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High Fat Activates O-GlcNAcylation and Affects AMPK/ACC Pathway to Regulate Lipid Metabolism. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061740. [PMID: 34063748 PMCID: PMC8223797 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet often leads to excessive fat deposition and adversely affects the organism. However, the mechanism of liver fat deposition induced by high fat is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed at acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) to explore the mechanism of excessive liver deposition induced by high fat. In the present study, the ORF of ACC1 and ACC2 were cloned and characterized. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein of ACC1 and ACC2 were increased in liver fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) or in hepatocytes incubated with oleic acid (OA). The phosphorylation of ACC was also decreased in hepatocytes incubated with OA. Moreover, AICAR dramatically improved the phosphorylation of ACC, and OA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of the AMPK/ACC pathway. Further experiments showed that OA increased global O-GlcNAcylation and agonist of O-GlcNAcylation significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC. Importantly, the disorder of lipid metabolism caused by HFD or OA could be rescued by treating CP-640186, the dual inhibitor of ACC1 and ACC2. These observations suggested that high fat may activate O-GlcNAcylation and affect the AMPK/ACC pathway to regulate lipid synthesis, and also emphasized the importance of the role of ACC in lipid homeostasis.
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Beneficial Effect of Taraxacum coreanum Nakai via the Activation of LKB1-AMPK Signaling Pathway on Obesity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6655599. [PMID: 33531919 PMCID: PMC7834777 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Liver kinase B (LKB) 1 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are master regulators and sensors for energy homeostasis. AMPK is mainly activated via phosphorylation of LKB1 under energy stress. Here, we highlighted the antiobesity effect and underlying mechanism of Taraxacum coreanum Nakai (TCN) in connection with LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were fed on a high-fat diet (60% kcal fat; HFD) to induce obesity. Simultaneously, they received 100 or 200 mg/kg TCN orally for 5 weeks. We measured the body weight gain and liver weight along with liver histology. Moreover, the changes of factors related to lipid metabolism and β-oxidation were analyzed in the liver, together with blood parameters. Results The body weights were decreased in mice of the TCN200 group more than those of the HFD control group. Moreover, TCN supplementation lowered serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels, whereas TCN increased HDL-cholesterol level. Liver pathological damage induced by HFD was alleviated with TCN treatment and accompanied with significant reduction in serum AST and ALT activities. In addition, TCN significantly increased the expression of p-AMPK compared with the HFD control group via the activation of LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. Lipid synthesis gene like ACC was downregulated and factors related to β-oxidation such as carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) were upregulated through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α activation. Conclusion Taken together, these data suggest that TCN treatment regulates lipid metabolism via LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway and promotes β-oxidation by PPARα; hence, TCN may have potential remedy in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Pharmacologic or genetic activation of SIRT1 attenuates the fat-induced decrease in beta-cell function in vivo. Nutr Diabetes 2019; 9:11. [PMID: 30890694 PMCID: PMC6424971 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-019-0075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a key regulator of nutrient metabolism, increases β-cell secretory function. Excess circulating fat, as seen in obesity, has been shown to decrease β-cell function, an effect that may involve decreased SIRT1 activity. Consequently, SIRT1 activation may increase β-cell function in conditions of elevated plasma-free fatty acid levels. Here we attempted to attenuate the lipid-induced decrease in β-cell function in vivo using pharmacological and genetic models of SIRT1 activation. Methods Our pharmacologic model involved 48 h intravenous infusion of Wistar rats with either saline or oleate with or without the SIRT1 activator resveratrol. Additionally, we used β-cell-specific SIRT1 overexpressing (BESTO) mice and wild-type littermates infused for 48 h intravenously with either saline or oleate. In both models, the infusion period was followed by assessment of β-cell function using the hyperglycemic clamp method. Results Lipid infusion resulted in a significant decrease in β-cell function as expected in both rats (p < 0.05) and mice (p < 0.001). Both models of SIRT1 activation, which did not alter β-cell function in the absence of fat, resulted in partial protection from the fat-induced decrease in β-cell function (NS vs. control). Conclusion These results suggest that SIRT1 is a therapeutic target in decreased β-cell function specifically induced by fat.
