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Li S, Liu G, Hu S. Osteoporosis: interferon-gamma-mediated bone remodeling in osteoimmunology. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1396122. [PMID: 38817601 PMCID: PMC11137183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1396122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
As the world population ages, osteoporosis, the most common disease of bone metabolism, affects more than 200 million people worldwide. The etiology is an imbalance in bone remodeling process resulting in more significant bone resorption than bone remodeling. With the advent of the osteoimmunology field, the immune system's role in skeletal pathologies is gradually being discovered. The cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), a member of the interferon family, is an important factor in the etiology and treatment of osteoporosis because it mediates bone remodeling. This review starts with bone remodeling process and includes the cellular and key signaling pathways of bone remodeling. The effects of IFN-γ on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone mass are discussed separately, while the overall effects of IFN-γ on primary and secondary osteoporosis are summarized. The net effect of IFN-γ on bone appears to be highly dependent on the environment, dose, concentration, and stage of cellular differentiation. This review focuses on the mechanisms of bone remodeling and bone immunology, with a comprehensive discussion of the relationship between IFN-γ and osteoporosis. Finding the paradoxical balance of IFN-γ in bone immunology and exploring the potential of its clinical application provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of osteoporosis and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Li
- The Orthopaedic Center, The First People’s Hospital of Wenling, Taizhou University Affiliated Wenling Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siwang Hu
- The Orthopaedic Center, The First People’s Hospital of Wenling, Taizhou University Affiliated Wenling Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang C, Li H, Li J, Hu J, Yang K, Tao L. Oxidative stress: A common pathological state in a high-risk population for osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114834. [PMID: 37163779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is becoming a major concern in the field of public health. The process of bone loss is insidious and does not directly induce obvious symptoms. Complications indicate an irreversible decrease in bone mass. The high-risk populations of osteoporosis, including postmenopausal women, elderly men, diabetic patients and obese individuals need regular bone mineral density testing and appropriate preventive treatment. However, the primary changes in these populations are different, increasing the difficulty of effective treatment of osteoporosis. Determining the core pathogenesis of osteoporosis helps improve the efficiency and efficacy of treatment among these populations. Oxidative stress is a common pathological state secondary to estrogen deficiency, aging, hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia. In this review, we divided oxidative stress into the direct effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity to discuss their roles in the development of osteoporosis. ROS initiated mitochondrial apoptotic signaling and suppressed osteogenic marker expression to weaken osteogenesis. MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways mediated the positive effect of ROS on osteoclast differentiation. Antioxidant enzymes not only eliminate the negative effects of ROS, but also directly participate in the regulation of bone metabolism. Additionally, we also described the roles of proinflammatory factors and HIF-1α under the pathophysiological changes of inflammation and hypoxia, which provided a supplement of oxidative stress-induced osteoporosis. In conclusion, our review showed that oxidative stress was a common pathological state in a high-risk population for osteoporosis. Targeted oxidative stress treatment would greatly optimize the therapeutic schedule of various osteoporosis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiajin Hu
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Keda Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, China.
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, China.
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Yousefzadeh N, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Diabetoporosis: Role of nitric oxide. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:764-780. [PMID: 34121973 PMCID: PMC8192884 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetoporosis, diabetic-related decreased bone quality and quantity, is one of the leading causes of osteoporotic fractures in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This is associated with lower trabecular and cortical bone quality, lower bone turnover rates, lower rates of bone healing, and abnormal posttranslational modifications of collagen. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability has been reported within the bones of T2D patients and can be considered as one of the primary mechanisms by which diabetoporosis is manifested. NO donors increase trabecular and cortical bone quality, increase the rate of bone formation, accelerate the bone healing process, delay osteoporosis, and decrease osteoporotic fractures in T2D patients, suggesting the potential therapeutic implication of NO-based interventions. NO is produced in the osteoblast and osteoclast cells by three isoforms of NO synthase (NOS) enzymes. In this review, the roles of NO in bone remodeling in the normal and diabetic states are discussed. Also, the favorable effects of low physiological levels of NO produced by endothelial NOS (eNOS) versus detrimental effects of high pathological levels of NO produced by inducible NOS (iNOS) in diabetoporosis are summarized. Available data indicates decreased bone NO bioavailability in T2D and decreased expression of eNOS, and increased expression and activity of iNOS. NO donors can be considered novel therapeutic agents in diabetoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Yousefzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA.,PhD Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York,NY, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Large magnitude of force leads to NO-mediated cell shrinkage in single osteocytes implying an initial apoptotic response. J Biomech 2021; 117:110245. [PMID: 33493709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Damage accumulation in the bone under continuous daily loading causes local mechanical overloading known to induce osteocyte apoptosis, which promotes bone resorption to repair bone damage. However, only a few studies have investigated the mechanism of apoptosis in mechanically overloaded osteocytes. As mechanically stimulated osteocytes produce nitric oxide (NO), which triggers apoptosis in various cell types, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying apoptosis in mechanically overloaded osteocytes, focusing on intracellular NO. To investigate the effects of force magnitude on apoptosis and intracellular NO production, we isolated osteocytes from DMP1-EGFP mice and subjected them to quantitative local forces via fibronectin-coated micro beads targeting integrin on the cell surface using a magnetic tweezer. Cell shrinkage was microscopically examined, and intracellular NO production was visualized using DAR-4 M. Mechanical stimulation revealed relationships between force magnitude, apoptosis, and intracellular NO production. The application of a smaller force resulted in no significant cell shrinkage or intracellular NO production; however, a larger force caused a rapid increase in intracellular NO production followed by cell shrinkage. Besides, intracellular NOS (NO synthase) inhibition and NO donation revealed the pro-apoptotic roles of NO in osteocytes. L-NAME (NOS inhibitor)-treated cells displayed no significant shrinkage under a larger force, whereas SNP (NO donor)-treated cells showed cell shrinkage and Annexin V fluorescence, indicating apoptosis. Collectively, our study demonstrates that larger force leads to NO production-mediated osteocyte shrinkage, implying an initial apoptotic response and highlighting the importance of NO production in bone damage.
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Li Q, Chen Z, Xu Z, Han S, Hao H, Wu J, Sun F, Fu X, Li R, Zheng B, Guo X, Zhang T, Chen Y. Binding of the polysaccharide from Acanthopanax giraldii Harms to toll-like receptor 4 activates macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:112011. [PMID: 31173876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The traditional Chinese medicine, Acanthopanax giraldii Harms, is commonly used to treat arthralgia due to wind, cold and dampness, as well as weakness in the feet and knees. Its other reported effects include eliminating flatulence, strengthening muscles and bones, and delaying aging. The polysaccharides in A. giraldii Harms are the major bioactive substances that confer the herb's antioxidant properties as well as anticancer and antiviral effects. AIMS OF THE STUDY To elucidate the underlying mechanism and signaling cascade involved in the homogeneous A. giraldii Harms polysaccharide II (AHP-II)-mediated immunomodulation of mice macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS The phagocytosis of neutral red and the production of nitric oxide, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were measured to determine AHP-II-induced macrophage activation. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to confirm the binding of AHP-II to macrophages. The involvement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in AHP-II-induced macrophage activation was demonstrated using antibody blocking and macrophages from C3H/HeJ TLR4-mutant mice. Western blotting was used to map AHP-II-induced downstream signaling pathways. RESULTS AHP-II increased the phagocytosis of macrophages and the release of nitric oxide, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines. Direct, saturable and reversible binding of AHP-II to macrophages was observed, while it can be inhibited by the anti-TLR4 antibody. In addition, the presence of the anti-TLR4 antibody inhibited AHP-II-induced macrophage IL-6 and TNF-α production in the peritoneal macrophages of C3H/HeJ mice. Moreover, AHP-II-TLR4-stimulated macrophages activate the downstream intracellular ERK and JNK/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways. In addition, the AHP-II-mediated regulation of IL-6 and TNF-α production from macrophages was greatly affected by specific ERK, JNK and NF-κB inhibitors. CONCLUSION Our study elucidated the immunomodulatory mechanism of AHP-II in macrophage activation and identified TLR4 as the main receptor coordinating AHP-II binding. Our findings suggest AHP-II may be used as a novel immunopotentiator for medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Zhiting Chen
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Zhilu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Shaoyun Han
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Huihui Hao
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, No. 2428 Yuhe Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Jiang Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Fengxiang Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Ruyue Li
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Birong Zheng
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 W. Baotong Rd, Weifang City, 261042, China.
