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Tee CA, Han J, Hui JHP, Lee EH, Yang Z. Perspective in Achieving Stratified Articular Cartilage Repair Using Zonal Chondrocytes. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 36416231 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is composed of superficial, medial, and deep zones, which endow the tissue with biphasic mechanical properties to withstand shearing force and compressional loading. The tissue has very limited self-healing capacity once it is damaged due to its avascular nature. To prevent the early onset of osteoarthritis, surgical intervention is often needed to repair the injured cartilage. Current noncell-based and cell-based treatments focus on the regeneration of homogeneous cartilage to achieve bulk compressional properties without recapitulating the zonal matrix and mechanical properties, and often oversight in aiding cartilage integration between host and repair cartilage. It is hypothesized that achieving zonal architecture in articular cartilage tissue repair could improve the structural and mechanical integrity and thus the life span of the regenerated tissue. Engineering stratified cartilage constructs using zonal chondrocytes have been hypothesized to improve the functionality and life span of the regenerated tissues. However, stratified articular cartilage repair has yet to be realized to date due to the lack of an efficient zonal chondrocyte isolation method and an expansion platform that would allow both cell propagation and phenotype maintenance. Various attempts and challenges in achieving stratified articular cartilage repair in a clinical setting are evaluated. In this review, different perspectives on achieving stratified articular cartilage repair using zonal chondrocytes are described. The effectiveness of different zonal chondrocyte isolation and zonal chondrocyte phenotype maintenance methodologies during expansion are compared, with the focus on recent advancements in zonal chondrocyte isolation and expansion that could present a possible strategy to overcome the limitation of applying zonal chondrocytes to facilitate zonal architecture development in articular cartilage regeneration. Impact Statement The zonal properties of articular cartilage contribute to the biphasic mechanical properties of the tissues. Recapitulation of the zonal architecture in regenerated articular cartilage has been hypothesized to improve the mechanical integrity and life span of the regenerated tissue. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the current state of research relevant to achieving stratified articular cartilage repair using zonal chondrocytes from different perspectives. This review further elaborates on a zonal chondrocyte production pipeline that can potentially overcome the current clinical challenges and future work needed to realize stratified zonal chondrocyte implantation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Ann Tee
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zheng Yang
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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López-Marcial GR, Elango K, O’Connell GD. Addition of collagen type I in agarose created a dose-dependent effect on matrix production in engineered cartilage. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac048. [PMID: 35991580 PMCID: PMC9390219 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Extracellular-matrix composition impacts mechanical performance in native and engineered tissues. Previous studies showed collagen type I-agarose blends increased cell-matrix interactions and extra-cellular matrix production. However, long-term impacts on protein production and mechanical properties of engineered cartilage are unknown. Our objective was to characterize the effect of collagen type I on matrix production of chondrocytes embedded in agarose hydrogels. We hypothesized that the addition of collagen would improve long-term mechanical properties and matrix production (e.g., collagen and glycosaminoglycans) through increased bioactivity. Agarose hydrogels (2% w/v) were mixed with varying concentrations of collagen type I (0, 2, 5 mg/mL). Juvenile bovine chondrocytes were added to the hydrogels to assess matrix production over 4 weeks through biochemical assays, and mechanical properties were assessed through unconfined compression. We observed a dose-dependent effect on cell bioactivity, where 2 mg/mL of collagen improved bioactivity, but 5 mg/mL had a negative impact on bioactivity. This resulted in higher modulus for scaffolds supplemented with lower collagen concentration as compared to the higher collagen concentration, but not when compared to the control. In conclusion, the addition of collagen to agarose constructs provided a dose-dependent impact on improving glycosaminoglycan production but did not improve collagen production or compressive mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keerthana Elango
- University of California Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Berkeley
| | - Grace D O’Connell
- University of California Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Berkeley
- University of California Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, , San Francisco
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3
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Tee CA, Yang Z, Wu Y, Ren X, Baranski M, Lin DJ, Hassan A, Han J, Lee EH. A Pre-Clinical Animal Study for Zonal Articular Cartilage Regeneration Using Stratified Implantation of Microcarrier Expanded Zonal Chondrocytes. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221093063. [PMID: 35446156 PMCID: PMC9152227 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221093063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The zonal properties of articular cartilage critically contribute to the mechanical support and lubrication of the tissue. Current treatments for articular cartilage have yet to regenerate this zonal architecture, thus compromising the functional efficacy of the repaired tissue and leading to tissue degeneration in the long term. In this study, the efficacy of zonal cartilage regeneration through bilayered implantation of expanded autologous zonal chondrocytes was investigated in a porcine chondral defect model. DESIGN Autologous chondrocytes extracted from articular cartilage in the non-weight bearing trochlea region of the knee were subjected to an expansion-sorting strategy, integrating dynamic microcarrier (dMC) culture, and spiral microchannel size-based zonal chondrocyte separation. Zonal chondrocytes were then implanted as bilayered fibrin hydrogel construct in a porcine knee chondral defect model. Repair efficacy was compared with implantation with cell-free fibrin hydrogel and full thickness (FT) cartilage-derived heterogenous chondrocytes. Cartilage repair was evaluated 6 months after implantation. RESULTS Sufficient numbers of zonal chondrocytes for implantation were generated from the non-weight bearing cartilage. Six-month repair outcomes showed that bilayered implantation of dMC-expanded zonal chondrocytes resulted in substantial recapitulation of zonal architecture, including chondrocyte arrangement, specific Proteoglycan 4 distribution, and collagen alignment, that was accompanied by healthier underlying subchondral bone. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that with appropriate expansion and isolation of zonal chondrocytes, the strategy of stratified zonal chondrocyte implantation represents a significant advancement to Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation-based cartilage regeneration, with the potential to improve the long-term integrity of the regenerated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Ann Tee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine, Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yingnan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiafei Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maciej Baranski
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine, Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Daryl Jimian Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Afizah Hassan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine, Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine, Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Eng Hin Lee, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block 11, 119288 Singapore.
