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Brandão M, Durieux V, Auprih M, Fozza A, Dauby N, Cuccia F, Aspeslagh S, Verhaert M, Giaj-Levra N. Systemic treatment and radiotherapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and HIV infection - A systematic review. Lung Cancer 2023; 178:75-86. [PMID: 36806897 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common non-AIDS defining cancer among people living with HIV (PLWH), but there is a paucity of data regarding the efficacy and toxicity of radiotherapy and systemic regimens, including immunotherapy, in the treatment of these patients. In order to answer this question, we have performed a systematic search of the literature in Ovid Medline until March 17, 2022. We included 21 publications, enrolling 513 PLWH with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), mostly male (75-100%), (ex-)smokers (75-100%) and with stage III-IV at diagnosis (65-100%). The overall response rate (ORR) to chemotherapy (n = 186 patients, mostly receiving platinum-based regimens) was highly variable (17 %-83 %), with a substantial hematological toxicity. ORR varied between 13 % and 50 % with single-agent immunotherapy (n = 68), with median overall survival between 9 and 11 months and a very acceptable toxicity profile, in line with studies in the HIV non-infected population. All five patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs; gefitinib or erlotinib) showed a partial response and long overall survival. Yet, combination of TKIs with antiretroviral therapy using pharmacological boosters, such as ritonavir, should be avoided. Radiotherapy was evaluated among 42 patients, showing high ORR (55 %-100 %), but 18 % of patients had a pneumonitis. This systematic review shows that radiotherapy and systemic therapy are effective and safe among PLWH with controlled infection diagnosed with NSCLC. Nonetheless, most reports were small and heterogeneous and larger studies are needed to confirm these encouraging findings. Moreover, clinical trials should not restrict the inclusion of PLWH, as more data is needed regarding the long-term efficacy and safety of treatments among this underserved population, especially of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brandão
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Jules Bordet and l'Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Rue Meylemeersch 90, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Valérie Durieux
- Bibliothèque des Sciences de la Santé, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Route de lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Maša Auprih
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Jules Bordet and l'Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Rue Meylemeersch 90, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Fozza
- Radiation Oncology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Saint-Pierre, Rue haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Route de lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Francesco Cuccia
- Radiotherapy Unit, ARNAS Civico Hospital - Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Sandrine Aspeslagh
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (V.U.B.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Medical Oncology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marthe Verhaert
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (V.U.B.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Medical Oncology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Niccolò Giaj-Levra
- Advanced Radiation Oncology Department, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A.Sempreboni, 37124 Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy.
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Yu H, Liu S, Wu Z, Gao F. GNAI2 Is a Risk Factor for Gastric Cancer: Study of Tumor Microenvironment (TME) and Establishment of Immune Risk Score (IRS). OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1254367. [PMID: 36275898 PMCID: PMC9586761 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1254367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Although the G protein subunit α i2 (GNAI2) is upregulated in multiple cancers, its prognostic value and exact role in the development of gastric cancer (GC) remain largely unknown. Methods This study evaluated the effect of GNAI2 on the tumor microenvironment (TME) in GC, constructed an immune risk score (IRS) model based on differentially-expressed immune genes, and systematically correlated GNAI2 and epigenetic factor expression patterns with TME and IRS. Also, RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, Western blotting (WB), and transwell assays were carried out to explore the regulatory mechanism of GNAI2 in GC. Results High GNAI2 expression was associated with poor prognosis. Cytokine activation, an increase in tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIC), and the accumulation of regulatory T cells in the tumor immune cycle were all promoted by the TME, which was significantly associated with GNAI2 expression. Two different differentially expressed mRNA (DER) modification patterns were determined. These two DERs-clusters had significantly different TME cell infiltrations and were classified as either noninflamed or immune-inflamed phenotypes. The IRS model constructed using differentially expressed genes (DEGs) had great potential in predicting GC prognosis. The IRS model was also used in assessing clinicopathological features, such as microsatellite instability (MSI) status, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) status, clinical stages, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) scores. Low IRS scores were associated with high immune checkpoint gene expression. Cell and animal studies confirmed that GNAI2 activated PI3K/AKT pathway and promoted the growth and migration of GC cells. Conclusion The IRS model can be used for survival prediction and GNAI2 serves as a candidate therapeutic target for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, 514031 Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, 514031 Guangdong Province, China
| | - ZuGuang Wu
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, 514031 Guangdong Province, China
| | - FenFei Gao
- School of Pharmacology, Shantou University, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong Province, China
