the pooled HR=2.533; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.971-3.254]. In addition, the subgroup analyses showed that the pooled HR of each subgroup also exhibited statistical significance according to the subpopulations (Asian and other subpopulations), treatments (surgery and other treatments), locations of primary tumors (oral cavity and other subsites), and data sources of HR (reported and estimated HR). Similar to the results of OS, the analysis of four included trials showed that the aberrant E-cadherin expression could predict low DFS. Meanwhile, a cumulative meta-analysis showed that the pooled HR became statistically significant. However, a meta-regression analysis showed that the OS was not statistically significant with the cutoff values of the included studies. Our study gives an important piece of evidence that aberrant E-cadherin expression was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiGang Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Tanaka T, Iino M, Goto K. Knockdown of Sec6 improves cell-cell adhesion by increasing α-E-catenin in oral cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:924-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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DesRochers TM, Shamis Y, Alt-Holland A, Kudo Y, Takata T, Wang G, Jackson-Grusby L, Garlick JA. The 3D tissue microenvironment modulates DNA methylation and E-cadherin expression in squamous cell carcinoma. Epigenetics 2012; 7:34-46. [PMID: 22207358 DOI: 10.4161/epi.7.1.18546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment plays a significant role in human cancer progression. However, the role of the tumor microenvironment in the epigenetic control of genes critical to cancer progression remains unclear. As transient E-cadherin expression is central to many stages of neoplasia and is sensitive to regulation by the microenvironment, we have studied if microenvironmental control of E-cadherin expression is linked to transient epigenetic regulation of its promoter, contributing to the unstable and reversible expression of E-cadherin seen during tumor progression. We used 3D, bioengineered human tissue constructs that mimic the complexity of their in vivo counterparts, to show that the tumor microenvironment can direct the re-expression of E-cadherin through the reversal of methylation-mediated silencing of its promoter. This loss of DNA methylation results from the induction of homotypic cell-cell interactions as cells undergo tissue organization. E-cadherin re-expression is associated with multiple epigenetic changes including altered methylation of a small number of CpGs, specific histone modifications, and control of miR-148a expression. These epigenetic changes may drive the plasticity of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion in different tissue microenvironments during tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Thus, we suggest that epigenetic regulation is a mechanism through which tumor cell colonization of metastatic sites occurs as E-cadherin-expressing cells arise from E-cadherin-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M DesRochers
- Department of Anatomy, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Das RK, Pal M, Barui A, Paul RR, Chakraborty C, Ray AK, Chatterjee J. ApoTome to visualize E-cadherin and p63 expression in oral pre-cancer. Biotechnol J 2011; 7:602-7. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Paksoy M, Hardal U, Caglar C. Expression of cathepsin D and E-cadherin in primary laryngeal cancers correlation with neck lymph node involvement. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1371-7. [PMID: 21789704 PMCID: PMC3155020 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between Cathepsin D (Cath-D) and E-Cadherin (E-Cad) expression levels in tumor tissue and neck lymph node metastasis. This attempt should be made to identify new factors that one could be useful in predicting clinical behavior. STUDY DESIGN In this study, we investigated rates of dying for E-Cad and Cath-D in paraphin blocks of larynx and neck dissection specimens taken from 56 selected patients. Laryngeal specimens dyed by ECad and Cath-D immunohistochemically. Immunoreactivity classified for E-Cad as positive (75% and above), reduced (25-75%) and negative (below 25%). Immunoreactivity classified for Cath-D:dye absorption rates higher than 50% evaluated positive and absorption rates lower than 50% evaluated negative. We compared the rates of dying for E-Cad and Cath-D groups to with or without neck lymph node metastasis in specimens. RESULTS Neck metastasis were found in 41% of patients, in 55.6% of patients, if the E-Cad was negative, 40.6% if it was reduced, 33.3% if it was positive in specimens. The neck metastasis was found in 35.4% of patients with Cath-D expression negative, while 75% of patients was found with Cath-D expression positive. CONCLUSION Neck metastasis was found higher in E-Cad reduced group than positive group. Neck node metastasis was significantly higher in Cath-D positive group than Cath-D negative group. Cath-D and E-Cad essays may useful in identifying neck lymph node involvement. Cath-D expression levels are more in this predictive factor than E-Cad levels for possibility of neck lymph node metastasis in LSCC.
