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Lagzian A, Askari M, Haeri MS, Sheikhi N, Banihashemi S, Nabi-Afjadi M, Malekzadegan Y. Increased V-ATPase activity can lead to chemo-resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma via autophagy induction: new insights. Med Oncol 2024; 41:108. [PMID: 38592406 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a cancer type with a high rate of recurrence and a poor prognosis. Tumor chemo-resistance remains an issue for OSCC patients despite the availability of multimodal therapy options, which causes an increase in tumor invasiveness. Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), appears to be one of the most significant molecules implicated in MDR in tumors like OSCC. It is primarily responsible for controlling the acidity in the solid tumors' microenvironment, which interferes with the absorption of chemotherapeutic medications. However, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms V-ATPase plays in OSCC chemo-resistance have not been understood. Uncovering these mechanisms can contribute to combating OSCC chemo-resistance and poor prognosis. Hence, in this review, we suggest that one of these underlying mechanisms is autophagy induced by V-ATPase which can potentially contribute to OSCC chemo-resistance. Finally, specialized autophagy and V-ATPase inhibitors may be beneficial as an approach to reduce drug resistance to anticancer therapies in addition to serving as coadjuvants in antitumor treatments. Also, V-ATPase could be a prognostic factor for OSCC patients. However, in the future, more investigations are required to demonstrate these suggestions and hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Lagzian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziye Askari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Melika Sadat Haeri
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Sheikhi
- Biotechnology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Banihashemi
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trend University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yalda Malekzadegan
- Department of Microbiology, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.
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Ma P, He M, Lian H, Li J, Gao Y, Wu J, Men K, Men Y, Li C. Systemic and Local Administration of a Dual-siRNA Complex Efficiently Inhibits Tumor Growth and Bone Invasion in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:661-676. [PMID: 38175819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for nearly 90% of oral and oropharyngeal cancer cases and is characterized by high mortality and poor prognosis. RNA-based gene therapies have been developed as an emerging option for cancer treatment, but it has not been widely explored in OSCC. In this work, we developed an efficient siRNA cationic micelle DOTAP-mPEG-PCL (DMP) by self-assembling the cationic lipid DOTAP and monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (mPEG-PCL) polymer. We tested the characteristics and transformation efficiency of this micelle and combined DMP with siRNA targeting STAT3 and TGF-β to evaluate the antitumor effect and bone invasion interfering in vitro and in vivo. The average size of the DMP was 28.27 ± 1.62 nm with an average zeta potential of 54.60 ± 0.29 mV. The DMP/siRNA complex showed high delivery efficiency, with rates of 97.47 ± 0.42% for HSC-3. In vitro, the DMP/siSTAT3 complex exhibited an obvious cell growth inhibition effect detected by MTT assay (an average cell viability of 25.1%) and clonogenic assay (an average inhibition rate of 51.9%). Besides, the supernatant from HSC-3 transfected by DMP/siTGF-β complexes was found to interfere with osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Irrespective of local or systemic administration, DMP/siSTAT3+siTGF-β showed antitumor effects and bone invasion inhibition in the OSCC mice mandibular invasion model according to tumor volume assays and Micro-CT scanning. The complex constructed by DMP cationic micelles and siSTAT3+siTGF-β represents a potential RNA-based gene therapy delivery system for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan China
| | - Mingxia He
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Medicine, Henan University, 475004 Kaifeng, China
| | - Haosen Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan China
| | - Jingmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province China
| | - Jieping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province China
| | - Ke Men
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province China
| | - Yi Men
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan China
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan China
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Fukawa Y, Kayamori K, Tsuchiya M, Ikeda T. IL-1 Generated by Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stimulates Tumor-Induced and RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis: A Possible Mechanism of Bone Resorption Induced by the Infiltration of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010688. [PMID: 36614130 PMCID: PMC9821332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously observed a novel osteoclastogenesis system that is induced by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells, which target osteoclast precursor cells (OPC) without upregulation of the master transcriptional factor of osteoclastogenesis, NFATc1. Here, we analyzed inflammatory cytokines that were preferentially expressed in one of the osteoclastogenic OSCC cell lines, namely NEM, compared with the subclone that had lost its osteoclastogenic properties. Based on a gene expression microarray and a protein array analyses, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL1 were chosen as candidates responsible for tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis. From the results of the in vitro osteoclastogenesis assay using OPCs cultured with OSCC cells or their culture supernatants, IL-1 was selected as a stimulator of both OSCC-induced and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. The IL-1 receptor antagonist significantly attenuated osteoclastogenesis induced by NEM cells. The stimulatory effects of IL-1 for OSCC-induced and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis were effectively attenuated with cannabidiol and denosumab, respectively. These results suggest that IL-1 secreted from OSCC cells stimulates not only tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis targeting OPCs but also physiological RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, and this may be the biological mechanism of bone resorption induced by the infiltration of OSCC. These results also suggest that IL-1 inhibitors are candidates for therapeutic agents against bone resorption induced by OSCC.