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Weinreb SF, Piersiala K, Dhar SI, Hillel AT, Akst L, Best SRA. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus status on laryngeal cancer survival and locoregional control. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:153-160. [PMID: 35155793 PMCID: PMC8823145 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare long-term outcomes of laryngeal cancer (LC) in people living with HIV (PLWH) versus uninfected individuals and determine how clinical and viral factors-such as demographics, cancer stage, HIV viral load, and CD4 nadir-contribute to these outcomes. METHODS This was a retrospective case-control study of 749 patients seen for LC at a single tertiary care center between 2003 and 2017. Of these, 22 had HIV at the time of LC diagnosis, and they were matched in a 1:4 ratio to uninfected controls based on sex, presence of smoking history, and age at cancer diagnosis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to identify overall and disease-free survival differences based on HIV status, as well as other clinical and viral factors. RESULTS Compared to all uninfected individuals, PLWH were diagnosed with LC approximately 6 years younger (p = .013). 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival for PLWH were 86.4% (63.4%-95.4%), 77.3% (53.7%-89.9%), and 65.8% (40.8%-82.2%), respectively following LC diagnosis, and HIV was not significantly associated with overall (HR = 3.34 [0.59-18.79]) or disease-free survival (HR = 2.12 [0.71-6.36]). The incidence rate of locoregional recurrence among PLWH was 541 compared to 371 per 10,000 person-years in controls, which were not significantly different (p = .420). Furthermore, among PLWH, peak viral load and CD4 nadir were not associated with overall or disease-free survival. CONCLUSION While previous work has shown that HIV is associated with elevated risk of LC, survival did not differ significantly between PLWH and uninfected individuals in this study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Franklin Weinreb
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Krzysztof Piersiala
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and TechnologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Shumon Ian Dhar
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alexander T. Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Lee Akst
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Simon R. A. Best
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Effects of HIV on the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:45-54. [PMID: 32588322 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncomodulatory viruses can affect the tumor microenvironment (TME) by triggering inflammation, suppressing apoptosis, initiating angiogenesis, altering tumor metabolism, and stimulating tumor cell signaling pathways, leading to tumor growth, proliferation, and invasion. The higher incidence of malignancies among people with HIV (PWH), despite the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), suggests a more complex relation than HIV-associated immune deregulation. Viral cooperation can have synergistic effect on tumorigenesis. The most relevant oncogenes involved in viral cooperation include the HIV-1-related Tat and Vpu genes, EBV LMP-1 and EBNA-2 genes, and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) KIE2, Rta, and LANA genes. The TME in HIV-related malignancies is highly angiogenic and characterized by high microvessel density compared to sporadic cases. Tat protein, found in patients with HIV infection regardless of their immune status, has been widely implicated in the increased angiogenesis and has been a target of interest for therapeutic strategies. Similarly, HIV-1 matrix protein p17 can be detected in the plasma and tissues of PWH, including those treated with ART. Studies have found that p17 can cause dysregulation of the biological activity of different immune cells, is involved in aberrant angiogenesis, and exhibits an IL8 chemokine activity, activating multiple intracellular signaling pathways, promoting angiogenic responses in endothelial cells, and forming capillary like structures. In addition, several studies have demonstrated difference in the cellular immune components within the TME in patients with or without HIV infection, as well as cases in pre- and post-ART era. In this chapter, we review the existing literature about the role tumor microenvironment plays in the pathogenesis of HIV-related malignancies. Understanding the functions of each component of the TME and determining how these cellular and noncellular components contribute to tumorigenesis will impact the advancement of interventions and treatment in clinical oncology among PWH.
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Vitiello GA, Bowler TG, Liu M, Medina BD, Zhang JQ, Param NJ, Loo JK, Goldfeder RL, Chibon F, Rossi F, Zeng S, DeMatteo RP. Differential immune profiles distinguish the mutational subtypes of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1863-1877. [PMID: 30762585 PMCID: PMC6486334 DOI: 10.1172/jci124108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common human sarcoma, frequently characterized by an oncogenic mutation in the KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) genes. We performed RNA sequencing of 75 human GIST tumors from 75 patients, comprising the largest cohort of GISTs sequenced to date, in order to discover differences in the immune infiltrates of KIT and PDGFRA-mutant GIST. Through bioinformatics, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry, we found that PDGFRA-mutant GISTs harbored more immune cells with increased cytolytic activity when compared to KIT-mutant GISTs. PDGFRA-mutant GISTs expressed many chemokines, such as CXCL14, at a significantly higher level when compared to KIT-mutant GISTs and exhibited more diverse driver-derived neoepitope:HLA binding, both of which may contribute to PDGFRA-mutant GIST immunogenicity. Through machine learning, we generated gene expression-based immune profiles capable of differentiating KIT and PDGFRA-mutant GISTs, and also identified additional immune features of high PD-1 and PD-L1 expressing tumors across all GIST mutational subtypes, which may provide insight into immunotherapeutic opportunities and limitations in GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy G. Bowler
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Nesteene J. Param
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Rachel L. Goldfeder
- Genome Technologies, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Frederic Chibon
- INSERM U1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ferdinand Rossi
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ronald P. DeMatteo
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Jayaraj R, Kumarasamy C, Samiappan S, Swaminathan P. Letter to the Editor regarding, “The prognostic role of PD-L1 expression for survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Oral Oncol 2019; 90:139-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mosconi C, de Arruda JAA, de Farias ACR, Oliveira GAQ, de Paula HM, Fonseca FP, Mesquita RA, Silva TA, Mendonça EF, Batista AC. Immune microenvironment and evasion mechanisms in adenoid cystic carcinomas of salivary glands. Oral Oncol 2019; 88:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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