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Mostaan LV, Khorsandi MT, Sharifian SMR, Shandiz FH, Mirashrafi F, Sabzari H, Badiee R, Borghei H, Yazdani N. Correlation between E-cadherin and CD44 adhesion molecules expression and cervical lymph node metastasis in oral tongue SCC: Predictive significance or not. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:448-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Yang TL, Lou PJ, Chang YL, Wu CT, Wang CP, Ko JY. Tumor Satellite in Predicting Occult Nodal Metastasis of Tongue Cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 145:599-605. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599811411635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Tongue cancer is well known to have a high potential for locoregional metastasis. However, controversy about electively treating the neck in early-stage tongue cancer remains. Although many risk factors related to cervical occult nodal metastasis (ONM) have been investigated, the ability of the tumor to spread, a phenomenon that results from the intrinsic property of the tumor and its interaction with the surrounding environment, has seldom been addressed. Study Design. Retrospective case series with chart review. Setting. Tertiary referral hospital of university. Subjects. Patients with early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. Results. In 71 eligible enrolled patients, ONM was detected in 19 (27%) patients, while the results were negative (ONM(−)) in 52 (73%) patients. The average tumor satellite distance (TSD) in the ONM(+) group was 4.1 ± 4.3 mm, in contrast to that in the ONM(−) group (1.0 ± 1.5 mm; P < .001). When stratified by increased TSD values, the significance of the difference between the 2 groups increased. For clinical applications, the optimal TSD threshold for determining the ONM probability was 3.5 mm. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that TSD was an independent prognosticator. Conclusions. The results indicate that TSD is a feasible pathological parameter that is useful for determining the status of cervical nodal metastasis. It can be used as an indicator of potential cervical subclinical disease and as a guideline for deciding the necessity and modality of neck treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Leong Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Tu Wu
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Yuh Ko
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu X, Kolokythas A, Wang J, Huang H, Zhou X. Gene Expression Signatures of Lymph Node Metastasis in Oral Cancer: Molecular Characteristics and Clinical Significances. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2010; 6:294-307. [PMID: 21709736 PMCID: PMC3122885 DOI: 10.2174/157339410793358066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Even though lymph node metastasis accounts for the vast majority of cancer death in patients with oral cancer (OC), the molecular mechanisms of lymph node metastasis remain elusive. Genome-wide microarray analyses and functional studies in vitro and in vivo, along with detailed clinical observations, have identified a number of molecules that may contribute to lymph node metastasis. These include lymphangionenic cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, basement membrane-interacting molecules, matrix enzymes and relevant downstream signaling pathways. However, defined gene signatures from different studies are highly variable, which hinders their translation to clinically relevant applications. To date, none of the identified signatures or molecular biomarkers has been successfully implemented as a diagnostic or prognostic tool applicable to routine clinical practice. In this review, we will first introduce the significance of lymph node metastasis in OC, and clinical/experimental evidences that support the underlying molecular mechanisms. We will then provide a comprehensive review and integrative analysis of the existing gene expression studies that aim to identify the metastasis-related signatures in OC. Finally, the remaining challenges will be discussed and our insights on future directions will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqiang Liu
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Research Institute & the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Antonia Kolokythas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhang Huang
- Research Institute & the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Research Institute & the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Graduate College, and UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Grimminger CM, Danenberg PV. Update of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 268:5-16. [PMID: 20827554 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-010-1369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) constitute about 5% of all cancers in the western world and the incidence and mortality rates of this tumor have shown little improvement over the last 30 years. Molecular targeted therapy, a promising strategy for the treatment of OSCC and other cancers, requires the understanding of specific molecular events of carcinogenesis and the different pathological, partly interrelated pathways. Extended knowledge of the prognostic or predictive value of molecular biomarkers in oropharyngeal cancer is necessary to allow a better characterization and classification of the tumor, improve the appraisal of clinical outcome and help to specify individual multimodal therapy with increased efficiency. This work affords an updated summary regarding recent data about tissue biomarkers in patients with OSCC, based on the six essential hallmarks of cancer described by Hanahan and Weinberg (Cell 100(1):57-70, 2000) providing the characterization of a malignant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin M Grimminger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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