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Lithium chloride-induced primary cilia recovery enhances biosynthetic response of chondrocytes to mechanical stimulation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:605-614. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Wu J, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Bioengineering human cartilage-bone tissues for modeling of osteoarthritis. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:399-405. [PMID: 35088600 PMCID: PMC9398485 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease worldwide, yet we continue to lack an understanding of disease etiology and pathology, and effective treatment options. Essential to tissue homeostasis, disease pathogenesis, and therapeutic responses are the stratified organization of cartilage and the crosstalk at the osteochondral junction. Animal models may capture some of these features, but to establish clinically consistent therapeutics, there remains a need for high-fidelity models of OA that meet all the above requirements in a human, patient-specific manner. In vitro bioengineered cartilage-bone tissue models could be developed to recapitulate physiological interactions with human cells and disease initiating factors. Here we highlight human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as the advantageous cell source for these models and review approaches for chondrogenic fate specification from hiPSCs. To achieve native-like stratified cartilage organization with cartilage-bone interactions, spatiotemporal cues mimicking development can be delivered to engineered tissues by patterning of the cells, scaffold, and the environment. Once healthy and native-like cartilage-bone tissues are established, an OA-like state can be induced via cytokine challenge or injurious loading. Bioengineered cartilage-bone tissues fall short of recapitulating the full complexity of native tissues, but have demonstrated utility in elucidating some mechanisms of OA progression and enabled screening of candidate therapeutics in patient-specific models. With rapid progress in stem cells, tissue engineering, imaging, and high throughput -omics research in recent years, we propose that advanced human tissue models will soon offer valuable contributions to our understanding and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Wu
- Columbia University, 5798, Biomedical Engineering, New York, New York, United States;
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Columbia University, 5798, Biomedical Engineering, 622 west 168th St, VC12-234, New York, New York, United States, 10032;
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Architecture-Promoted Biomechanical Performance-Tuning of Tissue-Engineered Constructs for Biological Intervertebral Disc Replacement. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102692. [PMID: 34065565 PMCID: PMC8160686 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Biological approaches to intervertebral disc (IVD) restoration and/or regeneration have become of increasing interest. However, the IVD comprises a viscoelastic system whose biological replacement remains challenging. The present study sought to design load-sharing two-component model systems of circular, nested, concentric elements reflecting the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus. Specifically, we wanted to investigate the effect of architectural design variations on (1) model system failure loads when testing the individual materials either separately or homogeneously mixed, and (2) also evaluate the potential of modulating other mechanical properties of the model systems. Methods: Two sets of softer and harder biomaterials, 0.5% and 5% agarose vs. 0.5% agarose and gelatin, were used for fabrication. Architectural design variations were realized by varying ring geometries and amounts while keeping the material composition across designs comparable. Results: Variations in the architectural design, such as lamellar width, number, and order, combined with choosing specific biomaterial properties, strongly influenced the biomechanical performance of IVD constructs. Biomechanical characterization revealed that the single most important parameter, in which the model systems vastly exceeded those of the individual materials, was failure load. The model system failure loads were 32.21- and 84.11-fold higher than those of the agarose materials and 55.03- and 2.14-fold higher than those of the agarose and gelatin materials used for system fabrication. The compressive strength, dynamic stiffness, and viscoelasticity of the model systems were always in the range of the individual materials. Conclusions: Relevant architecture-promoted biomechanical performance-tuning of tissue-engineered constructs for biological IVD replacement can be realized by slight modifications in the design of constructs while preserving the materials’ compositions. Minimal variations in the architectural design can be used to precisely control structure–function relations for IVD constructs rather than choosing different materials. These fundamental findings have important implications for efficient tissue-engineering of IVDs and other load-bearing tissues, as potential implants need to withstand high in situ loads.
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7
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Zhao L, Huang Y, Zhu K, Miao Z, Zhao J, Che XJ, Hao D, Zhang R, Ma G. Manipulation of pore structure during manufacture of agarose microspheres for bioseparation. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:504-513. [PMID: 33204237 PMCID: PMC7645642 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarose microspheres with a controllable pore structure were manufactured by varying agarose types and crosslinking degrees. Various agarose could tailor the gel formation of microspheres matrix and thus affect the final pore structures. Small pores in microspheres could be fabricated by agarose with a higher molecular weight, which was demonstrated by the packed column with lower distribution coefficient (Kav ) values measured by gel filtration chromatography. Further, higher Kav values also demonstrated that more and larger pores were formed with increasing the crosslinking degree of agarose microspheres. Either using agarose with a high molecular weight or increasing the crosslinking degree would finally lead to the enhancement of the flow rate during flow performance of packed column as necessary for improving separation efficiency. This provides a foundation for high-resolution chromatography with a controllable separation range as beneficial for downstream process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yongdong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Kai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Zhuang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Jiazhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xiang Jing Che
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- College of Environment and Chemical EngineeringYanshan UniversityQinhuangdaoP. R. China
| | - Dongxia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Rongyue Zhang
- College of Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Petrochemical TechnologyBeijingP. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
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8
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Fu L, Yang Z, Gao C, Li H, Yuan Z, Wang F, Sui X, Liu S, Guo Q. Advances and prospects in biomimetic multilayered scaffolds for articular cartilage regeneration. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:527-542. [PMID: 33365139 PMCID: PMC7748444 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the sophisticated hierarchical structure and limited reparability of articular cartilage (AC), the ideal regeneration of AC defects has been a major challenge in the field of regenerative medicine. As defects progress, they often extend from the cartilage layer to the subchondral bone and ultimately lead to osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering techniques bring new hope for AC regeneration. To meet the regenerative requirements of the heterogeneous and layered structure of native AC tissue, a substantial number of multilayered biomimetic scaffolds have been studied. Ideal multilayered scaffolds should generate zone-specific functional tissue similar to native AC tissue. This review focuses on the current status of multilayered scaffolds developed for AC defect repair, including design strategies based on the degree of defect severity and the zone-specific characteristics of AC tissue, the selection and composition of biomaterials, and techniques for design and manufacturing. The challenges and future perspectives of biomimetic multilayered scaffold strategies for AC regeneration are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Fu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cangjian Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China.,Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiang Sui
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
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9
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Schmidt S, Abinzano F, Mensinga A, Teßmar J, Groll J, Malda J, Levato R, Blunk T. Differential Production of Cartilage ECM in 3D Agarose Constructs by Equine Articular Cartilage Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197071. [PMID: 32992847 PMCID: PMC7582568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of articular cartilage progenitor cells (ACPCs) has opened up new opportunities for cartilage repair. These cells may be used as alternatives for or in combination with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in cartilage engineering. However, their potential needs to be further investigated, since only a few studies have compared ACPCs and MSCs when cultured in hydrogels. Therefore, in this study, we compared chondrogenic differentiation of equine ACPCs and MSCs in agarose constructs as monocultures and as zonally layered co-cultures under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. ACPCs and MSCs exhibited distinctly differential production of the cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM). For ACPC constructs, markedly higher glycosaminoglycan (GAG) contents were determined by histological and quantitative biochemical evaluation, both in normoxia and hypoxia. Differential GAG production was also reflected in layered co-culture constructs. For both cell types, similar staining for type II collagen was detected. However, distinctly weaker staining for undesired type I collagen was observed in the ACPC constructs. For ACPCs, only very low alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a marker of terminal differentiation, was determined, in stark contrast to what was found for MSCs. This study underscores the potential of ACPCs as a promising cell source for cartilage engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schmidt
- Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Florencia Abinzano
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (A.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Anneloes Mensinga
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (A.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Jörg Teßmar
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (J.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (J.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (A.M.); (J.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (A.M.); (J.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (T.B.)
| | - Torsten Blunk
- Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (T.B.)