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Xu L, Xu S, Lin L, Gu X, Fu C, Fang Y, Li X, Wang X. High-fat Diet Mediates Anxiolytic-like Behaviors in a Time-dependent Manner Through the Regulation of SIRT1 in the Brain. Neuroscience 2018; 372:237-245. [PMID: 29331532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) and obesity have been associated not only with metabolic diseases but also with neuropsychiatric diseases, such as depression and anxiety. However, results on the effects of an HFD on anxiety are controversial, since both anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects have been reported. In this study, we evaluated the effects of both short- and long-term intake of an HFD on anxiety-like behaviors. To explore the impact of time on the association between an HFD and anxiety, mice were fed with an HFD for 4 weeks or 12 weeks. Compared with control-diet mice, mice given an HFD for 4 weeks displayed anxiolytic-like behaviors. At the same time, we observed decreased SIRT1 expression in the mPFC and the amygdala of HFD-fed mice. Moreover, resveratrol, an activator of SIRT1, reversed the anxiolytic-like behaviors in HFD-fed mice. However, after 12 weeks of consuming a high-fat diet, mice did not exhibit any anti-anxiety behavior or further decreases in SIRT1 expression in the aforementioned brain regions compared with CD-fed mice. When EX-527, a SIRT1 inhibitor, was intraperitoneally injected, we observed anxiolytic effects in the CD-fed mice but not in the 12-week HFD-fed mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that exposure to a short-term HFD can induce anxiolytic behaviors, which may be associated with decreased SIRT1 in the mPFC and the amygdala. However, this effect is abolished when the high-fat diet is extended to 12 weeks. Together, these results demonstrate that SIRT1 plays an essential role in regulating mood-related behaviors in HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Fang
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Rao Y, Yu H, Gao L, Lu YT, Xu Z, Liu H, Gu LQ, Ye JM, Huang ZS. Natural alkaloid bouchardatine ameliorates metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-fed mice by stimulating the sirtuin 1/liver kinase B-1/AMPK axis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2457-2470. [PMID: 28493443 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Promoting energy metabolism is known to provide therapeutic effects for obesity and associated metabolic disorders. The present study evaluated the therapeutic effects of the newly identified bouchardatine (Bou) on obesity-associated metabolic disorders and the molecular mechanisms of these effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The molecular mode of action of Bou for its effects on lipid metabolism was first examined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HepG2 cells. This was followed by an evaluation of its metabolic effects in mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks with Bou being administered in the last 5 weeks. Further mechanistic investigations were conducted in pertinent organs of the mice and relevant cell models. KEY RESULTS In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Bou reduced lipid content and increased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity to facilitate liver kinase B1 (LKB1) activation of AMPK. Chronic administration of Bou (50 mg∙kg-1 every other day) in mice significantly attenuated high-fat diet-induced increases in body weight gain, dyslipidaemia and fatty liver without affecting food intake and no adverse effects were detected. These metabolic effects were associated with activation of the SIRT1-LKB1-AMPK signalling pathway in adipose tissue and liver. Of particular note, UCP1 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis were increased in both white and brown adipose tissues of Bou-treated mice. Incubation with Bou induced similar changes in primary brown adipocytes isolated from mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Bou may have therapeutic potential for obesity-related metabolic diseases by increasing the capacity of energy expenditure in adipose tissues and liver through a mechanism involving the SIRT1-LKB1-AMPK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Rao
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ting Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Quan Gu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Ming Ye
- Molecular Pharmacology for Diabetes Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Taibi N, Dupont J, Bouguermouh Z, Froment P, Ramé C, Anane A, Amirat Z, Khammar F. Expression of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-Activated protein kinase (AMPK) in ovine testis (Ovis aries): In vivo regulation by nutritional state. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 178:9-22. [PMID: 28122665 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we identified AMPK and investigated its potential role in steroidogenesis in vivo in the ovine testis in response to variation in nutritional status (fed control vs. restricted). We performed immunoblotting to show that both active and non-active forms of AMPK exist in ovine testis and liver. In testis, we confirmed these results by immunohistochemistry. We found a correlation between ATP (Adenosine-Triphosphate) levels and the expression of AMPK in liver. Also, low and high caloric diets induce isoform-dependent AMPK expression, with an increase in α2, ß1ß2 and γ1 activity levels. Although the restricted group exhibited an increase in lipid balance, only the triglyceride and HC-VLDL (Cholesterol-Very low density lipoprotein) fractions showed significant differences between groups, suggesting an adaptive mechanism. Moreover, the relatively low rate of non-esterified fatty acid released into the circulation implies re-esterification to compensate for the physiological need. In the fed control group, AMPK activates the production of testosterone in Leydig cells; this is, in turn, associated with an increase in the expression of 3ß-HSD (3 beta hydroxy steroid deshydrogenase), p450scc (Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme) and StAR (Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) proteins induced by decreased MAPK ERK½ (Extracellular signal-regulated kinase -Mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation. In contrast, in the restricted group, testosterone secretion was reduced but intracellular cholesterol concentration was not. Furthermore, the combination of high levels of lipoproteins and emergence of the p38 MAP kinase pathway suggest the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as confirmed by transcriptional repression of the StAR protein. Taken together, these results suggest that AMPK expression is tissue dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Taibi
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculté des Sciences Biologiques (FSB), Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Zones Arides, (LRZA), BP 32 El Alia 16111, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algérie; Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques (C.R.A.P.C), BP 384, Zone industrielle de Bou-Ismail, RP 42004 w., Tipaza, Algérie.
| | - J Dupont
- Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | | | - P Froment
- Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - C Ramé
- Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - A Anane
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculté des Sciences Biologiques (FSB), Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Zones Arides, (LRZA), BP 32 El Alia 16111, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algérie.
| | - Z Amirat
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculté des Sciences Biologiques (FSB), Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Zones Arides, (LRZA), BP 32 El Alia 16111, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algérie.
| | - F Khammar
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculté des Sciences Biologiques (FSB), Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Zones Arides, (LRZA), BP 32 El Alia 16111, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algérie.