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Qiao Q, Xu L, Li Q, Wang Y, Lu H, Zhao N, Pu Y, Wang L, Guo Y, Guo C. BMPR1α promotes osteolytic lesion of oral squamous cell carcinoma by SHH‐dependent osteoclastogenesis. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1639-1651. [PMID: 35279920 PMCID: PMC9128187 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive tumor that usually invades the maxilla or mandible. The extent and pattern of mandibular bone invasion caused by OSCC are the most important factors determining the treatment plan and patients' prognosis. Yet, the process of mandibular invasion is not fully understood. The following study explores the molecular mechanism that regulates the mandibular invasion of OSCC by focusing on bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1α (BMPR1α) and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signals. We found that BMPR1α was positively correlated to bone defect of OSCC patients. Mechanistically, BMPR1α signaling regulated the differentiation and resorption activity of osteoclasts through the interaction of OSCC cells and osteoclast progenitors, and this process was mediated by SHH secreted by tumor cells. The inhibition of SHH protected bone from tumor‐induced osteolytic activity. These results provide a potential new treatment strategy for controlling OSCC from invading the jawbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Qiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University Shandong 250021 PR China
| | - Qingxiang Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
| | - Han Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Shanghai Stomotological Hospital Fudan University Shanghai 200001 PR China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
| | - Yinfei Pu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- The Second Outpatient Department Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
| | - Chuanbin Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing 100081 PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 PR China
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Shan Q, Takabatake K, Kawai H, Oo MW, Inada Y, Sukegawa S, Fushimi S, Nakano K, Nagatsuka H. Significance of cancer stroma for bone destruction in oral squamous cell carcinoma using different cancer stroma subtypes. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:81. [PMID: 35211756 PMCID: PMC8892615 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can regulate the progression of numerous types of cancer; however, the bone invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been poorly investigated. In the present study, the effect of verrucous SCC-associated stromal cells (VSCC-SCs), SCC-associated stromal cells (SCC-SCs) and human dermal fibroblasts on bone resorption and the activation of HSC-3 osteoclasts in vivo were examined by hematoxylin and eosin, AE1/3 (pan-cytokeratin) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. In addition, the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9, membrane-type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP), Snail, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) in the bone invasion regions of HSC-3 cells were examined by immunohistochemistry. The results suggested that both SCC-SCs and VSCC-SCs promoted bone resorption, the activation of osteoclasts, and the expression levels of MMP9, MT1-MMP, Snail, RANKL and PTHrP. However, SCC-SCs had a more prominent effect compared with VSCC-SCs. Finally, microarray data were used to predict potential genes underlying the differential effects of VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs on bone invasion in OSCC. The results revealed that IL1B, ICAM1, FOS, CXCL12, INS and NGF may underlie these differential effects. In conclusion, both VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs may promote bone invasion in OSCC by enhancing the expression levels of RANKL in cancer and stromal cells mediated by PTHrP; however, SCC-SCs had a more prominent effect. These findings may represent a potential regulatory mechanism underlying the bone invasion of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiusheng Shan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Yasunori Inada
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sukegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Kagawa 760‑8557, Japan
| | - Shigeko Fushimi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
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Pink R, Michalek J, Kral D, Mozola M, Benes P, Lenka S, Dvorak Z. Importance of evaluation of bone invasion type in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2021. [PMID: 34782797 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2021.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to compare bone invasion type with histopathological, clinical and immunohistochemical prognostic factors. METHODS The study included 49 patients who were treated for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Of which, 30 patients, with presence of bone invasion on histopathology, were divided according to the type of bone invasion (erosive, infiltrative, mixed). Each invasion type was compared to microvascular density using the CD34 marker. RESULTS The bone invasion was observed in 30 out of 49 patients (61.22%). On McNemar's test, statistically significant association was observed between bone invasion types and histopathological grade. In contrast, no significant correlation was observed between bone invasion type, and tumour volume or nodal metastases. In tumours with bone invasion of the infiltrative type, higher frequency of locoregional relapses was observed. The 5-year survival, since diagnosis, was approximately 60% in the erosive group, 40% in the mixed group, and merely 15% in the infiltrative group. CONCLUSION Peritumoural microvascular density was not significantly related to bone invasion types. Whereas, a significantly higher intratumoural microvascular density was observed in infiltrative type of the bone invasion, when compared to the erosive and mixed type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Michalek