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10
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Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh A, Babaie S, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Asadi N, Akbarzadeh A, Abedelahi A. An overview of various treatment strategies, especially tissue engineering for damaged articular cartilage. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:1089-1104. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1809439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azizeh Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soraya Babaie
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nahideh Asadi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Abedelahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Campos Y, Almirall A, Fuentes G, Bloem HL, Kaijzel EL, Cruz LJ. Tissue Engineering: An Alternative to Repair Cartilage. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 25:357-373. [PMID: 30913997 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein we review the state-of-the-art in tissue engineering for repair of articular cartilage. First, we describe the molecular, cellular, and histologic structure and function of endogenous cartilage, focusing on chondrocytes, collagens, extracellular matrix, and proteoglycans. We then explore in vitro cell culture on scaffolds, discussing the difficulties involved in maintaining or obtaining a chondrocytic phenotype. Next, we discuss the diverse compounds and designs used for these scaffolds, including natural and synthetic biomaterials and porous, fibrous, and multilayer architectures. We then report on the mechanical properties of different cell-loaded scaffolds, and the success of these scaffolds following in vivo implantation in small animals, in terms of generating tissue that structurally and functionally resembles native tissue. Last, we highlight future trends in this field. We conclude that despite major technical advances made over the past 15 years, and continually improving results in cartilage repair experiments in animals, the development of clinically useful implants for regeneration of articular cartilage remains a challenge
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaima Campos
- 1Biomaterials Center, Havana University, LA Habana, Cuba.,2Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gastón Fuentes
- 1Biomaterials Center, Havana University, LA Habana, Cuba.,2Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans L Bloem
- 2Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric L Kaijzel
- 2Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luis J Cruz
- 2Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Middendorf JM, Dugopolski C, Kennedy S, Blahut E, Cohen I, Bonassar LJ. Heterogeneous matrix deposition in human tissue engineered cartilage changes the local shear modulus and resistance to local construct buckling. J Biomech 2020; 105:109760. [PMID: 32276782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue engineered cartilage is a promising solution for focal cartilage defects, but these constructs do not have the same local mechanical properties as native tissue. Most clinically relevant engineered cartilage constructs seed human chondrocytes onto a collagen scaffold, which buckles at low loads and strains. This buckling creates local regions of high strain that could cause cell death and damage the engineered tissue. Since human tissue engineered cartilage is commonly grown in-vivo prior to implantation, new matrix deposition could improve the local implant mechanics and prevent local tissue buckling. However, the relationship between local biochemical composition and the local mechanics or local buckling probability has never been quantified. Therefore, this study correlated the local biochemical composition of human tissue engineered cartilage constructs using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with the local shear modulus and local buckling probability. The local shear modulus and local buckling probability were obtained using a confocal elastography technique. The local shear modulus increased with increases in local aggrecan content in the interior region (inside the scaffold). A minimum amount of aggrecan was required to prevent local construct buckling at physiologic strains. Since the original scaffold was primarily composed of collagen, increases in collagen content due to new matrix deposition was minimal and had little effect on the mechanical properties. Thus, we concluded that aggrecan deposition inside the scaffold pores is the most effective way to improve the mechanical function and prevent local tissue damage in human tissue engineered cartilage constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Middendorf
- Sibley School of Mechanical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Itai Cohen
- Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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13
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Liao Y, He Q, Zhou F, Zhang J, Liang R, Yao X, Bunpetch V, Li J, Zhang S, Ouyang H. Current Intelligent Injectable Hydrogels for In Situ Articular Cartilage Regeneration. POLYM REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2019.1683028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youguo Liao
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiulin He
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renjie Liang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute & School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Varitsara Bunpetch
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajin Li
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute & School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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14
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García-Couce J, Almirall A, Fuentes G, Kaijzel E, Chan A, Cruz LJ. Targeting Polymeric Nanobiomaterials as a Platform for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1915-1932. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190708184745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a connective tissue structure that is found in anatomical areas that are important for the movement of the human body. Osteoarthritis is the ailment that most often affects the articular cartilage. Due to its poor intrinsic healing capacity, damage to the articular cartilage is highly detrimental and at present the reconstructive options for its repair are limited. Tissue engineering and the science of nanobiomaterials are two lines of research that together can contribute to the restoration of damaged tissue. The science of nanobiomaterials focuses on the development of different nanoscale structures that can be used as carriers of drugs / cells to treat and repair damaged tissues such as articular cartilage. This review article is an overview of the composition of articular cartilage, the causes and treatments of osteoarthritis, with a special emphasis on nanomaterials as carriers of drugs and cells, which reduce inflammation, promote the activation of biochemical factors and ultimately contribute to the total restoration of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomarien García-Couce
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) group, Radiology department, Leiden University Medical Centrum, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Amisel Almirall
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) group, Radiology department, Leiden University Medical Centrum, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gastón Fuentes
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) group, Radiology department, Leiden University Medical Centrum, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eric Kaijzel
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) group, Radiology department, Leiden University Medical Centrum, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alan Chan
- Percuros B.V., Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Luis J. Cruz
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) group, Radiology department, Leiden University Medical Centrum, Leiden, Netherlands
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15
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Owida HA, Yang R, Cen L, Kuiper NJ, Yang Y. Induction of zonal-specific cellular morphology and matrix synthesis for biomimetic cartilage regeneration using hybrid scaffolds. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0310. [PMID: 29950515 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is anisotropic in nature and organized into distinct zones. Our goal was to develop zonal-specific three-dimensional hybrid scaffolds which could induce the generation of zonal-specific cellular morphology and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. The superficial and middle zones comprised two layers of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel which enveloped specifically orientated or randomly arranged polylactic acid nanofibre meshes. The deep zone comprised a HA hydrogel with multiple vertical channels. Primary bovine chondrocytes were seeded into the individual zonal scaffolds, cultured for 14 days and then the ECM was analysed. The aligned nanofibre mesh used in the superficial zone induced an elongated cell morphology, lower glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen II production, and higher cell proliferation and collagen I production than the cells in the middle zone scaffold. Within the middle zone scaffold, which comprised a randomly orientated nanofibre mesh, the cells were clustered and expressed more collagen II. The deep zone scaffold induced the highest GAG production, the lowest cell proliferation and the lowest collagen I expression of the three zones. Assembling the three zones and stabilizing the arrangement with a HA hydrogel generated aligned, randomly aggregated and columnar cells in the superficial, middle and deep zones. This study presents a method to induce zonal-specific chondrocyte morphology and ECM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Owida
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - R Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - L Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - N J Kuiper
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.,Arthritis Research Centre, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Y Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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16