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Pezzotti G. Silicon Nitride: A Bioceramic with a Gift. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26619-26636. [PMID: 31251018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the closing decades of the 20th century, silicon nitride (Si3N4) was extensively developed for high-temperature gas turbine applications. Technologists attempted to take advantage of its superior thermal and mechanical properties to improve engine reliability and fuel economy. Yet, this promise was never realized in spite of the worldwide research, which was conducted at that time. Notwithstanding this disappointment, its use in medical applications in the early 21st century has been an unexpected gift. While retaining all of its engineered mechanical properties, it is now recognized for its peculiar surface chemistry. When immersed in an aqueous environment, the slow elution of silicon and nitrogen from its surface enhances healing of soft and osseous tissue, inhibits bacterial proliferation, and eradicates viruses. These benefits permit it to be used in a wide array of different disciplines inside and outside of the human body including orthopedics, dentistry, virology, agronomy, and environmental remediation. Given the global public health threat posed by mutating viruses and bacteria, silicon nitride offers a valid and straightforward alternative approach to fighting these pathogens. However, there is a conundrum behind these recent discoveries: How can this unique bioceramic be both friendly to mammalian cells while concurrently lysing invasive pathogens? This unparalleled characteristic can be explained by the pH-dependent kinetics of two ammonia species-NH4+ and NH3-both of which are leached from the wet Si3N4 surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory , Kyoto Institute of Technology , Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki , Kyoto 606-8585 , Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Tokyo Medical University , 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023 , Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics , Osaka University , 2-2 Yamadaoka , Suita 565-0854 , Osaka , Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho , Kyoto 602-8566 , Japan
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Costimulation of Murine Osteoblasts with Interferon- γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor- α Induces Apoptosis through Downregulation of Bcl-2 and Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:3979606. [PMID: 30158833 PMCID: PMC6109523 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3979606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic inflammation from diseases, such as periodontal disease, the proinflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) alter bone remodeling. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we investigated the effect of IFNγ and TNFα on the proliferation and survival of clonal MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblasts. We found that although IFNγ or TNFα alone affected cell growth and survival only marginally, costimulation with both synergistically inhibited cell growth and reduced cell viability. The diminished cell viability was due to apoptosis, as indicated by increased TUNEL staining and elevated caspase 3, 8, and 9 activities. Western blot also showed that costimulation with IFNγ and TNFα elicited cytochrome c release and downregulated B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression without affecting Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein expression. Furthermore, stable Bcl-2 overexpression significantly alleviated cell death following costimulation. Collectively, these results suggested that IFNγ and TNFα elicited osteoblast apoptosis via cytochrome c release from damaged mitochondria, caspase activation, and Bcl-2 downregulation.
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Han L, Yu J, Chen Y, Cheng D, Wang X, Wang C. Immunomodulatory Activity of Docosahexenoic Acid on RAW264.7 Cells Activation through GPR120-Mediated Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:926-934. [PMID: 29307174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we elucidated the immunomodulatory activity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on protein expression in RAW264.7 cells and its molecular mechanism. The results showed that the proliferation index of RAW264.7 cells at 48 h was about 173.03 ± 7.82% after the treatment of 2.4 μM DHA. DHA could activate RAW264.7 cells by the G-protein coupled cell membrane receptor GPR120-C-Raf- mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)-nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 pathway. In addition, 2.4 μM of DHA could significantly increase (P < 0.01) the mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is consistent with the result of the NO release. ELISA results revealed that DHA could enhance the protein expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β. These results indicated that the immunomodulatory mechanism of RAW264.7 cells by DHA was associated with the release of NO and cytokines by stimulating the GPR120, C-Raf, and MAPKs to the NF-κB p65 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, People Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, People Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, People Republic of China
| | - Dai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, People Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, People Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, People Republic of China
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Huang D, Cui L, Guo P, Xue X, Wu Q, Hussain HI, Wang X, Yuan Z. Nitric oxide mediates apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction and plays a role in growth hormone deficiency by nivalenol in GH3 cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17079. [PMID: 29213091 PMCID: PMC5719085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecenes commonly found in cereal crops, can cause growth impairment in animals. However, limited information about its mechanisms is available. Trichothecenes have been characterized as an inhibitor of protein synthesis and induce apoptosis in cells. Oxidative stress is considered an underlying mechanism. However, whether NIV can induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat pituitary cells line GH3 is unclear. The present study showed that NIV significantly reduced the viability of cells and caused oxidative stress in GH3 cells. Further experiments showed that nitric oxide (NO), but not ROS, mediated NIV-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, NIV induced caspase-dependent apoptosis, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial ultrastructural changes. However, NIV-induced caspase activation, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis were partially alleviated by Z-VAD-FMK or NO scavenger hemoglobin. Finally, NIV changed the expression of growth-associated genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. NIV also reduced the GH secretion in GH3 cells, which was reversed by hemoglobin. Taken together, these results suggested that NIV induced apoptosis in caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway in GH3 cells, which might be an underlying mechanism of NIV-induced GH deficiency. Importantly, NO played a critical role in the induction of oxidative stress, apoptosis and GH deficiency in NIV-treated GH3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Huang
- The Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Luqing Cui
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Pu Guo
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Xue
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, P.R. China
| | - Hafiz Iftikhar Hussain
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China.