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Kral
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Mozola
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Benes
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Saskova Lenka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Shan Q, Takabatake K, Omori H, Kawai H, Oo MW, Nakano K, Ibaragi S, Sasaki A, Nagatsuka H. Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment promote the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2021; 59:72. [PMID: 34368860 PMCID: PMC8360621 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can influence the progression of multiple types of cancer; however, data on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are limited. In the present study, the effects of verrucous squamous cell carcinoma-associated stromal cells (VSCC-SCs), squamous cell carcinoma-associated stromal cells (SCC-SCs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) on the tumor nest formation, proliferation, invasion and migration of HSC-3 cells were examined in vitro using Giemsa staining, MTS, and Transwell (invasion and migration) assays, respectively. The results revealed that both the VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs inhibited the tumor nest formation, and promoted the proliferation, invasion and migration of OSCC cells in vitro. Furthermore, the effects of VSCC-SCs, SCC-SCs and HDFs on the differentiation, proliferation, invasion and migration of OSCC cells in vivo were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, immunohistochemistry and double-fluorescent immunohistochemical staining, respectively. The results demonstrated that the VSCC-SCs promoted the differentiation, proliferation, invasion and migration of OSCC cells, while the SCC-SCs inhibited the differentiation, and promoted the proliferation, invasion and migration of OSCC cells in vivo. Finally, microarray data were used to predict genes in VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs that may influence the progression of OSCC, and those with potential to influence the differential effects of VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs on the differentiation of OSCC. It was found that C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)8, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) may be involved in the crosstalk between VSCC-SCs, SCC-SCs and OSCC cells, which regulates the progression of OSCC. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), interleukin (IL)1B, Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (FOS), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), insulin (INS) and nerve growth factor (NGF) may be responsible for the differential effects of VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs on the differentiation of OSCC. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that both VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs may promote the progression of OSCC, and SCC-SCs were found to exert a more prominent promoting effect; this may represent a potential regulatory mechanism for the progression of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiusheng Shan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Haruka Omori
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
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Principe S, Zapater-Latorre E, Arribas L, Garcia-Miragall E, Bagan J. Salivary IL-8 as a putative predictive biomarker of radiotherapy response in head and neck cancer patients. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:437-448. [PMID: 34251535 PMCID: PMC8791883 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Ionizing radiation increases the expression of a number of salivary proteins involved in immunoregulatory networks related to infection, injury, inflammation, and cancer. Our main objective was to analyze whether there are significant differences in salivary cytokines before and after radiotherapy and whether any of them are associated to better outcomes after radiotherapy serving as a potential predictive biomarker of response to the treatment. Materials and methods We analyzed a panel of eight salivary markers (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10; MCP-1; TNF-α; VEGF; and EGF) in a group of HNC patients (N = 30), before and after irradiation treatment pre- and post-RT. We also compared these results with a group of healthy controls (N = 37). In both groups, we used stimulated saliva and we performed immunoassays based on multi-analyte profiling technology (Luminex xMAP). Results In our group of 30 HNC patients, 24 of them showed a good clinical response after radiotherapy treatment while 6 cases did not respond to radiotherapy. The data revealed a post-treatment increase in multiple cytokines in the stimulated saliva of HNC patients; the increases in IL-8 and MCP-1 were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001 and p ≤ 0.0001, respectively). Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves indicated the strong potential of IL-8 as a predictive biomarker of RT good outcomes (area under the curve = 0.84; p = 0.018). Conclusions After analyzing the panel of salivary cytokines, IL-8 showed the best association to the response to radiotherapy; in this sense, low IL-8 levels in the saliva of HNC patients before receiving irradiation therapy are associated with positive RT outcomes. Clinical relevance Salivary IL-8 expression in HNC patients undergoing RT may serve as a potential predictive biomarker of response to the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Principe
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitari (FiHgU) de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Leo Arribas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jose Bagan
- Oral Medicine, Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Valencia, CIBERONC, PI19/00790 Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria, ISCIII, Hospital General Universitari de Valencia, Avda Tres Cruces, 2, 46014, Valencia, Spain.