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Ma F, Ge Y, Liu N, Pang X, Shen X, Tang B. In situ fabrication of a composite hydrogel with tunable mechanical properties for cartilage tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2463-2473. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01331d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A composite hydrogel with tunable mechanical properties has been fabricated and characterized in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenbo Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangchao Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Xingyu Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research
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17
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Sethuram L, Thomas J, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Effects and formulation of silver nanoscaffolds on cytotoxicity dependent ion release kinetics towards enhanced excision wound healing patterns in Wistar albino rats. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35677-35694. [PMID: 35528070 PMCID: PMC9074428 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06913e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound tissue regeneration and angiogenesis are dynamic processes that send physiological signals to the body. Thus, designing novel nanoscaffolds by understanding their surface modifications and toxicological response in a biological system with a potent anti-inflammatory response is a viable solution. In this respect, inspired by the surface chemistry, in the present work we focus on the chemical optimization of silver nanoscaffolds using surface cappings in order to understand their kinetic release behaviour in simulated wound fluids (SWF), to analyze their blood compatibility in human lymphocytes and erythrocytes and then embed them in a chitosan-agarose matrix (CAM) as a productive drug delivery system to evaluate in vivo excision wound tissue regeneration efficiency in Wistar rats. In this regard, polyvinyl alcohol capped silver nanocomposites (PVA-AgNPs) exhibit a dominant antibacterial efficacy with the sustained and controlled release of silver ions and percentage cell mortality and percentage hemolysis of only 10% and 16% compared with uncapped-AgNPs or silver bandaids (SBDs). Also, PVA-AgNP impregnated CAM (PVA-CAM) shows positive effects through their anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties, with a nearly 95% healing effect within 9 days. The complete development of collagen and fibroblast constituents was also monitored in PVA-CAM by hematoxylin & eosin (H & E) and Masson trichrome (MT) staining. These results provide a clear insight into the development of a potent therapeutic formulation using CAM as a scaffold incorporated with surface functionalized PVA-AgNPs as a bioeffective and biocompatible polymer for the fabrication of efficacious silver wound dressing scaffolds in clinical practice. A sustained and controlled release of silver ions from AgNPs is driven by greater percentage of wound contraction with minimal cytotoxic behavioural rates and effective antibacterial activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology
- VIT University
- Vellore
- India
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18
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Zhu D, Trinh P, Liu E, Yang F. Biochemical and Mechanical Gradients Synergize To Enhance Cartilage Zonal Organization in 3D. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3561-3569. [PMID: 33465918 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is characterized by zonal organizations containing dual gradients of biochemical cues and mechanical cues. However, how biochemical gradient interacts with the mechanical gradient to drive the cartilage zonal development remains largely unknown. Here, we report the development of a dual-gradient hydrogel platform as a 3D niche to elucidate the relative contributions of biochemical and mechanical niche gradients in modulating zonal-specific chondrocyte responses and cartilage zonal organization. Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a major constituent of cartilage extracellular matrix, was chosen as the biochemical cue. Poly(ethylene glycol), a bioinert polymer, was used to create the stiffness gradient. Dual-gradient hydrogels upregulated cartilage marker expressions and increased chondrocyte proliferation and collagen deposition in a zonal-dependent manner. Hydrogels with CS gradient alone exhibited poor mechanical strength and degraded prematurely after 1 week of culture. While CS gradient alone did not support long-term culture, adding CS gradient to mechanical-gradient hydrogels substantially enhanced cell proliferation, glycosaminoglycan production, and collagen deposition compared to mechanical-gradient hydrogels alone. These results suggest that biochemical and mechanical gradient cues synergize to enhance cartilage zonal organization by chondrocytes in 3D. Together, our results validate the potential of dual-gradient hydrogels as a 3D cell niche for cartilage regeneration with zonal organization and may be used to recreate other tissue interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pavin Trinh
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elisa Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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19
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López-Marcial GR, Zeng AY, Osuna C, Dennis J, García JM, O'Connell GD. Agarose-Based Hydrogels as Suitable Bioprinting Materials for Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3610-3616. [PMID: 33450800 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are useful materials as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Using hydrogels with additive manufacturing techniques has typically required the addition of techniques such as cross-linking or printing in sacrificial materials that negatively impact tissue growth to remedy inconsistencies in print fidelity. Thus, there is a need for bioinks that can directly print cell-laden constructs. In this study, agarose-based hydrogels commonly used for cartilage tissue engineering were compared to Pluronic, a hydrogel with established printing capabilities. Moreover, new material mixtures were developed for bioprinting by combining alginate and agarose. We compared mechanical and rheological properties, including yield stress, storage modulus, and shear thinning, as well as construct shape fidelity to assess their potential as a bioink for cell-based tissue engineering. The rheological properties and printability of agarose-alginate gels were statistically similar to those of Pluronic for all tests (p > 0.05). Alginate-agarose composites prepared with 5% w/v (3:2 agarose to alginate ratio) demonstrated excellent cell viability over a 28-day culture period (>∼70% cell survival at day 28) as well matrix production over the same period. Therefore, agarose-alginate mixtures showed the greatest potential as an effective bioink for additive manufacturing of biological materials for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R López-Marcial
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anne Y Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carlos Osuna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Jeannette M García
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Grace D O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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20
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Zhang H, Zhao L, Huang Y, Zhu K, Wang Q, Yang R, Su Z, Ma G. Uniform polysaccharide composite microspheres with controllable network by microporous membrane emulsification technique. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4331-4341. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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21
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Tsuang YH, Lin YS, Chen LT, Cheng CK, Sun JS. Effect of Dynamic Compression on in vitro Chondrocyte Metabolism. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 31:439-49. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880803100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Chondrocytes can detect and respond to the mechanical environment by altering their metabolism. This study was designed to explore the effects of dynamic compression on chondrocyte metabolism. Methods Chondrocytes were harvested from newborn Wistar rats. After 7 days of expansion, chondrocytes embedded in agarose discs underwent uniaxial unconfined dynamic compression loads at different amplitudes (5%, 10%, and 15%) and frequencies (0.5 Hz, 1.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz, and 3.0 Hz) with a duration of 24 hours. The delayed effects on the chondrocytes were studied at 1, 3, and 7 days after the experiment. Results The results showed that at 10% strain, higher-frequency compression pressure can enhance the proliferation of chondrocytes. The synthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) increased at 10%-15% strain and a 1-Hz load. The synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) increased at the 0.5-Hz load; while decreasing at the 15% strain. With 10% strain, 1 Hz dynamic compression, the proliferation of chondrocytes and GAG synthesis increased and persisted for 7 days, and NO synthesis decreased at the third and seventh days of culture. Conclusions This study showed that chondrocytes respond metabolically to compressive loading, which is expected to modulate the growth and the resultant biomechanical properties of these tissue-engineered constructs during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.-H. Tsuang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan - ROC
| | - Y.-S. Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan - ROC
| | - L.-T. Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Healthbanks Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan - ROC
| | - C.-K. Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan - ROC
| | - J.-S. Sun
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan - ROC
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan - ROC
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22