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- The Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China. .,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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Hou L, Meng M, Chen Y, Wang C. A water-soluble polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa induced macrophages activation via TLR4-MyD88-IKKβ-NF-κB p65 pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86604-86614. [PMID: 29156820 PMCID: PMC5689710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, the immunomodulatory effects of water-soluble polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa on RAW264.7 macrophages and its molecular mechanisms were investigated. G. frondosa polysaccharide could obviously enhance immunostimulatory activity such as the release of nitric oxide and cytokine production. Western blotting results showed that G. frondosa polysaccharide elevated the TLR4, which might act as an upstream regulator of MyD88 induced G. frondosa polysaccharide. MyD88 promoted IKKβ in endochylema and translocate NF-κB p65 subunit into the nucleus which increased the NO production and cytokine/chemokines level. The results suggested that G. frondosa polysaccharide activated macrophages through TLR4-MyD88-IKKβ-NF-κBp65 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Hou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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11
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Han L, Song S, Niu Y, Meng M, Wang C. Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Induced Macrophages Activation through GPR120-Mediated Raf-ERK1/2-IKKβ-NF-κB p65 Signaling Pathways. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090937. [PMID: 28841192 PMCID: PMC5622697 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the immunomodulatory effect and molecular mechanisms of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, a typical kind of n-3PUFAs) on RAW264.7 cells. Methods: A variety of research methods, including the RAW264.7 cells culture, cell proliferation assays, morphologic observations, measurements of NO production, cytokine assays, nuclear protein extractions, western blot analyses and NF-κB p65 immunofluorescence assays were used in this study. Results: The results showed that EPA could increase the proliferation index and enhance the release of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines in RAW264.7 cells. Western blotting results revealed that the protein level of GPR120 increased significantly in RAW264.7 cells after EPA treatment. Meanwhile, EPA elevated the phosphorylation status of Raf, which may act as an upstream regulator of EPA-induced phosphorylated ERK1/2. In addition, the phosphorylated ERK1/2 may then promote IKKβ in endochylema and translocate the NF-κB p65 subunit into the nucleus, thus regulating the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines. Conclusions: EPA (0.6–3.0 μmol) activates RAW264.7 cells through GPR120-mediated Raf-ERK1/2-IKKβ-NF-κB p65 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shumin Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yabing Niu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Meng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Chunling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
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12
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KOLOMAZNIK M, NOVA Z, CALKOVSKA A. Pulmonary Surfactant and Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide: The Interaction and its Functional Consequences. Physiol Res 2017; 66:S147-S157. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system is constantly exposed to pathogens which enter the lungs by inhalation or via blood stream. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also named endotoxin, can reach the airspaces as the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and lead to local inflammation and systemic toxicity. LPS affects alveolar type II (ATII) cells and pulmonary surfactant and although surfactant molecule has the effective protective mechanisms, excessive amount of LPS interacts with surfactant film and leads to its inactivation. From immunological point of view, surfactant specific proteins (SPs) SP-A and SP-D are best characterized, however, there is increasing evidence on the involvement of SP-B and SP-C and certain phospholipids in immune reactions. In animal models, the instillation of LPS to the respiratory system induces acute lung injury (ALI). It is of clinical importance that endotoxin-induced lung injury can be favorably influenced by intratracheal instillation of exogenous surfactant. The beneficial effect of this treatment was confirmed for both natural porcine and synthetic surfactants. It is believed that the surfactant preparations have anti-inflammatory properties through regulating cytokine production by inflammatory cells. The mechanism by which LPS interferes with ATII cells and surfactant layer, and its consequences are discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. CALKOVSKA
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
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Mohammadi A, Abnosi MH, Pakyari R. Low Concentration of Sodium Nitroprusside Promotes Mesenchymal Stem Cell Viability and Proliferation Through Elevation of Metabolic Activity. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.15171/ajmb.2017.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) releases nitric oxide which has signaling role. Objectives: This study was conducted to understand the role of low concentration of SNP on viability, proliferation and biochemical properties of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Materials and Methods: MSCs were used to evaluate the viability and morphology in presence of SNP (1 to 100 µM) at 12, 24 and 36 hours. Then 10, 50 and 100 µM of SNP as well as 24 hours were selected for further study. Cell proliferation was investigated by colony forming assay and population doubling number (PDN). Calcium (Ca2+) potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) level as well as activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. Results: The MSCs viability increased when treatment with 1 and 10 µM at all the treatment periods while 90 and 100 µM caused significant reduction after 24 and 36 hours. Also 10 µM caused elevation whereas 50 and 100 µM showed reduction of proliferation ability. We observed morphological changes and significant reduction of all the investigated enzymes with 100 µM. Activity of ALT and AST were elevated with 10 µM after 24 hours, whereas LDH and ALP activities were not changed. Na+, K+ and Ca2+ was not changed due to 10 and 50 µM treatments, whereas 100 µM only elevated the level of calcium and sodium ions. Conclusions: Low concentration of SNP caused increase of viability and proliferation due to metabolic activity elevation. But the high concentration of SNP induced cell viability and proliferation reduction caused by metabolic and ionic imbalance as well as infrastructure alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Reza Pakyari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Pari S, Abnosi MH, Pakyari R. Sodium Nitroprusside Changed The Metabolism of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to An Anaerobic State while Viability and Proliferation Remained Intact. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:146-158. [PMID: 28367425 PMCID: PMC5241511 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective We used sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) releasing molecule,
to understand its effect on viability and proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal
stem cells (BM-MSCs).
Materials and Methods This experimental study evaluated the viability and morphology of MSCs in the presence of SNP (100 to 2000 µM) at 1, 5, and 15 hours. We chose
the 100, 1000, and 2000 µM concentrations of SNP for one hour exposure for further
analyses. Cell proliferation was investigated by the colony forming assay and population
doubling number (PDN). Na+, K+, and Ca2+ levels as well as activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine
transaminase (ALT) were measured.
Results The viability of MSCs dose-dependently reduced from 750 µM at one hour and
250 µM at 5 and 15 hours. The 100 µM caused no change in viability, however we
observed a reduction in the cytoplasmic area at 5 and 15 hours. This change was not
observed at one hour. The one hour treatment with 100 µM of SNP reduced the mean
colony numbers but not the diameter when the cells were incubated for 7 and 14 days. In
addition, one hour treatment with 100 µM of SNP significantly reduced ALT, AST, and ALP
activities whereas the activity of LDH increased when incubated for 24 hours. The same
treatment caused an increase in Ca2+ and reduction in Na+ content. The 1000 and 2000
µM concentrations reduced all the factors except Ca2+ and LDH which increased.
Conclusion The high dose of SNP, even for a short time, was toxic. The low dose was
safe with respect to viability and proliferation, especially over a short time. However elevated LDH activity might increase anaerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiyeh Pari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Reza Pakyari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Evaluation of Tryptophan/Kynurenine Pathway Relevance With Immune System Biomarkers of Low Energy Trauma Hip Fractures in Osteoporotic Patients. Arch Rheumatol 2017; 32:203-208. [PMID: 30375548 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2017.6216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to evaluate tryptophan degradation and clarify whether altered levels of kynurenine and tryptophan (Kyn/Trp) ratio could be correlated to osteoporotic hip fractures via immune system. Patients and methods The study included 60 patients with osteoporotic hip fracture (20 males, 40 females, mean age 76.6±6.9 years; range 59 to 95 years). Patients were divided into two as patients with collum femoris fractures (group 1; n=23) and intertrochanteric fractures (group 2; n=37). Fifteen healthy subjects without any fracture were selected as control group (group 3; 3 males, 12 females; mean age 69.7±8.4; range 60 to 86 years). All fractures were simple falls due to low energy trauma. Bone mineral density measurements were performed with Lunar dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Kyn/Trp levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 beta levels were measured with solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results All bone mineral density values were in agreement for osteoporosis and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Higher Kyn/Trp ratios were observed in groups 1 and 2 compared to group 3. This difference was more significant in group 1 (p=0.0001) than that in group 2 (p=0.048). Also, group 1 had significantly higher Kyn/Trp ratio than group 2 (p=0.011). There were significantly higher IL-6 and lower IL-1 beta levels both in groups 1 and 2 compared to group 3 (p=0.0001). There was no significant difference between group 1 and group 2 in terms of IL-6 and IL-1 beta levels. There was positive correlation with Kyn/Trp ratio (r=0.581, p=0.004) in group 2. Also, significant correlation was detected between IL-6 and IL-1 beta levels in the same group (r=0.665, p=0.036). Conclusion Both increased degradation of tryptophan and ratio of Kyn/Trp indicate the relationship of immune activation with bone healing.