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Sid V, Wu N, Sarna LK, Siow YL, House JD, O K. Folic acid supplementation during high-fat diet feeding restores AMPK activation via an AMP-LKB1-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1215-25. [PMID: 26400185 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00260.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AMPK is an endogenous energy sensor that regulates lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is regarded as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome with impaired lipid and glucose metabolism and increased oxidative stress. Our recent study showed that folic acid supplementation attenuated hepatic oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in high-fat diet-fed mice. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of folic acid on hepatic AMPK during high-fat diet feeding and the mechanisms involved. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (10% kcal fat), a high-fat diet (60% kcal fat), or a high-fat diet supplemented with folic acid (26 mg/kg diet) for 5 wk. Mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited hyperglycemia, hepatic cholesterol accumulation, and reduced hepatic AMPK phosphorylation. Folic acid supplementation restored AMPK phosphorylation (activation) and reduced blood glucose and hepatic cholesterol levels. Activation of AMPK by folic acid was mediated through an elevation of its allosteric activator AMP and activation of its upstream kinase, namely, liver kinase B1 (LKB1) in the liver. Consistent with in vivo findings, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (bioactive form of folate) restored phosphorylation (activation) of both AMPK and LKB1 in palmitic acid-treated HepG2 cells. Activation of AMPK by folic acid might be responsible for AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase, leading to reduced hepatic cholesterol synthesis during high-fat diet feeding. These results suggest that folic acid supplementation may improve cholesterol and glucose metabolism by restoration of AMPK activation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sid
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nan Wu
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lindsei K Sarna
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yaw L Siow
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
| | - James D House
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;
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Shiwa M, Yoneda M, Okubo H, Ohno H, Kobuke K, Monzen Y, Kishimoto R, Nakatsu Y, Asano T, Kohno N. Distinct Time Course of the Decrease in Hepatic AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Akt Phosphorylation in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135554. [PMID: 26266809 PMCID: PMC4534138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role in insulin resistance, which is characterized by the impairment of the insulin-Akt signaling pathway. However, the time course of the decrease in AMPK and Akt phosphorylation in the liver during the development of obesity and insulin resistance caused by feeding a high fat diet (HFD) remains controversial. Moreover, it is unclear whether the impairment of AMPK and Akt signaling pathways is reversible when changing from a HFD to a standard diet (SD). Male ddY mice were fed the SD or HFD for 3 to 28 days, or fed the HFD for 14 days, followed by the SD for 14 days. We examined the time course of the expression and phosphorylation levels of AMPK and Akt in the liver by immunoblotting. After 3 days of feeding on the HFD, mice gained body weight, resulting in an increased oil red O staining, indicative of hepatic lipid accumulation, and significantly decreased AMPK phosphorylation, in comparison with mice fed the SD. After 14 days on the HFD, systemic insulin resistance occurred and Akt phosphorylation significantly decreased. Subsequently, a change from the HFD to SD for 3 days, after 14 days on the HFD, ameliorated the impairment of AMPK and Akt phosphorylation and systemic insulin resistance. Our findings indicate that AMPK phosphorylation decreases early upon feeding a HFD and emphasizes the importance of prompt lifestyle modification for decreasing the risk of developing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Shiwa
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Okubo
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobuke
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Monzen
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Rui Kishimoto
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakatsu
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuoki Kohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Srivastava RAK, Pinkosky SL, Filippov S, Hanselman JC, Cramer CT, Newton RS. AMP-activated protein kinase: an emerging drug target to regulate imbalances in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism to treat cardio-metabolic diseases. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2490-514. [PMID: 22798688 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r025882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor of energy metabolism at the cellular as well as whole-body level. It is activated by low energy status that triggers a switch from ATP-consuming anabolic pathways to ATP-producing catabolic pathways. AMPK is involved in a wide range of biological activities that normalizes lipid, glucose, and energy imbalances. These pathways are dysregulated in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), which represents a clustering of major cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, lipid abnormalities, and energy imbalances. Clearly, there is an unmet medical need to find a molecule to treat alarming number of patients with MetS. AMPK, with multifaceted activities in various tissues, has emerged as an attractive drug target to manage lipid and glucose abnormalities and maintain energy homeostasis. A number of AMPK activators have been tested in preclinical models, but many of them have yet to reach to the clinic. This review focuses on the structure-function and role of AMPK in lipid, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism. The mode of action of AMPK activators, mechanism of anti-inflammatory activities, and preclinical and clinical findings as well as future prospects of AMPK as a drug target in treating cardio-metabolic disease are discussed.
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