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Leung S, McGlashan SR, Musson DSP, Cornish J, Anderson IA, Shim VBK. Investigations of Strain Fields in 3D Hydrogels Under Dynamic Confined Loading. J Med Biol Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-017-0319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Guo T, Lembong J, Zhang LG, Fisher JP. Three-Dimensional Printing Articular Cartilage: Recapitulating the Complexity of Native Tissue<sup/>. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:225-236. [PMID: 27875945 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the field of tissue engineering combined with rapid prototyping (RP) techniques has been successful in creating biological substitutes that mimic tissues. Its applications in regenerative medicine have drawn efforts in research from various scientific fields, diagnostics, and clinical translation to therapies. While some areas of therapeutics are well developed, such as skin replacement, many others such as cartilage repair can still greatly benefit from tissue engineering and RP due to the low success and/or inefficiency of current existing, often surgical treatments. Through fabrication of complex scaffolds and development of advanced materials, RP provides a new avenue for cartilage repair. Computer-aided design and three-dimensional (3D) printing allow the fabrication of modeled cartilage scaffolds for repair and regeneration of damaged cartilage tissues. Specifically, the various processes of 3D printing will be discussed in details, both cellular and acellular techniques, covering the different materials, geometries, and operational printing conditions for the development of tissue-engineered articular cartilage. Finally, we conclude with some insights on future applications and challenges related to this technology, especially using 3D printing techniques to recapitulate the complexity of native structure for advanced cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Josephine Lembong
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- 2 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - John P Fisher
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
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24
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Bandeiras C, Completo A. A mathematical model of tissue-engineered cartilage development under cyclic compressive loading. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:651-666. [PMID: 27817048 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work a coupled model of solute transport and uptake, cell proliferation, extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling of mechanical properties accounting for the impact of mechanical loading is presented as an advancement of a previously validated coupled model for free-swelling tissue-engineered cartilage cultures. Tissue-engineering constructs were modeled as biphasic with a linear elastic solid, and relevant intrinsic mechanical stimuli in the constructs were determined by numerical simulation for use as inputs of the coupled model. The mechanical dependent formulations were derived from a calibration and parametrization dataset and validated by comparison of normalized ratios of cell counts, total glycosaminoglycans and collagen after 24-h continuous cyclic unconfined compression from another dataset. The model successfully fit the calibration dataset and predicted the results from the validation dataset with good agreement, with average relative errors up to 3.1 and 4.3 %, respectively. Temporal and spatial patterns determined for other model outputs were consistent with reported studies. The results suggest that the model describes the interaction between the simultaneous factors involved in in vitro tissue-engineered cartilage culture under dynamic loading. This approach could also be attractive for optimization of culture protocols, namely through the application to longer culture times and other types of mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Bandeiras
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - António Completo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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25
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Schagemann JC, Rudert N, Taylor ME, Sim S, Quenneville E, Garon M, Klinger M, Buschmann MD, Mittelstaedt H. Bilayer Implants: Electromechanical Assessment of Regenerated Articular Cartilage in a Sheep Model. Cartilage 2016; 7:346-60. [PMID: 27688843 PMCID: PMC5029563 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515623992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the regenerative capacity of 2 distinct bilayer implants for the restoration of osteochondral defects in a preliminary sheep model. METHODS Critical sized osteochondral defects were treated with a novel biomimetic poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) implant (Treatment No. 2; n = 6) or a combination of Chondro-Gide and Orthoss (Treatment No. 1; n = 6). At 19 months postoperation, repair tissue (n = 5 each) was analyzed for histology and biochemistry. Electromechanical mappings (Arthro-BST) were performed ex vivo. RESULTS Histological scores, electromechanical quantitative parameter values, dsDNA and sGAG contents measured at the repair sites were statistically lower than those obtained from the contralateral surfaces. Electromechanical mappings and higher dsDNA and sGAG/weight levels indicated better regeneration for Treatment No. 1. However, these differences were not significant. For both treatments, Arthro-BST revealed early signs of degeneration of the cartilage surrounding the repair site. The International Cartilage Repair Society II histological scores of the repair tissue were significantly higher for Treatment No. 1 (10.3 ± 0.38 SE) compared to Treatment No. 2 (8.7 ± 0.45 SE). The parameters cell morphology and vascularization scored highest whereas tidemark formation scored the lowest. CONCLUSION There was cell infiltration and regeneration of bone and cartilage. However, repair was incomplete and fibrocartilaginous. There were no significant differences in the quality of regeneration between the treatments except in some histological scoring categories. The results from Arthro-BST measurements were comparable to traditional invasive/destructive methods of measuring quality of cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C. Schagemann
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Lübeck, Germany,Mayo Clinic, Orthopedic Surgery, Rochester, MN, USA,Jan C. Schagemann, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Campus Lübeck, Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany. Email
| | - Nicola Rudert
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Sotcheadt Sim
- Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada,Biomomentum Inc., Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Hagen Mittelstaedt
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Lübeck, Germany
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Cigan AD, Durney KM, Nims RJ, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. Nutrient Channels Aid the Growth of Articular Surface-Sized Engineered Cartilage Constructs. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:1063-74. [PMID: 27481330 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic osteoarthritic lesions span large regions of joint surfaces and the ability to engineer cartilage constructs at clinically relevant sizes would be highly desirable. We previously demonstrated that nutrient transport limitations can be mitigated by the introduction of channels in 10 mm diameter cartilage constructs. In this study, we scaled up our previous system to cast and cultivate 40 mm diameter constructs (2.3 mm overall thickness); 4 mm diameter and channeled 10 mm diameter constructs were studied for comparison. Furthermore, to assess whether prior results using primary bovine cells are applicable for passaged cells-a more clinically realistic scenario-we cast constructs of each size with primary or twice-passaged cells. Constructs were assessed mechanically for equilibrium compressive Young's modulus (EY), dynamic modulus at 0.01 Hz (G*), and friction coefficient (μ); they were also assessed biochemically, histologically, and immunohistochemically for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen contents. By maintaining open channels, we successfully cultured robust constructs the size of entire human articular cartilage layers (growing to ∼52 mm in diameter, 4 mm thick, mass of 8 g by day 56), representing a 100-fold increase in scale over our 4 mm diameter constructs, without compromising their functional properties. Large constructs reached EY of up to 623 kPa and GAG contents up to 8.9%/ww (% of wet weight), both within native cartilage ranges, had G* >2 MPa, and up to 3.5%/ww collagen. Constructs also exhibited some of the lowest μ reported for engineered cartilage (0.06-0.11). Passaged cells produced tissue of lower quality, but still exhibited native EY and GAG content, similar to their smaller controls. The constructs produced in this study are, to our knowledge, the largest engineered cartilage constructs to date which possess native EY and GAG, and are a testament to the effectiveness of nutrient channels in overcoming transport limitations in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Cigan
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Krista M Durney
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Robert J Nims
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
- 2 Department of Medicine, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Clark T Hung
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Gerard A Ateshian
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
- 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
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Mellati A, Fan CM, Tamayol A, Annabi N, Dai S, Bi J, Jin B, Xian C, Khademhosseini A, Zhang H. Microengineered 3D cell-laden thermoresponsive hydrogels for mimicking cell morphology and orientation in cartilage tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:217-231. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mellati
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Chia-Ming Fan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research; University of South Australia; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts 02115
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Cory Xian
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research; University of South Australia; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology; Konkuk University; Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu Seoul 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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Sharma P, Twomey JD, Patkin M, Hsieh AH. Layered Alginate Constructs: A Platform for Co-culture of Heterogeneous Cell Populations. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27583983 DOI: 10.3791/54380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many load bearing tissues possess structurally and functionally distinct regions, typically accompanied by different cell phenotypes with differential mechanosensing characteristics. Engineering and analysis of these tissue types remain a challenge. Layered hydrogel constructs provide an opportunity for investigating the interactions among multiple cell populations within single constructs. Alginate hydrogels are both biocompatible and allow for easy isolation of cells after experimentation. Here, we describe a method for the development of small sized dual layered alginate hydrogel discs. This process maintains high cell viability of human mesenchymal stem cells during the formation process and these layered discs can withstand unconfined cyclic compression, commonly used for stimulation of hMSCs undergoing chondrogenesis. These layered constructs can potentially be scaled up to include additional levels, and also be used to segregate cell populations initially after layering. This dual layer alginate hydrogel culture platform can be used for many different applications including engineering and analysis of cells of load bearing tissues and co-cultures of other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland;