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Deng Z, Wang Z, Jin J, Wang Y, Bao N, Gao Q, Zhao J. SIRT1 protects osteoblasts against particle-induced inflammatory responses and apoptosis in aseptic prosthesis loosening. Acta Biomater 2017; 49:541-554. [PMID: 27890623 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that SIRT1 downregulation in osteoblasts induced by wear particles was one of the reasons for particle-induced osteolysis (PIO) in total joint arthroplasty failure. In the present study, the expression of SIRT1 was examined in osteoblasts treated with TiAl6V4 particles (TiPs) and CoCrMo particles (CoPs) from materials used in prosthetics and specimens from PIO animal models. To address whether SIRT1 downregulation triggers inflammatory responses and apoptosis in osteoblasts, the effect of a SIRT1 activator, resveratrol on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in particle-treated osteoblasts was tested. The results demonstrated that SIRT1 expression was significantly downregulated in particle-treated osteoblasts and PIO animal models. Both pharmacological activation and overexpression of SIRT1 dramatically reduced the particle-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and osteoblast apoptosis through NF-κB and p53 signaling, respectively. Furthermore, in PIO animal models, resveratrol significantly reduced the severity of osteolysis. Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that SIRT1 plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening, and further treatment targeted at SIRT1 possibly lead to novel approaches for prevention of aseptic prosthesis loosening. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Aseptic loosening is the most common cause of total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) failure and revision surgery. However, there is still no effective therapeutic target in the clinical treatment. Besides, the underlying mechanism of aseptic loosening is largely unknown. The result of our study indicated that SIRT1 has the ability to effectively regulate the wear particle-induced inflammatory responses, apoptosis, osteolysis in particle-stimulated osteoblasts and particle-induced osteolysis animal models. Our study provides a potential target for the prevention and treatment of aseptic loosening and further investigated the underlying mechanism of aseptic loosening, which may make contribution to decrease the incidence of THA and TKA failure in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhantao Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Translational Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Zhenheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jiewen Jin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Nirong Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Qian Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Jianning Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Zielinska E, Tukaj C, Radomski MW, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Molecular Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles-Induced Human Osteoblast Cell Death: Protective Effect of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164137. [PMID: 27716791 PMCID: PMC5055295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) show strong antibacterial properties, making them excellent candidates to be used in orthopaedic repair and regeneration. However, there are concerns regarding the cytotoxicity of AgNPs and molecular mechanisms underlying AgNPs-induced bone cells toxicity have not been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of our study was to explore mechanisms of AgNPs-induced osteoblast cell death with particular emphasis on the role of nitric oxide (NO) generated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). METHODS AND RESULT Silver nanoparticles used in this study were 18.3±2.6 nm in size, uncoated, spherical, regular shape and their zeta potential was -29.1±2.4 mV as measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zetasizer. The release of silver (Ag) from AgNPs was measured in cell culture medium by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The exposure of human osteoblast cells (hFOB 1.19) to AgNPs at concentration of 30 or 60 μg/mL for 24 or 48 hours, respectively resulted in cellular uptake of AgNPs and changes in cell ultrastructure. These changes were associated with apoptosis and necrosis as shown by flow cytometry and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay as well as increased levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and decreased levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 mRNA and protein. Importantly, we have found that AgNPs elevated the levels of nitric oxide (NO) with concomitant upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein. A significant positive correlation was observed between the concentration of AgNPs and iNOS at protein and mRNA level (r = 0.837, r = 0.721, respectively; p<0.001). Finally, preincubation of osteoblast cells with N-iminoethyl-l-lysine (L-NIL), a selective iNOS inhibitor, as well as treating cells with iNOS small interfering RNAs (siRNA) significantly attenuated AgNPs-induced apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, we have found that AgNPs-induced cells death is not related to Ag dissolution is cell culture medium. CONCLUSION These results unambiguously demonstrate that increased expression of iNOS and generation of NO as well as NO-derived reactive species is involved in AgNPs-induced osteoblast cell death. Our findings may help in development of new strategies to protect bone from AgNPs-induced cytotoxicity and increase the safety of orthopaedic tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Zielinska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Cecylia Tukaj
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Witold Radomski
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
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Oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults to rat osteoblasts are attenuated by nitric oxide pretreatment via GATA-5-involved regulation of Bcl-X L gene expression and protein translocation. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:905-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lee YE, Hong CY, Lin YL, Chen RM. MicroRNA-1 participates in nitric oxide-induced apoptotic insults to MC3T3-E1 cells by targeting heat-shock protein-70. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:246-55. [PMID: 25678843 PMCID: PMC4323364 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that nitric oxide (NO) could induce osteoblast apoptosis. MicroRNA-1 (miR-1), a skeletal- and cardiac muscle-specific small non-coding RNA, contributes to the regulation of multiple cell activities. In this study, we evaluated the roles of miR-1 in NO-induced insults to osteoblasts and the possible mechanisms. Exposure of mouse MC3T3-E1 cells to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increased amounts of cellular NO and intracellular reactive oxygen species. Sequentially, SNP decreased cell survival but induced caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis. In parallel, treatment with SNP induced miR-1 expression in a time-dependent manner. Application of miR-1 antisense inhibitors to osteoblasts caused significant inhibition of SNP-induced miR-1 expression. Knocking down miR-1 concurrently attenuated SNP-induced alterations in cell morphology and survival. Consecutively, SNP time-dependently inhibited heat-shock protein (HSP)-70 messenger (m)RNA and protein expressions. A bioinformatic search predicted the existence of miR-1-specific binding elements in the 3'-untranslational region of HSP-70 mRNA. Downregulation of miR-1 expression simultaneously lessened SNP-induced inhibition of HSP-70 mRNA and protein expressions. Consequently, SNP-induced modifications in the mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic insults were significantly alleviated by miR-1 antisense inhibitors. Therefore, this study showed that miR-1 participates in NO-induced apoptotic insults through targeting HSP-70 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Eng Lee
- 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 2. Cell Biology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ye Hong
- 3. Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- 2. Cell Biology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- 2. Cell Biology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 4. Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. ; 5. Anesthetics and Toxicology Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Baek MW, Seong KJ, Jeong YJ, Kim GM, Park HJ, Kim SH, Chung HJ, Kim WJ, Jung JY. Nitric oxide induces apoptosis in human gingival fibroblast through mitochondria-dependent pathway and JNK activation. Int Endod J 2014; 48:287-97. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M.-W. Baek
- Department of Oral Physiology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju South Korea
| | - K.-J. Seong
- Department of Oral Physiology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Y.-J. Jeong
- Department of Oral Physiology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju South Korea
| | - G.-M. Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju South Korea
| | - H.-J. Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju South Korea
| | - S.-H. Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju South Korea
| | - H.-J. Chung
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju South Korea
| | - W.-J. Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju South Korea
| | - J.-Y. Jung
- Department of Oral Physiology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju South Korea