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Liu W, Li CJ, Li LJ. [Advances in molecular mechanisms of bone invasion by oral cancer]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2021; 39:221-226. [PMID: 33834679 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone invasion by oral cancer is a common clinical problem, which affects the choice of treatment and predicts a poor prognosis. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. Current studies have revealed that oral cancer cells modulate the formation and function of osteoclasts through the expression of a series of signal molecules. Many signal pathways are involved in this process, of which receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB/osteoprotegerin signaling pathway attracted much attention. In this review, we introduce recent progress in molecular mechanisms of bone invasion by oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chun-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Long-Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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10
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Peña-Oyarzún D, Reyes M, Hernández-Cáceres MP, Kretschmar C, Morselli E, Ramirez-Sarmiento CA, Lavandero S, Torres VA, Criollo A. Role of Autophagy in the Microenvironment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:602661. [PMID: 33363032 PMCID: PMC7756113 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.602661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma, the most common type of oral cancer, affects more than 275,000 people per year worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is very aggressive, as most patients die after 3 to 5 years post-diagnosis. The initiation and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma are multifactorial: smoking, alcohol consumption, and human papilloma virus infection are among the causes that promote its development. Although oral squamous cell carcinoma involves abnormal growth and migration of oral epithelial cells, other cell types such as fibroblasts and immune cells form the carcinoma niche. An underlying inflammatory state within the oral tissue promotes differential stress-related responses that favor oral squamous cell carcinoma. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that allows cancer cells to survive under stress conditions. Autophagy degrades cellular components by sequestering them in vesicles called autophagosomes, which ultimately fuse with lysosomes. Although several autophagy markers have been associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma, it remains unclear whether up- or down-regulation of autophagy favors its progression. Autophagy levels during oral squamous cell carcinoma are both timing- and cell-specific. Here we discuss how autophagy is required to establish a new cellular microenvironment in oral squamous cell carcinoma and how autophagy drives the phenotypic change of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by promoting crosstalk between carcinoma cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peña-Oyarzún
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas & Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Montserrat Reyes
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Hernández-Cáceres
- Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Kretschmar
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas & Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar A Ramirez-Sarmiento
- Facultades de Ingenieria, Medicina y Ciencias Biológicas, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas & Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Vicente A Torres
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas & Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas & Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Qallandar OB, Ebrahimi F, Islam F, Wahab R, Qiao B, Reher P, Gopalan V, Lam AKY. Bone Invasive Properties of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Interactions with Alveolar Bone Cells: An In Vitro Study. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:631-640. [PMID: 30387395 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666181102144317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-culture of cancer cells with alveolar bone cells could modulate bone invasion and destructions. However, the mechanisms of interaction between oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and bone cells remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyse the direct and indirect effects of OSCC cells in the stimulation of osteolytic activity and bone invasion. METHODS Direct co-culture was achieved by culturing OSCC (TCA8113) with a primary alveolar bone cell line. In the indirect co-culture, the supernatant of TCA8113 cells was collected to culture the alveolar bone cells. To assess the bone invasion properties, in vitro assays were performed. RESULTS The proliferation of co-cultured cancer cells was significantly (p<0.05) higher in comparison to the monolayer control cells. However, the proliferation rates were not significantly different between direct and indirect co-cultured cells with indirect co-cultured cells proliferated slightly more than the direct co-cultured cells. Invasion and migration capacities of co-cultured OSCC and alveolar bone cells enhanced significantly (p<0.05) when compared to that of control monolayer counterparts. Most importantly, we noted that OSCC cells directly co-cultured with alveolar bone cells stimulated pronounced bone collagen destruction. In addition, stem cells and epithelialmesenchymal transition markers have shown significant changes in their expression in co-cultured cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight the importance of the interaction of alveolar bone cells and OSCC cells in co-culture setting in the pathogenesis of bone invasion. This may help in the development of potential future biotherapies for bone invasion in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omel Baneen Qallandar
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Faeza Ebrahimi
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Riajul Wahab
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bin Qiao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Peter Reher