| | | | - Michelle Patkin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland
| | - Adam H Hsieh
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland;
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29
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Ren X, Wang F, Chen C, Gong X, Yin L, Yang L. Engineering zonal cartilage through bioprinting collagen type II hydrogel constructs with biomimetic chondrocyte density gradient. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:301. [PMID: 27439428 PMCID: PMC4955200 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cartilage tissue engineering is a promising approach for repairing and regenerating cartilage tissue. To date, attempts have been made to construct zonal cartilage that mimics the cartilaginous matrix in different zones. However, little attention has been paid to the chondrocyte density gradient within the articular cartilage. We hypothesized that the chondrocyte density gradient plays an important role in forming the zonal distribution of extracellular matrix (ECM). Methods In this study, collagen type II hydrogel/chondrocyte constructs were fabricated using a bioprinter. Three groups were created according to the total cell seeding density in collagen type II pre-gel: Group A, 2 × 107 cells/mL; Group B, 1 × 107 cells/mL; and Group C, 0.5 × 107 cells/mL. Each group included two types of construct: one with a biomimetic chondrocyte density gradient and the other with a single cell density. The constructs were cultured in vitro and harvested at 0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks for cell viability testing, reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), biochemical assays, and histological analysis. Results We found that total ECM production was positively correlated with the total cell density in the early culture stage, that the cell density gradient distribution resulted in a gradient distribution of ECM, and that the chondrocytes’ biosynthetic ability was affected by both the total cell density and the cell distribution pattern. Conclusions Our results suggested that zonal engineered cartilage could be fabricated by bioprinting collagen type II hydrogel constructs with a biomimetic cell density gradient. Both the total cell density and the cell distribution pattern should be optimized to achieve synergistic biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ren
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedic Department, 452nd Hospital Chinese PLA, Chengdu, 610021, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyou Wang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Gong
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yin
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Mouser VHM, Melchels FPW, Visser J, Dhert WJA, Gawlitta D, Malda J. Yield stress determines bioprintability of hydrogels based on gelatin-methacryloyl and gellan gum for cartilage bioprinting. Biofabrication 2016; 8:035003. [PMID: 27431733 PMCID: PMC4954607 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/035003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting of chondrocyte-laden hydrogels facilitates the fabrication of constructs with controlled organization and shape e.g. for articular cartilage implants. Gelatin-methacryloyl (gelMA) supplemented with gellan gum is a promising bio-ink. However, the rheological properties governing the printing process, and the influence of gellan gum on the mechanical properties and chondrogenesis of the blend, are still unknown. Here, we investigated the suitability of gelMA/gellan for cartilage bioprinting. Multiple concentrations, ranging from 3% to 20% gelMA with 0%-1.5% gellan gum, were evaluated for their printability, defined as the ability to form filaments and to incorporate cells at 15 °C-37 °C. To support the printability assessment, yield stress and viscosity of the hydrogels were measured. Stiffness of UV-cured constructs, as well as cartilage-like tissue formation by embedded chondrocytes, were determined in vitro. A large range of gelMA/gellan concentrations were printable with inclusion of cells and formed the bioprinting window. The addition of gellan gum improved filament deposition by inducing yielding behavior, increased construct stiffness and supported chondrogenesis. High gellan gum concentrations, however, did compromise cartilage matrix production and distribution, and even higher concentrations resulted in too high yield stresses to allow cell encapsulation. This study demonstrates the high potential of gelMA/gellan blends for cartilage bioprinting and identifies yield stress as a dominant factor for bioprintability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H M Mouser
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, T he Netherlands
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31
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Luo L, O'Reilly AR, Thorpe SD, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Engineering zonal cartilaginous tissue by modulating oxygen levels and mechanical cues through the depth of infrapatellar fat pad stem cell laden hydrogels. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2613-2628. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Adam R. O'Reilly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Stephen D. Thorpe
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Conor T. Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER); Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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Luo L, Chu JYJ, Eswaramoorthy R, Mulhall KJ, Kelly DJ. Engineering Tissues That Mimic the Zonal Nature of Articular Cartilage Using Decellularized Cartilage Explants Seeded with Adult Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:1933-1943. [PMID: 33440551 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) possesses uniquely complex mechanical properties; for example its stiffness increases with depth through the tissue and it softens when compressed. These properties are integral to the function of AC and can be attributed to the tissue's collagen network and how it interacts with negatively charged proteoglycans. In this study, scaffolds containing arrays of channels were produced from decellularized AC explants derived from skeletally immature and mature pigs. These scaffolds were then repopulated with human infrapatellar fat pad derived stem cells (FPSCs). After 4 weeks in culture, FPSCs filled channels within the decellularized explants with a matrix rich in proteoglycans and collagen. Cellular and neo-matrix alignment within these scaffolds appeared to be influenced by the underlying collagen architecture of the decellularized cartilage. Repopulating scaffolds derived from decellularized skeletally mature cartilage with FPSCs led to the development of engineered cartilage with depth-dependent mechanical properties mimicking aspects of native tissue. Furthermore, these constructs displayed the characteristic strain softening behavior of AC. These findings highlight the importance of the collagen network to engineering mechanically functional cartilage grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Johnnie Y J Chu
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, No.1, Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116, India
| | - Kevin J Mulhall
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Naughton Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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34
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Decellularization of porcine articular cartilage explants and their subsequent repopulation with human chondroprogenitor cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 55:21-31. [PMID: 26521085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Engineering tissues with comparable structure, composition and mechanical functionality to native articular cartilage remains a challenge. One possible solution would be to decellularize xenogeneic articular cartilage in such a way that the structure of the tissue is maintained, and to then repopulate this decellularized matrix with human chondroprogenitor cells that will facilitate the reconstitution, maintenance and eventual turnover of the construct following implantation. The overall objective of this study was to develop a protocol to efficiently decellularize porcine articular cartilage grafts and to identify a methodology to subsequently repopulate such explants with human chondroprogenitor cells. To this end, channels were first introduced into cylindrical articular cartilage explants, which were then decellularized with a combination of various chemical reagents including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nucleases. The decellularization protocol resulted in a ~90% reduction in porcine DNA content, with little observed effect on the collagen content and the collagen architecture of the tissue, although a near-complete removal of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) and a related reduction in tissue compressive properties was observed. The introduction of channels did not have any detrimental effect on the biochemical or the mechanical properties of the decellularized tissue. Next, decellularized cartilage explants with or without channels were seeded with human infrapatellar fat pad derived stem cells (FPSCs) and cultured chondrogenically under either static or rotational conditions for 10 days. Both channeled and non-channeled explants supported the viability, proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of FPSCs. The addition of channels facilitated cell migration and subsequent deposition of cartilage-specific matrix into more central regions of these explants. The application of rotational culture appeared to promote a less proliferative cellular phenotype and led to an increase in sGAG synthesis within the explants. Rotational culture also appeared to promote higher cell viability and led to a more even distribution of cells within the channels of decellularized explants. To conclude, this study describes an effective protocol for the decellularization of porcine articular cartilage grafts and a novel methodology for the partial recellularization of such explants with human stem cells. Decellularized soft tissue explants that maintain their native collagen architecture may represent promising scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications.