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Lee YH, Bhattarai G, Park IS, Kim GR, Kim GE, Lee MH, Yi HK. Bone regeneration around N-acetyl cysteine-loaded nanotube titanium dental implant in rat mandible. Biomaterials 2013; 34:10199-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kobophenol A enhances proliferation of human osteoblast-like cells with activation of the p38 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:704-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Nitric oxide induces apoptosis associated with TRPV1 channel-mediated Ca2+ entry via S-nitrosylation in osteoblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 715:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chen RM, Tai YT, Chen TG, Lin TH, Chang HC, Chen TL, Wu GJ. Propofol protects against nitrosative stress-induced apoptotic insults to cerebrovascular endothelial cells via an intrinsic mitochondrial mechanism. Surgery 2013; 154:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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He JY, Zheng XF, Jiang SD, Chen XD, Jiang LS. Sympathetic neuron can promote osteoblast differentiation through BMP signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1372-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Dong W, Li F, Pan Z, Liu S, Yu H, Wang X, Bi S, Zhang W. Resveratrol ameliorates subacute intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2013; 185:182-9. [PMID: 23735732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol has been shown to attenuate reactive oxygen species formation and protect against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the effects of resveratrol against subacute intestinal I/R injury are not clearly elucidated. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects and possible protective mechanisms of resveratrol on subacute intestinal I/R injury in mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were subjected to 1 h ischemia by occluding the superior mesenteric artery and 24 h reperfusion. Histologic injury; myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity; malondialdehyde level; inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Ac-NF-κBp65, and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression; NF-κB translocation; and nitric oxide (NO) production were examined in treated with or without resveratrol in the absence or presence of pharmacologic inhibitors. RESULTS Resveratrol significantly ameliorated subacute intestinal I/R injury accompanied with the decrease of NO production as well as iNOS expression. In addition, resveratrol obviously upregulated the expression of SIRT1 and inhibited the activity of NF-κB. After application of iNOS inhibitor S-methylisothiourea and NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, the protective effect of resveratrol was significantly augmented by attenuating iNOS and NO production, indicating that resveratrol exerted its protective effect on intestinal I/R injury via NF-κB-mediated iNOS pathway. Furthermore, the protective effect of resveratrol was correlated with SIRT1, because application of SIRT1 inhibitor nicotinamide strikingly weakened the protective effect of resveratrol. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings showed that resveratrol protects intestinal subacute I/R injury via the SIRT1-NF-κB pathway in an iNOS-NO-dependent manner. Therefore, resveratrol has a potential clinical prospect for further development of anti-injury therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenPeng Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
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Sun Y, Shuang F, Chen DM, Zhou RB. Treatment of hydrogen molecule abates oxidative stress and alleviates bone loss induced by modeled microgravity in rats. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:969-78. [PMID: 22648000 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Treatment with molecular hydrogen alleviates microgravity-induced bone loss through abating oxidative stress, restoring osteoblastic differentiation, and suppressing osteoclast differentiation and osteoclastogenesis. INTRODUCTION Recently, it has been suggested that hydrogen gas exerts a therapeutic antioxidant activity by selectively reducing cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether treatment with molecular hydrogen alleviated bone loss induced by modeled microgravity in rats. METHODS Hindlimb suspension (HLS) and rotary wall vessel bioreactor were used to model microgravity in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to HLS for 6 weeks to induced bone loss and simultaneously administrated with hydrogen water (HW). Then, we investigated the effects of incubation with hydrogen-rich medium (HRM) on MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells exposed to modeled microgravity. RESULTS Treatment with HW alleviated HLS-induced reduction of bone mineral density, ultimate load, stiffness, and energy in femur and lumbar vertebra. Treatment with HW alleviated HLS-induced augmentation of malondialdehyde content and peroxynitrite content and reduction of total sulfhydryl content in femur and lumbar vertebra. In cultured MC3T3-E1 cells, incubation with HRM inhibited modeled microgravity-induced ROS formation, reduction of osteoblastic differentiation, increase of ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand to osteoprotegerin, inducible nitric oxide synthetase upregulation, and Erk1/2 phosphorylation. In cultured RAW264.7, incubation with HRM aggravated modeled microgravity-induced ROS formation, osteoclastic differentiation, and osteoclastogenesis. CONCLUSION Treatment with molecular hydrogen alleviates microgravity-induced bone loss in rats. Molecular hydrogen could thus be envisaged as a nutritional countermeasure for spaceflight but remains to be tested in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Department of Emergency, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, China
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Effect of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural derived from processed Cornus officinalis on the prevention of high glucose-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and its mechanism. Food Chem 2013; 140:273-9. [PMID: 23578643 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of 5-HMF on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) injured by high glucose in vitro, and the mechanism underlying this process. Our results demonstrated that high glucose-induced oxidative stress in HUVECs was mainly mediated through activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Jun N-kinase 2/3 (JNK2/3) and plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8), and inactivation of phosphorylated protein kinase B (P-Akt). Treatment of HUVECs with media containing high glucose (4.5%) in the presence of 5-HMF (100, 200 and 400 μM) resulted in significant inhibition of high glucose-induced oxidative stress and expression of JNK1 and JNK2/3. Furthermore, 5-HMF rapidly inhibited high glucose-induced activation of IL-8, a downstream activator of P-Akt. Diabetes mellitus can cause a wide variety of vascular complications and high glucose can induce vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. Free radicals are formed disproportionately in diabetes by glucose oxidation. The finding of this study highlights the pharmacological application of 5-HMF for preventing cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus diseases, and provides the theoretical basis for further development of a Cornus officinalis agent for diabetes-associated vascular diseases.
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Treatment with hydrogen molecule alleviates TNFα-induced cell injury in osteoblast. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 373:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Moran JM, Roncero-Martin R, Rodriguez-Velasco FJ, Calderon-Garcia JF, Rey-Sanchez P, Vera V, Canal-Macias ML, Pedrera-Zamorano JD. Effects of curcumin on the proliferation and mineralization of human osteoblast-like cells: implications of nitric oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16104-18. [PMID: 23443113 PMCID: PMC3546681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is found in the rhizomes of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.) and has been used for centuries as a dietary spice and as a traditional Indian medicine used to treat different conditions. At the cellular level, curcumin modulates important molecular targets: transcription factors, enzymes, cell cycle proteins, cytokines, receptors and cell surface adhesion molecules. Because many of the curcumin targets mentioned above participate in the regulation of bone remodeling, curcumin may affect the skeletal system. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule generated from l-arginine during the catalization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and it plays crucial roles in catalization and in the nervous, cardiovascular and immune systems. Human osteoblasts have been shown to express NOS isoforms, and the exact mechanism(s) by which NO regulates bone formation remain unclear. Curcumin has been widely described to inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production, at least in part via direct interference in NF-κB activation. In the present study, after exposure of human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63), we have observed that curcumin abrogated inducible NOS expression and decreased NO levels, inhibiting also cell prolifieration. This effect was prevented by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside. Under osteogenic conditions, curcumin also decreased the level of mineralization. Our results indicate that NO plays a role in the osteoblastic profile of MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Moran
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, School of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain.