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Park J, Zhang X, Lee SK, Song NY, Son SH, Kim KR, Shim JH, Park KK, Chung WY. CCL28-induced RARβ expression inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma bone invasion. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5381-5399. [PMID: 31487270 DOI: 10.1172/jci125336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) frequently invades the maxillary or mandibular bone, and this bone invasion is closely associated with poor prognosis and survival. Here, we show that CCL28 functions as a negative regulator of OSCC bone invasion. CCL28 inhibited invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and its inhibition of EMT was characterized by induced E-cadherin expression and reduced nuclear localization of β-catenin in OSCC cells with detectable RUNX3 expression levels. CCL28 signaling via CCR10 increased retinoic acid receptor-β (RARβ) expression by reducing the interaction between RARα and HDAC1. In addition, CCL28 reduced RANKL production in OSCC and osteoblastic cells and blocked RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in osteoclast precursors. Intraperitoneally administered CCL28 inhibited tumor growth and osteolysis in mouse calvaria and tibia inoculated with OSCC cells. RARβ expression was also increased in tumor tissues. In patients with OSCC, low CCL28, CCR10, and RARβ expression levels were highly correlated with bone invasion. Patients with OSCC who had higher expression of CCL28, CCR10, or RARβ had significantly better overall survival. These findings suggest that CCL28, CCR10, and RARβ are useful markers for the prediction and treatment of OSCC bone invasion. Furthermore, CCL28 upregulation in OSCC cells or CCL28 treatment can be a therapeutic strategy for OSCC bone invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Department of Dentistry and.,Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Biology and BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xianglan Zhang
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji city, China
| | - Sun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Biology and BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Dentistry and.,Department of Oral Biology and BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Son
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Rim Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Shim
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Kyun Park
- Department of Dentistry and.,Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Biology and BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Dentistry and.,Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Biology and BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Hai L, Szwarc MM, Lonard DM, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Coarfa C, Ittmann M, Fernandez-Valdivia R, Lydon JP. Short-term RANKL exposure initiates a neoplastic transcriptional program in the basal epithelium of the murine salivary gland. Cytokine 2019; 123:154745. [PMID: 31226438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although salivary gland cancers comprise only ∼3-6% of head and neck cancers, treatment options for patients with advanced-stage disease are limited. Because of their rarity, salivary gland malignancies are understudied compared to other exocrine tissue cancers. The comparative lack of progress in this cancer field is particularly evident when it comes to our incomplete understanding of the key molecular signals that are causal for the development and/or progression of salivary gland cancers. Using a novel conditional transgenic mouse (K5:RANKL), we demonstrate that Receptor Activator of NFkB Ligand (RANKL) targeted to cytokeratin 5-positive basal epithelial cells of the salivary gland causes aggressive tumorigenesis within a short period of RANKL exposure. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis reveals that RANKL markedly increases the expression levels of numerous gene families involved in cellular proliferation, migration, and intra- and extra-tumoral communication. Importantly, cross-species comparison of the K5:RANKL transcriptomic dataset with The Cancer Genome Atlas cancer signatures reveals the strongest molecular similarity with cancer subtypes of the human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. These studies not only provide a much needed transcriptomic resource to mine for novel molecular targets for therapy and/or diagnosis but validates the K5:RANKL transgenic as a preclinical model to further investigate the in vivo oncogenic role of RANKL signaling in salivary gland tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Reproductive Medicine Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Maria M Szwarc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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14
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Periyannan V, Veerasamy V. Syringic acid may attenuate the oral mucosal carcinogenesis via improving cell surface glycoconjugation and modifying cytokeratin expression. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:1098-1106. [PMID: 30425931 PMCID: PMC6222029 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Syringic acid (SRA) is an excellent anti-oxidant and anti-cancer property in various in vitro and in vivo studies. In the present study was modifying effect of SRA on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced cell surface glycoconjugates (GCs) abnormalities in the plasma and buccal mucosa of golden Syrian hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis (HBPCs). Topical application of DMBA three times a week for 10 weeks on the buccal pouches of the hamsters resulted in well developed squamous cell carcinoma. GCs status was assessed biochemically, histological and immunoexpression pattern of cytokeratin (CK) in the buccal mucosa of the DMBA treated hamsters. Elevated levels of GCs and CK expression were observed in DMBA alone treated hamsters. Oral pre-administration of SRA (50 mg/kg bw) positively modulates the GCs levels and CK expressions to near normal. The present findings suggested that SRA can protect cell surface GCs and CK expression during DMBA induced HBPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinothkumar Veerasamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
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15
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Unusual Multinucleated Giant Cell Reaction in a Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Features. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 12:580-586. [PMID: 29427031 PMCID: PMC6232218 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multinucleated giant cell (MGC) reaction in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) usually represents a stromal foreign body reaction to keratin from neoplastic epithelial cells. We describe and illustrate by double immunohistochemistry a case of a tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a 70-year-old female patient, with a copious MGC reaction not associated to keratin, showing a histopathological pattern not described before. The MGCs were directly associated with neoplastic cells, which are phagocytosed by the MGCs. Immunohistochemistry for CD68, AE1/AE3, CD163, CD11c, RANK, RANK-L, OPG were performed, as well as double staining for CD68 and AE1/AE3 to better illustrate the relationship between MGCs and neoplastic cells. The clinical and biological significance of this pattern of MGC reaction in OSCC needs to be better elucidated.