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35
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Lopez-Lopez MT, Scionti G, Oliveira AC, Duran JDG, Campos A, Alaminos M, Rodriguez IA. Generation and Characterization of Novel Magnetic Field-Responsive Biomaterials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133878. [PMID: 26207995 PMCID: PMC4514776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the preparation of novel magnetic field-responsive tissue substitutes based on biocompatible multi-domain magnetic particles dispersed in a fibrin-agarose biopolymer scaffold. We characterized our biomaterials with several experimental techniques. First we analyzed their microstructure and found that it was strongly affected by the presence of magnetic particles, especially when a magnetic field was applied at the start of polymer gelation. In these samples we observed parallel stripes consisting of closely packed fibers, separated by more isotropic net-like spaces. We then studied the viability of oral mucosa fibroblasts in the magnetic scaffolds and found no significant differences compared to positive control samples. Finally, we analyzed the magnetic and mechanical properties of the tissue substitutes. Differences in microstructural patterns of the tissue substitutes correlated with their macroscopic mechanical properties. We also found that the mechanical properties of our magnetic tissue substitutes could be reversibly tuned by noncontact magnetic forces. This unique advantage with respect to other biomaterials could be used to match the mechanical properties of the tissue substitutes to those of potential target tissues in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modesto T. Lopez-Lopez
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Scionti
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana C. Oliveira
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan D. G. Duran
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Campos
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ismael A. Rodriguez
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Department of Histology, School of Dentistry, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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Bandeiras C, Completo A, Ramos A. Influence of the scaffold geometry on the spatial and temporal evolution of the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage: insights from a mathematical model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 14:1057-70. [PMID: 25801173 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The production of tissue-engineered cartilage in vitro with inhomogeneous mechanical properties is a problem yet to be solved. Different geometries have been studied to overcome this caveat; however, the reported measurements are limited to average values of some properties and qualitative measures of spatial distributions. We will apply a coupled model to extend knowledge about the introduction of a macrochannel in a scaffold by calculating spatiotemporal patterns for several interest variables related to the remodeling of the mechanical properties. Model parameters were estimated based on experimental data on the temporal patterns of glycosaminoglycans, collagen and compressive Young's modulus for channel-free constructs. The model reproduced the experimental data trends in both geometries, with experimental-numerical correlations between 0.84 and 0.97. The channel had a higher impact on the reduction in spatial heterogeneities and delay of saturation of core properties than in the improvement of average properties. Despite the possible improvement of cell densities for longer periods than 56 days, it is estimated that it will not cause further significant improvements of the mechanical properties. The degrees of spatial heterogeneity of the Young's modulus and permeability in the channeled geometry are 23 and 27 % of the channel-free values. While the average Young's modulus values are in the range of native cartilage, the permeabilities are one to three degrees of magnitude higher than the native cartilage, suggesting that limiting factors such as scaffold porosity and initial permeability are more relevant than scaffold geometry to effectively decrease the tissue permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Bandeiras
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
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Shin BY, Kim J. Controlled Remodeling of Hydrogel Networks and Subsequent Crosslinking: A Strategy for Preparation of Alginate Hydrogels with Ultrahigh Density and Enhanced Mechanical Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bom Yi Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Republic of Korea
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Brady MA, Waldman SD, Ethier CR. The Application of Multiple Biophysical Cues to Engineer Functional Neocartilage for Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Part I: Cellular Response. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:1-19. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariea A. Brady
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - C. Ross Ethier
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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Tripathi A, Melo JS. Preparation of a sponge-like biocomposite agarose–chitosan scaffold with primary hepatocytes for establishing an in vitro 3D liver tissue model. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04153h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sponge-like agarose–chitosan scaffold synthesized by cryo-polymerization andin vitroevaluation of interfacial cell–material interaction and liver-like functions of impregnate primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Tripathi
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 085
- India
| | - Jose Savio Melo
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 085
- India
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40
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Khoshgoftar M, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. The Influence of Cell-Matrix Attachment and Matrix Development on the Micromechanical Environment of the Chondrocyte in Tissue-Engineered Cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:3112-21. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Khoshgoftar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C. van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Hur J, Im K, Kim SW, Kim J, Chung DY, Kim TH, Jo KH, Hahn JH, Bao Z, Hwang S, Park N. Polypyrrole/Agarose-based electronically conductive and reversibly restorable hydrogel. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10066-76. [PMID: 25256570 DOI: 10.1021/nn502704g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are a class of composite materials that consist of hydrated and conducting polymers. Due to the mechanical similarity to biointerfaces such as human skin, conductive hydrogels have been primarily utilized as bioelectrodes, specifically neuroprosthetic electrodes, in an attempt to replace metallic electrodes by enhancing the mechanical properties and long-term stability of the electrodes within living organisms. Here, we report a conductive, smart hydrogel, which is thermoplastic and self-healing owing to its unique properties of reversible liquefaction and gelation in response to thermal stimuli. In addition, we demonstrated that our conductive hydrogel could be utilized to fabricate bendable, stretchable, and patternable electrodes directly on human skin. The excellent mechanical and thermal properties of our hydrogel make it potentially useful in a variety of biomedical applications such as electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Hur
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University , Seongnam, Gyeonggi 461-701, Republic of Korea
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Bhardwaj N, Devi D, Mandal BB. Tissue-engineered cartilage: the crossroads of biomaterials, cells and stimulating factors. Macromol Biosci 2014; 15:153-82. [PMID: 25283763 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Damage to cartilage represents one of the most challenging tasks of musculoskeletal therapeutics due to its limited propensity for healing and regenerative capabilities. Lack of current treatments to restore cartilage tissue function has prompted research in this rapidly emerging field of tissue regeneration of functional cartilage tissue substitutes. The development of cartilaginous tissue largely depends on the combination of appropriate biomaterials, cell source, and stimulating factors. Over the years, various biomaterials have been utilized for cartilage repair, but outcomes are far from achieving native cartilage architecture and function. This highlights the need for exploration of suitable biomaterials and stimulating factors for cartilage regeneration. With these perspectives, we aim to present an overview of cartilage tissue engineering with recent progress, development, and major steps taken toward the generation of functional cartilage tissue. In this review, we have discussed the advances and problems in tissue engineering of cartilage with strong emphasis on the utilization of natural polymeric biomaterials, various cell sources, and stimulating factors such as biophysical stimuli, mechanical stimuli, dynamic culture, and growth factors used so far in cartilage regeneration. Finally, we have focused on clinical trials, recent innovations, and future prospects related to cartilage engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandana Bhardwaj
- Seri-Biotechnology Unit, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035, India
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43
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Markert CD, Guo X, Skardal A, Wang Z, Bharadwaj S, Zhang Y, Bonin K, Guthold M. Characterizing the micro-scale elastic modulus of hydrogels for use in regenerative medicine. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 27:115-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Higashioka MM, Chen JA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Building an anisotropic meniscus with zonal variations. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:294-302. [PMID: 23931258 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toward addressing the difficult problems of knee meniscus regeneration, a self-assembling process has been used to re-create the native morphology and matrix properties. A significant problem in such attempts is the recapitulation of the distinct zones of the meniscus, the inner, more cartilaginous and the outer, more fibrocartilaginous zones. In this study, an anisotropic and zonally variant meniscus was produced by self-assembly of the inner meniscus (100% chondrocytes) followed by cell seeding the outer meniscus (coculture of chondrocytes and meniscus cells). After 4 weeks in culture, the engineered, inner meniscus exhibited a 42% increase in both instantaneous and relaxation moduli and a 62% increase in GAG/DW, as compared to the outer meniscus. In contrast, the circumferential tensile modulus and collagen/DW of the outer zone was 101% and 129% higher, respectively, than the values measured for the inner zone. Furthermore, there was no difference in the radial tensile modulus between the control and zonal engineered menisci, suggesting that the inner and outer zones of the engineered zonal menisci successfully integrated. These data demonstrate that not only can biomechanical and biochemical properties be engineered to differ by the zone, but they can also recapitulate the anisotropic behavior of the knee meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Higashioka
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, California
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Griebel AJ, Khoshgoftar M, Novak T, van Donkelaar CC, Neu CP. Direct noninvasive measurement and numerical modeling of depth-dependent strains in layered agarose constructs. J Biomech 2013; 47:2149-56. [PMID: 24182772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical factors play an important role in the growth, regulation, and maintenance of engineered biomaterials and tissues. While physical factors (e.g. applied mechanical strain) can accelerate regeneration, and knowledge of tissue properties often guide the design of custom materials with tailored functionality, the distribution of mechanical quantities (e.g. strain) throughout native and repair tissues is largely unknown. Here, we directly quantify distributions of strain using noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) throughout layered agarose constructs, a model system for articular cartilage regeneration. Bulk mechanical testing, giving both instantaneous and equilibrium moduli, was incapable of differentiating between the layered constructs with defined amounts of 2% and 4% agarose. In contrast, MRI revealed complex distributions of strain, with strain transfer to softer (2%) agarose regions, resulting in amplified magnitudes. Comparative studies using finite element simulations and mixture (biphasic) theory confirmed strain distributions in the layered agarose. The results indicate that strain transfer to soft regions is possible in vivo as the biomaterial and tissue changes during regeneration and maturity. It is also possible to modulate locally the strain field that is applied to construct-embedded cells (e.g. chondrocytes) using stratified agarose constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Griebel
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, US
| | - M Khoshgoftar
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - T Novak
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, US
| | - C C van Donkelaar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - C P Neu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, US.