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Chio CC, Lin JW, Cheng HA, Chiu WT, Wang YH, Wang JJ, Hsing CH, Chen RM. MicroRNA-210 targets antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression and mediates hypoxia-induced apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:459-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nichols SP, Storm WL, Koh A, Schoenfisch MH. Local delivery of nitric oxide: targeted delivery of therapeutics to bone and connective tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1177-88. [PMID: 22433782 PMCID: PMC3383916 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive treatment of injuries and disorders affecting bone and connective tissue remains a significant challenge facing the medical community. A treatment route that has recently been proposed is nitric oxide (NO) therapy. Nitric oxide plays several important roles in physiology with many conditions lacking adequate levels of NO. As NO is a radical, localized delivery via NO donors is essential to promoting biological activity. Herein, we review current literature related to therapeutic NO delivery in the treatment of bone, skin and tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Huang XF, Yuan SJ, Yang C. Effects of total flavonoids from Drynaria fortunei on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat dental pulp stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:547-52. [PMID: 22751806 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have the potential to form bone, nerve and fat, and are a candidate for use in regenerative medicine. Previous studies indicated that total flavonoids from Drynaria fortunei show a stimulative effect on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. This study aimed to investigate the effect of total flavonoids from Drynaria fortunei on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat DPSCs, and to further clarify the mechanisms involved. DPSCs were isolated by enzymatic digestion and identified using the CD44, CD29 and CD34 markers by immunohistochemistry, and exposed to 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 g/l total flavonoids from Drynaria fortunei media. Total flavonoids from Drynaria fortunei promoted the proliferation of DPSCs in a dose-dependent manner and this effect may depend on the shortening of the G0/G1 phase and promotion of the S phase. Compared with the control group, the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the expression of osteogenic genes increased with the concentrations of total flavonoids from Drynaria fortunei, and the volume and number of calcified nodules in the Drynaria groups was bigger compared to the control group. These results suggest that total flavonoid from Drynaria fortunei directly stimulates DPSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, and may serve as a new promising candidate drug for dental tissue engineering and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Huang
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, PR China
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Sirt1 overexpression protects murine osteoblasts against TNF-α-induced injury in vitro by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:668-74. [PMID: 22447223 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) is the class III histone/protein deacetylase that interferes with the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby has anti-inflammatory function. This study was undertaken to investigate whether Sirt1 could protect osteoblasts against TNF-α-induced injury in vitro. METHODS Murine osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1, was used. Overexpress of Sirt1 protein in MC3T3-E1 cells was made by transfection the cells with Sirt1-overexpressing adenovirus. The levels of mRNAs and proteins were determined with qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The activity of NF-κB was examined using NF-κB luciferase assay. The NO concentration was measured using the Griess method. RESULTS Treatment of MC3T3-E1 cells with TNF-α (2.5-10 ng/mL) suppressed Sirt1 protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner. TNF-α (5 ng/mL) resulted in an increase in apoptosis and a reduction in ALP activity in the cells. Overexpression of Sirt1 in the cells significantly attenuated TNF-α-induced injury through suppressing apoptosis, increasing ALP activity, and increasing the expression of Runx2 and osteocalcin mRNAs. Furthermore, overexpression of Sirt1 in the cells significantly suppressed TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, followed by reducing the expression of iNOS and NO formation. Sirt1 activator resveratrol (10 μmol/L) mimicked the protection of the cells by Sirt1 overexpression against TNF-α-induced injury, which was reversed by the Sirt1 inhibitor EX-527 (5 μmol/L). CONCLUSION Overexpression of Sirt1 protects MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts aganst TNF-α-induced cell injury in vitro, at least in part, via suppressing NF-κB signaling. Sirt1 may be a novel therapeutic target for treating rheumatoid arthritis-related bone loss.
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Lin JW, Chen JT, Hong CY, Lin YL, Wang KT, Yao CJ, Lai GM, Chen RM. Honokiol traverses the blood-brain barrier and induces apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells via an intrinsic bax-mitochondrion-cytochrome c-caspase protease pathway. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:302-14. [PMID: 22259050 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastomas, an embryonic cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, often occur in young children. Honokiol, a small-molecule polyphenol, has multiple therapeutic effects and pharmacological activities. This study was designed to evaluate whether honokiol could pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and induce death of neuroblastoma cells and its possible mechanisms. Primary cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) prepared from mouse brain capillaries were cultured at a high density for 4 days, and these cells formed compact morphologies and expressed the ZO-1 tight-junction protein. A permeability assay showed that the CEC-constructed barrier obstructed the passing of FITC-dextran. Analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography and the UV spectrum revealed that honokiol could traverse the CEC-built junction barrier and the BBB of ICR mice. Exposure of neuroblastoma neuro-2a cells and NB41A3 cells to honokiolinduced cell shrinkage and decreased cell viability. In parallel, honokiol selectively induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis rather than cell necrosis. Sequential treatment of neuro-2a cells with honokiol increased the expression of the proapoptotic Bax protein and its translocation from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. Honokiol successively decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential but increased the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Consequently, honokiol induced cascade activation of caspases-9, -3, and -6. In comparison, reducing caspase-6 activity by Z-VEID-FMK, an inhibitor of caspase-6, simultaneously attenuated honokiol-induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Taken together, this study showed that honokiol can pass through the BBB and induce apoptotic insults to neuroblastoma cells through a Bax-mitochondrion-cytochrome c-caspase protease pathway. Therefore, honokiol may be a potential candidate drug for treating brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide on nitric oxide production in osteoblasts: an experimental study. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:757-65. [PMID: 21391919 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects and regulatory mechanism of CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) on NO (nitric oxide) production in osteoblasts. MOB (primary human mandibular osteoblasts) and osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) were either cultured with CGRP or co-incubated with inhibitors targeting eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) and [Ca2+]i (intracellular Ca2+). The NO concentration in cell culture supernatants was measured during the first 24 h using the Griess test; cellular NO was marked with the fluorescent marker DAF-FM, DA (3-amino, 4-aminomethyl-2',7'-difluorescein; diacetate) and measured by fluorescence microscopy from 1 to 4 h after treatment. eNOS and iNOS mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR during the first 24 h after treatment. CGRP-induced NO production in the supernatants was high between 1 to 12 h, while cellular NO was highest between 1 to 2 h after treatment and returned to basal levels by 3 h. Both in MG-63 cells and MOBs, the most effective CGRP concentration was 10 nM with a peak time of 1 h. CGRP-induced NO production decreased when eNOS activity was inhibited or when voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels were blocked at 4 h. CGRP was not able to induce changes in iNOS or eNOS mRNA levels and had no effect on the cytokine-induced increase of iNOS expression. Our results suggest that CGRP transiently induces NO production in osteoblasts by elevating intracellular Ca2+ to stimulate the activity of eNOS in vitro.