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16
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Zheng Z, Luan X, Zha J, Li Z, Wu L, Yan Y, Wang H, Hou D, Huang L, Huang F, Zheng H, Ge L, Guan H. TNF-α inhibits the migration of oral squamous cancer cells mediated by miR-765-EMP3-p66Shc axis. Cell Signal 2017; 34:102-109. [PMID: 28336231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Whereas TNF-α can facilitate the metastasis of oral squamous cancer cells (OSCC), whether it inhibits the metastasis is not clear so far. In this study, we demonstrated that high dose TNF-α at 100ng/mL could in vitro significantly inhibit the migration of two OSCC cell lines, CAL-27 and SCC-25. To explore the related mechanisms, we focused on the involvement of the microRNAs and found that TNF-α increased the expression of miR-765. The upregulation of miR-765 was attributed to the inhibition of the migration. We showed that miR-765 directly targeted EMP3 and suppressed its expression. We also found that the expression of EMP3 was much higher in human oral squamous cancer in compare with the surrounding normal tissue. Interestingly, p66Shc, a downstream molecule in the EMP3-related signaling pathway, was increased by TNF-α. We found that the overexpression of p66Shc could suppress the migration through the enhanced E-cadherin and ZO-1 signals. Either silencing the expression of EMP3 or enhancing the expression of miR-765 could upregulate the expression of p66Shc. Together, our results demonstrated that TNF-α inhibited the metastasis of oral squamous cancer cell through the miR-765-EMP3-p66Shc axis, which may provide new insights for the therapy of oral squamous cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Xiuwen Luan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jun Zha
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Zhengmao Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Lihong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Yongyong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Dan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Liwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Huade Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Linhu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Hongbing Guan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China.
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17
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Nakajima K, Kho DH, Yanagawa T, Zimel M, Heath E, Hogan V, Raz A. Galectin-3 in bone tumor microenvironment: a beacon for individual skeletal metastasis management. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:333-46. [PMID: 27067726 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton is frequently a secondary growth site of disseminated cancers, often leading to painful and devastating clinical outcomes. Metastatic cancer distorts bone marrow homeostasis through tumor-derived factors, which shapes different bone tumor microenvironments depending on the tumor cells' origin. Here, we propose a novel insight on tumor-secreted Galectin-3 (Gal-3) that controls the induction of an inflammatory cascade, differentiation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone marrow cells, resulting in bone destruction and therapeutic failure. In the approaching era of personalized medicine, the current treatment modalities targeting bone metastatic environments are provided to the patient with limited consideration of the cancer cells' origin. Our new outlook suggests delivering individual tumor microenvironment treatments based on the expression level/activity/functionality of tumor-derived factors, rather than utilizing a commonly shared therapeutic umbrella. The notion of "Gal-3-associated bone remodeling" could be the first step toward a specific personalized therapy for each cancer type generating a different bone niche in patients afflicted with non-curable bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Nakajima
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Dong Hyo Kho
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Takashi Yanagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Melissa Zimel
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Elisabeth Heath
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Victor Hogan
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
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18
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Schmohl JU, Nuebling T, Wild J, Kroell T, Kanz L, Salih HR, Schmetzer H. Expression of RANK-L and in part of PD-1 on blasts in patients with acute myeloid leukemia correlates with prognosis. Eur J Haematol 2016; 97:517-527. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Uwe Schmohl
- Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics; Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology; University of Minnesota; Masonic Cancer Center; Minneapolis MN USA
- Department for Hematology and Oncology; Med Dept II; University Hospital of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Tina Nuebling
- Department for Hematology and Oncology; Med Dept II; University Hospital of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology; German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center; Partner site Tuebingen; Department for Internal Medicine II; Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Julia Wild