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46
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Kock LM, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. Sliding Indentation Enhances Collagen Content and Depth-Dependent Matrix Distribution in Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Constructs. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1949-59. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Kock
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C. van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Yin Z, Yang X, Jiang Y, Xing L, Xu Y, Lu Y, Ding P, Ma J, Xu Y, Gui J. Platelet-rich plasma combined with agarose as a bioactive scaffold to enhance cartilage repair: an in vitro study. J Biomater Appl 2013; 28:1039-50. [PMID: 23828781 DOI: 10.1177/0885328213492573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the platelet-rich plasma-agarose gel scaffold could be a bioactive scaffold capable of growth factors release for cartilage repair. METHODS Porcine chondrocytes were seeded in agarose gel and platelet-rich plasma-agarose gel. During the 28-days culture, microstructure of hydrogels and morphologies of chondrocytes seeded in the hydrogels were observed using scanning electron microscope; viability of chondrocytes in gels was examined by live/dead assay; qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycan, collagen and DNA were assessed by histological, immunohistochemical staining and biochemical assay; gene expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In vitro cartilage ring models were used to evaluate the integration of the scaffolds, and the integration strength was analyzed by mechanical push-out tests. RESULTS Scanning electron microscope revealed both scaffolds had highly uniform porous structure. Live/dead scaffolds showed 100% cells alive in both groups. After 28-days culture, glycosaminoglycan, collagen, DNA content and chondrocyte-related genes expression in platelet-rich plasma-agarose gel were significantly higher than pure agarose gel. Integration strength in platelet-rich plasma-agarose gel was also higher compared to pure agarose gel. CONCLUSION Platelet-rich plasma showed a positive effect on chondrocytes proliferation, differentiation and integration between native cartilage and engineered tissue when combined with agarose gel. Our findings suggest that platelet-rich plasma-agarose gel scaffold is a promising bioactive scaffold for future cartilage tissue engineering and future clinical works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Yin
- 1Orthopaedic Laboratory of Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Thorpe SD, Nagel T, Carroll SF, Kelly DJ. Modulating gradients in regulatory signals within mesenchymal stem cell seeded hydrogels: a novel strategy to engineer zonal articular cartilage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60764. [PMID: 23613745 PMCID: PMC3628868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering organs and tissues with the spatial composition and organisation of their native equivalents remains a major challenge. One approach to engineer such spatial complexity is to recapitulate the gradients in regulatory signals that during development and maturation are believed to drive spatial changes in stem cell differentiation. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation is known to be influenced by both soluble factors and mechanical cues present in the local microenvironment. The objective of this study was to engineer a cartilaginous tissue with a native zonal composition by modulating both the oxygen tension and mechanical environment thorough the depth of MSC seeded hydrogels. To this end, constructs were radially confined to half their thickness and subjected to dynamic compression (DC). Confinement reduced oxygen levels in the bottom of the construct and with the application of DC, increased strains across the top of the construct. These spatial changes correlated with increased glycosaminoglycan accumulation in the bottom of constructs, increased collagen accumulation in the top of constructs, and a suppression of hypertrophy and calcification throughout the construct. Matrix accumulation increased for higher hydrogel cell seeding densities; with DC further enhancing both glycosaminoglycan accumulation and construct stiffness. The combination of spatial confinement and DC was also found to increase proteoglycan-4 (lubricin) deposition toward the top surface of these tissues. In conclusion, by modulating the environment through the depth of developing constructs, it is possible to suppress MSC endochondral progression and to engineer tissues with zonal gradients mimicking certain aspects of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Thorpe
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Nagel
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon F. Carroll
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Kock LM, Geraedts J, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. Low agarose concentration and TGF-β3 distribute extracellular matrix in tissue-engineered cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1621-31. [PMID: 23469833 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanical properties of articular cartilage are dominated by the interterritorial matrix, as the matrix in this region is stiffer, greater in volume, and more interconnected compared to that in the pericellular and territorial region. Hence, tissue-engineered constructs in which a newly synthesized matrix accumulates in the pericellular and territorial regions may be of a lower mechanical quality compared to constructs in which the interterritorial region contains abundant matrix. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explored the extent to which matrix distribution may be modulated by altering the agarose concentration and the presence of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and how this affects the mechanical properties of cultured cartilage constructs. METHODS Cartilage development in constructs with agarose concentrations varying from 1%, 2%, and 3% (study 1) and in constructs with no or very low agarose concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% (study 2) were compared. In both studies, the effect of TGF-β3 was compared to fetal bovine serum. After 21 and 42 days of culture, the matrix content and distribution were analyzed and mechanical properties were assessed at day 42. RESULTS Culture in lower agarose concentrations did not significantly influence the matrix content per wet weight, but did result in a more homogeneous distribution. Constructs cultured with less agarose also showed a higher equilibrium modulus. The presence of TGF-β3 resulted in an increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, a more homogeneous matrix distribution, and an equilibrium modulus. CONCLUSIONS Culturing with no or low agarose concentrations and TGF-β3 is favorable for cartilage tissue-engineering studies, because both stimulate the formation of a more homogeneous ECM and consequently result in improved mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Kock
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Hong E, Reddi AH. Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation of Articular Chondrocytes from Surface and Middle Zones: Changes in MicroRNAs-221/-222, -140, and -143/145 Expression. Tissue Eng Part A 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eunmee Hong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - A. Hari Reddi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
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