- Department for Hematology and Oncology; Med Dept II; University Hospital of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology; German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center; Partner site Tuebingen; Department for Internal Medicine II; Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Tanja Kroell
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation; Med. Dept.III; University Hospital of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Lothar Kanz
- Department for Hematology and Oncology; Med Dept II; University Hospital of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Helmut Rainer Salih
- Department for Hematology and Oncology; Med Dept II; University Hospital of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology; German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center; Partner site Tuebingen; Department for Internal Medicine II; Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Helga Schmetzer
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation; Med. Dept.III; University Hospital of Munich; Munich Germany
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19
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Hsu FT, Chang B, Chen JCH, Chiang IT, Liu YC, Kwang WK, Hwang JJ. Synergistic Effect of Sorafenib and Radiation on Human Oral Carcinoma in vivo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15391. [PMID: 26487364 PMCID: PMC4613834 DOI: 10.1038/srep15391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma often causes bone invasion resulting in poor prognosis and affects the quality of life for patients. Herein, we combined radiation with sorafenib, to evaluate the combination effect on tumor progression and bone erosion in an in situ human OSCC-bearing mouse model. Treatment procedure were arranged as following groups: (a) normal (no tumor); (b) control (with tumor); (c) sorafenib (10 mg/kg/day); (d) radiation (single dose of 6 Gy); (e) pretreatment (sorafenib treatment for 3 days prior to radiation), and (f) concurrent treatment (sorafenib and radiation on the same day). The inhibition of tumor growth and expression level of p65 of NF-κB in tumor tissues were the most significant in the pretreatment group. EMSA and Western blot showed that DNA/NF-κB activity and the expressions of NF-κB-associated proteins were down-regulated. Notably, little to no damage in mandibles and zygomas of mice treated with combination of sorafenib and radiation was found by micro-CT imaging. In conclusion, sorafenib combined with radiation suppresses radiation-induced NF-κB activity and its downstream proteins, which contribute to radioresistance and tumorigenesis. Additionally, bone destruction is also diminished, suggesting that combination treatment could be a potential strategy against human OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Bei-tou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Betty Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Bei-tou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - John Chun-Hao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Bei-tou, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, No. 45, Minsheng Rd., Tamsui District, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan
| | - I-Tsang Chiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, I-Lan 260, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Bei-tou, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, I-Lan 260, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kang Kwang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Jong Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Bei-tou, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Aberrant Activation of the RANK Signaling Receptor Induces Murine Salivary Gland Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128467. [PMID: 26061636 PMCID: PMC4464738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike cancers of related exocrine tissues such as the mammary and prostate gland, diagnosis and treatment of aggressive salivary gland malignancies have not markedly advanced in decades. Effective clinical management of malignant salivary gland cancers is undercut by our limited knowledge concerning the key molecular signals that underpin the etiopathogenesis of this rare and heterogeneous head and neck cancer. Without knowledge of the critical signals that drive salivary gland tumorigenesis, tumor vulnerabilities cannot be exploited that allow for targeted molecular therapies. This knowledge insufficiency is further exacerbated by a paucity of preclinical mouse models (as compared to other cancer fields) with which to both study salivary gland pathobiology and test novel intervention strategies. Using a mouse transgenic approach, we demonstrate that deregulation of the Receptor Activator of NFkB Ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling axis results in rapid tumor development in all three major salivary glands. In line with its established role in other exocrine gland cancers (i.e., breast cancer), the RANKL/RANK signaling axis elicits an aggressive salivary gland tumor phenotype both at the histologic and molecular level. Despite the ability of this cytokine signaling axis to drive advanced stage disease within a short latency period, early blockade of RANKL/RANK signaling markedly attenuates the development of malignant salivary gland neoplasms. Together, our findings have uncovered a tumorigenic role for RANKL/RANK in the salivary gland and suggest that targeting this pathway may represent a novel therapeutic intervention approach in the prevention and/or treatment of this understudied head and neck cancer.
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Aziz S, Ahmed SS, Ali A, Khan FA, Zulfiqar G, Iqbal J, Khan AA, Shoaib M. Salivary Immunosuppressive Cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 Are Significantly Elevated in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Cancer Invest 2015; 33:318-28. [PMID: 26046681 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2015.1041642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is considered to be one of the most fatal diseases worldwide, owing to its late diagnosis and lack of availability of established reliable biomarkers. The aim of this study was to highlight the significance of immunosuppressive cytokines as potential biomarkers in OSCC. Whole unstimulated saliva was collected from each individual (30 OSCC patients and 33 age- and gender-matched healthy controls). Immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-1RA, were evaluated in each sample using Luminex multianalyte profiling (xMAP) technology on BioPlex instrument. Our results showed that all the studied salivary cytokines were raised in OSCC patients as compared to controls, where IL-10 and IL-13 salivary levels showed statistically significant difference (p = .004 and p = .010, respectively). Mean levels of salivary cytokines in three histologically defined OSCC categories, compared employing one-way ANOVA, showed that salivary levels of IL-1RA were highest in patients having poorly differentiated OSCC tumors as compared to those having moderately and well-differentiated tumors (p = .000 and p = .002, respectively). Among OSCC individuals, duration of smokeless tobacco correlated positively with IL-1RA (p = .036). We conclude that salivary levels of immunosuppressive cytokines, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-1RA, could prove to be potential biomarkers of OSCC and can be further investigated as markers of early detection and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Aziz
- College of Dentistry, Aljouf University , Saudi Arabia , 1
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Russmueller G, Moser D, Würger T, Wrba F, Christopoulos P, Kostakis G, Seemann R, Stadler V, Wimmer G, Kornek G, Psyrri A, Filipits M, Perisanidis C. Upregulation of osteoprotegerin expression correlates with bone invasion and predicts poor clinical outcome in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2014; 51:247-53. [PMID: 25532817 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the prognostic significance of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), RANK and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The protein expression of RANKL, RANK and OPG was assessed by immunohistochemistry on pretreatment biopsies of 93 patients with locally advanced OSCC who received preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). The primary endpoint was cancer-specific survival. Secondary endpoints were correlation of biomarkers with bone invasion and pathological tumor response. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models were used for survival analyses. RESULTS A significantly higher OPG expression was demonstrated in patients with malignant bone invasion and non-responders to CRT as compared to patients without bone invasion and responders (p=0.032 and p=0.033, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that higher OPG expression was independently associated with shorter cancer-specific survival (p=0.04). The expression status of RANKL and RANK was not significantly related to clinicopathological characteristics and had no impact on survival of OSCC patients. CONCLUSION Upregulation of OPG expression is associated with bone invasion, poor pathological tumor regression to neoadjuvant CRT, and worse long-term cancer-specific survival in patients with locally advanced OSCC. Our results indicate that OPG may be a novel prognostic biomarker in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Russmueller
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - D Moser
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - T Würger
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - F Wrba
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - P Christopoulos
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Athens, Greece.
| | - G Kostakis
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Athens, Greece
| | - R Seemann
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - V Stadler
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - G Wimmer
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - G Kornek
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - A Psyrri
- Division of Oncology, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - M Filipits
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - C Perisanidis
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Mind the gaps: missed opportunities to promote bone health among cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2014; 23:611-4. [PMID: 25370892 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-014-2497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many cancer treatments have a negative effect on bone health and can lead to osteoporosis. Additionally, the risk of osteoporosis during cancer survivorship may differ by racial and ethnic group. Overall, cancer survivors may be poorly informed about the risk of bone loss due to treatment. EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION Exercise can be prescribed to improve bone health and reduce risk of fracture. Women participating in the Improving Physical Activity After Cancer Treatment pilot study (IMPAACT) experienced significant improvements in bone health. The pilot work also suggests that cancer survivors of diverse racial/ethnic profiles may not fit the normal risk profile for osteoporosis and could be overlooked during screening. IN SUMMARY The lack of awareness of poor bone health in cancer survivors needs to be addressed, especially for those who do not fit the normal osteoporosis risk profile. Exercise is a safe and effective part of a cancer survivorship plan and is useful in promoting bone health.
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Park HS, Lee A, Chae BJ, Bae JS, Song BJ, Jung SS. Expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B as a poor prognostic marker in breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2014; 110:807-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.23737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Seok Park
- Department of Surgery; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ahwon Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Chae
- Department of Surgery; The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Seong Bae
- Department of Surgery; The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Song
- Department of Surgery; The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seol Jung
- Department of Surgery; The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Acting through its cognate receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL) is an essential mediator of osteoclast function and survival. Preclinical data have now firmly established that blockade of tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis by RANKL inhibition will not only protect against bone destruction but will also inhibit the progression of established bone metastases and delay the formation of de novo bone metastases in cancer models. In patients with bone metastases, skeletal complications are driven by increased osteoclastic activity and may result in pathological fractures, spinal cord compression and the need for radiotherapy to the bone or orthopedic surgery (collectively known as skeletal-related events (SREs)). Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL, has been demonstrated to prevent or delay SREs in patients with solid tumors that have metastasized to bone. In addition to its central role in tumor-induced osteolysis, bone destruction and skeletal tumor progression, there is emerging evidence for direct pro-metastatic effects of RANKL, independent of osteoclasts. For example, RANKL also stimulates metastasis via activity on RANK-expressing cancer cells, resulting in increased invasion and migration. Pharmacological inhibition of RANKL may also reduce bone and lung metastasis through blockade of the direct action of RANKL on metastatic cells. This review describes these distinct but potentially overlapping mechanisms by which RANKL may promote metastases.
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