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Yin H, Shi ZG, Yu YS, Hu J, Wang R, Luan ZP, Guo DH. Protection against osteoporosis by statins is linked to a reduction of oxidative stress and restoration of nitric oxide formation in aged and ovariectomized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 674:200-6. [PMID: 22130356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, have been used as a cholesterol-lowering drug to treat hyperlipidemia clinically. In recent years, accumulating evidence indicates the possible beneficial effect of statins on osteoporosis. The aim of present study was to investigate whether protection against osteoporosis by statins is linked to a reduction of oxidative stress and restoration of nitric oxide (NO) formation in aged and ovariectomized rats. The aged and ovariectomized rats were used as two models of osteoporosis for evaluation of the effect of simvastatin. It was found that simvastatin abated oxidative stress, increased NO production, subsequently attenuating osteoporosis in two models. In the in vitro studies, the protective effects against H(2)O(2)-induced cell injury were examined in the MG-63 human osteoblastic cells. It was found that simvastatin ameliorated H(2)O(2)-induced cell loss and cell apoptosis and increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in osteoblastic cells. Simvastatin abated oxidative stress through enhancing catalase, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and suppressing NADPH oxidase activity. In addition, simvastatin raised nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and eNOS expression at basal condition; inhibited NOS activity and iNOS expression when treated with H(2)O(2). In conclusion, protection against osteoporosis by statins is linked to a reduction of oxidative stress and restoration of NO formation in aged and ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Lee SR, Kwak JH, Park DS, Pyo S. Protective effect of kobophenol A on nitric oxide-induced cell apoptosis in human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells: Involvement of JNK, NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1251-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hsu CK, Liao MH, Tai YT, Liu SH, Ou KL, Fang HW, Lee IJ, Chen RM. Nanoparticles prepared from the water extract of Gusuibu (Drynaria fortunei J. Sm.) protects osteoblasts against insults and promotes cell maturation. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1405-13. [PMID: 21796243 PMCID: PMC3141868 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s20473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that Gusuibu (Drynaria fortunei J. Sm.) can stimulate osteoblast maturation. This study was further designed to evaluate the effects of nanoparticles prepared from the water extract of Gusuibu (WEG) on osteoblast survival and maturation. Primary osteoblasts were exposed to 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/mL nanoparticles of WEG (nWEG) for 24, 48, and 72 hours did not affect morphologies, viability, or apoptosis of osteoblasts. In comparison, treatment of osteoblasts with 1000 μg/mL WEG for 72 hours decreased cell viability and induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. nWEG had better antioxidant bioactivity in protecting osteoblasts from oxidative and nitrosative stress-induced apoptosis than WEG. In addition, nWEG stimulated greater osteoblast maturation than did WEG. Therefore, this study shows that WEG nanoparticles are safer to primary osteoblasts than are normal-sized products, and may promote better bone healing by protecting osteoblasts from apoptotic insults, and by promoting osteogenic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-King Hsu
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Seo T, Cha S, Woo KM, Park YS, Cho YM, Lee JS, Kim TI. Synergic induction of human periodontal ligament fibroblast cell death by nitric oxide and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2011; 41:17-22. [PMID: 21394293 PMCID: PMC3051052 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2011.41.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nitric oxide (NO) has been known as an important regulator of osteoblasts and periodontal ligament cell activity. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between NO-mediated cell death of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5, 10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK801). METHODS Human PDLFs were treated with various concentrations (0 to 4 mM) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) with or without 200 µM MK801 in culture media for 16 hours and the cell medium was then removed and replaced by fresh medium containing MTS reagent for cell proliferation assay. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the effects of SNP on the expression of Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 proteins. The differences for each value among the sample groups were compared using analysis of variance with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS In the case of SNP treatment, as a NO donor, cell viability was significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, a synergistic effect was shown when both SNP and NMDA receptor antagonist was added to the medium. SNP treated PDLFs exhibited a round shape in culture conditions and were dramatically reduced in cell number. SNP treatment also increased levels of apoptotic marker protein, such as Bax and cytochrome c, and reduced caspase-3 in PDLFs. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling was activated by treatment of SNP and NMDA receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that excessive production of NO may induce apoptosis and that NMDA receptor may modulate NO-induced apoptosis in PDLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegun Seo
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Korea
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Lee YH, Lee NH, Bhattarai G, Oh YT, Yu MK, Yoo ID, Jhee EC, Yi HK. Enhancement of osteoblast biocompatibility on titanium surface with Terrein treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:678-85. [PMID: 21104936 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Titanium is biocompatible with bodily tissues. However, the formation of ROS on the titanium surfaces might have negative response of the activity of the surroundings cells. Terrein was isolated from Penicullium sp. 20135 and found to reduce the effects of LPS-induced inflammation. This study examined the role of Terrein on the biocompatibility of titanium to determine if it can help improve osseointegration. MC-3T3 E1 cells were grown on titanium surfaces. The biocompatibility of Terrein was examined by adding it directly to the culture media at the indicated concentration. The cells on the titanium surface produced excessive ROS and decreased the activity of Cu/Zn SOD and Mn SOD. Moreover, the cells had higher activity towards oxidative stress molecules, such as MAPK, FAK and iNOS expression. In addition, MC-3T3 E1 osteoblast-like cells promoted osteoclast differentiation but reduced osteoblast differentiation and mineralization on the titanium surface. Interestingly, the cells given the Terrein treatment showed higher resistance towards oxidative stress through the up-regulation of ERK1/2 and FAK activity but the down-regulation of SAPK/JNK and iNOS activity. Moreover, Terrein promoted osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization to elevate the activity of ALP, SPARC and down-regulate RANKL expression after blocking NF-κB translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. In conclusion, the presence of Terrein on titanium surfaces increases osteoblast cell growth without inflammation. Moreover, Terrein, as a putative antioxidant agent, may enhance osseointegration by decreasing the level of ROS and having a potentially synergistic effect on osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Chen RM, Lin YL, Chou CW. GATA-3 transduces survival signals in osteoblasts through upregulation of bcl-x(L) gene expression. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:2193-204. [PMID: 20499358 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GATA-3, a transcription factor, participates in regulating cell development, proliferation, and death. This study was aimed at evaluating the roles of GATA-3 in protecting osteoblasts against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults and their possible mechanisms. Pretreatment with nitric oxide (NO) for 24 hours protected osteoblasts, prepared from neonatal rat calvaria, against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults. Such protection involved enhancement of Bcl-X(L) messenger mRNA and protein syntheses and the translocation of this antiapoptotic protein from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. GATA-3 was detected in rat osteoblasts, and GATA-3-specific DNA-binding elements exist in the promoter region of the bcl-x(L) gene. NO preconditioning attenuated oxidative stress-caused suppression of GATA-3 mRNA and protein synthesis and the translocation of this transcription factor from the cytoplasm to nuclei. Application of GATA-3 small interfering siRNA into osteoblasts decreased the levels of this transcription factor and simultaneously inhibited Bcl-X(L) mRNA synthesis. Pretreatment with NO lowered the oxidative stress-caused alteration in the binding of GATA-3 to its specific DNA motifs. Oxidative stress-inhibited Runx2 mRNA expression, but NO preconditioning decreased such inhibition. NO pretreatment time-dependently enhanced the association of GATA-3 with Runx2. Knocking down the translation of GATA-3 using RNA interference significantly decreased the protection of NO preconditioning against oxidative stress-induced alterations of cell morphologies, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis. In comparison, overexpression of GATA-3 could promote NO preconditioning-involved Bcl-X(L) expression and cell survival. Therefore, this study shows that GATA-3 plays critical roles in mediating survival signals in osteoblasts, possibly through upregulating bcl-x(L) gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lipopolysaccharide induces apoptotic insults to human alveolar epithelial A549 cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of an intrinsic mitochondrion-dependent pathway. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:209-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hung TY, Chen TL, Liao MH, Ho WP, Liu DZ, Chuang WC, Chen RM. Drynaria fortunei J. Sm. promotes osteoblast maturation by inducing differentiation-related gene expression and protecting against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:70-77. [PMID: 20554009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Drynaria fortunei J. Sm. is one variety of the traditional Chinese medical herb Gusuibu. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of water extracts of Kunze on regulation of osteoblast maturation and its possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary osteoblasts prepared from neonatal rat calvarias were exposed to the water extracts of Kunze (WEK), and the cytotoxicity was assayed. Osteoblast maturation was evaluated by analyzing cell mineralization. RT-PCR was executed to determine the effects of WEK on regulation of osteoblast differentiation-related gene expression. Nitrosative stress and apoptotic cells were quantified using flow cytometry. RESULTS Exposure of rat calvarial osteoblasts to WEK did not affect cell viability, but significantly promoted osteoblast mineralization. WEK induced osteoprogenitor proliferation-related insulin-like growth factor-1 mRNA, but did not affect collagen type 1 mRNA expression. Treatment with WEK likewise induced the expression of matrix maturation-related bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and BMP-6 mRNA. Consequently, WEK enhanced the levels of mineralization-related alkaline phosphatase, ostepontin, and osteocalcin mRNA in osteoblasts. In addition, exposure of osteoblasts to WEK alleviated nitrosative stress-caused apoptotic insults. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that WEK can promote osteoblast maturation by regulating bone differentiation-related gene expression and defending against nitrosative stress-induced apoptotic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Yuan Hung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Ho WP, Chan WP, Hsieh MS, Chen RM. Runx2-mediated bcl-2 gene expression contributes to nitric oxide protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblast apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:1084-93. [PMID: 19746447 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) can regulate osteoblast activities. This study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of pretreatment with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a source of NO on hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblast insults and its possible mechanisms. Exposure of human osteosarcoma MG63 cells to hydrogen peroxide significantly increased cellular oxidative stress, but decreased ALP activity and cell viability, inducing cell apoptosis. Pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly lowered hydrogen peroxide-induced cell insults. Treatment of human MG63 cells with hydrogen peroxide inhibited Bcl-2 mRNA and protein production, but pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly ameliorated such inhibition. Sequentially, hydrogen peroxide decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, but increased the levels of cytochrome c and caspase-3 activity. Pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly lowered such alterations. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide decreased Runx2 mRNA and protein syntheses. However, pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly lowered the suppressive effects. Runx2 knockdown using RNA interference inhibited Bcl-2 mRNA production in human MG63 cells. Protection of pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP against hydrogen peroxide-induced alterations in ALP activity, caspase-3 activity, apoptotic cells, and cell viability were also alleviated after administration of Runx2 small interference RNA. Thus, this study shows that pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP can protect human MG63 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic insults possibly via Runx2-involved regulation of bcl-2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Pin Ho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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46
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Nitrosative stress induces osteoblast apoptosis through downregulating MAPK-mediated NFκB/AP-1 activation and subsequent Bcl-XL expression. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Chiu WT, Lin YL, Chou CW, Chen RM. Propofol inhibits lipoteichoic acid-induced iNOS gene expression in macrophages possibly through downregulation of toll-like receptor 2-mediated activation of Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-IKK-NFkappaB. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:430-9. [PMID: 19573522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that propofol suppressed Gram-negative bacterial LPS-induced NO biosynthesis. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), an outer membrane component of Gram-positive bacteria, can induce septic shock. This study was further aimed to evaluate the effects of propofol on LTA-induced iNOS gene expression in macrophages and its possible molecular mechanisms. Exposure of macrophages to LTA increased production of nitrite and intracellular reactive oxygen species, but propofol reduced such enhancements in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Treatment of macrophages with LTA-induced iNOS mRNA and protein productions. Meanwhile, propofol at a clinically relevant concentration of 50 microM significantly inhibited LTA-caused augmentations of iNOS mRNA and protein syntheses. In parallel, exposure to LTA increased translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) from the cytoplasm to nuclei. Propofol at 50 microM decreased such translocation. Analyses by an electrophoretic mobility shift and reporter gene further showed that propofol could alleviate LTA-induced transactivation of NFkappaB. Sequentially, propofol decreased phosphorylation of IKK, ERK1/2, MEK1/2, and Raf in LTA-stimulated macrophages. Application of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) small interference (si)RNA decreased the translation of this receptor and Raf phosphorylation in LTA-stimulated macrophages. Co-treatment with propofol and TLR2 siRNA synergistically ameliorated LTA-induced iNOS mRNA expression and nitrite production. Thus, this study shows that propofol can downregulate NO biosynthesis via inhibiting iNOS gene expression. The suppressive mechanism occurs possibly through reduction of TLR2-mediated sequential activation of Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-IKK-NFkappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ta Chiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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48
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Abstract
Particle-induced osteolysis is a major cause of aseptic loosening after total joint replacement. Earlier studies demonstrated apoptotic macrophages, giant cells, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes in capsules and interface membranes of patients with aseptic hip implant loosening. The aim of the current study was to determine in a murine calvarial model of wear particle-induced osteolysis whether inhibition of apoptosis using the pan-caspase inhibitor BOC-D-FMK reduces aseptic loosening. Healthy 12-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were treated with UHMWPE particles and received a daily peritoneal injection of BOK-D-FMK, respectively only buffer at a dose of 3 mg/kg of body weight for 12 days until sacrifice. Bone resorption was measured by histomorphometry, micro CT (computed tomography) and TRAP-5b serum analysis. Apoptosis was measured using caspase-3 cleaved staining. The results demonstrated that UHMWPE particles induced stronger apoptotic reactions in macrophages and osteoblasts and increased bone resorption in non-specifically treated mice, whereas peritoneal application of BOC-D-FMK significantly counteracted these adverse particle-related effects. We think that in particle-induced osteolysis apoptosis is pathologically increased, and that failure to reduce the quantity of apoptotic bodies leads to an up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, which may be responsible for the induction of osteolysis. We showed for the first time in vivo that a reduction in apoptosis leads to a significant reduction in particle-induced osteolysis. Clinically, the apoptotic cascade could become an interesting novel therapeutic target to modulate particle-induced osteolysis.
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Motyl KJ, Botolin S, Irwin R, Appledorn DM, Kadakia T, Amalfitano A, Schwartz RC, McCabe LR. Bone inflammation and altered gene expression with type I diabetes early onset. J Cell Physiol 2009; 218:575-83. [PMID: 19006181 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type I diabetes is associated with bone loss and marrow adiposity. To identify early events involved in the etiology of diabetic bone loss, diabetes was induced in mice by multiple low dose streptozotocin injections. Serum markers of bone metabolism and inflammation as well as tibial gene expression were examined between 1 and 17 days post-injection (dpi). At 3 dpi, when blood glucose levels were significantly elevated, body, fat pad and muscle mass were decreased. Serum markers of bone resorption and formation significantly decreased at 5 dpi in diabetic mice and remained suppressed throughout the time course. An osteoclast gene, TRAP5 mRNA, was suppressed at early and late time points. Suppression of osteogenic genes (runx2 and osteocalcin) and induction of adipogenic genes (PPARgamma2 and aP2) were evident as early as 5 dpi. These changes were associated with an elevation of serum cytokines, but more importantly we observed an increase in the expression of cytokines in bone, supporting the idea that bone, itself, exhibits an inflammatory response during diabetes induction. This inflammation could in turn contribute to diabetic bone pathology. IFN-gamma (one of the key cytokines elevated in bone and known to be involved in bone regulation) deficiency did not prevent diabetic bone pathology. Taken together, our findings indicate that bone becomes inflamed with the onset of T1-diabetes and during this time bone phenotype markers become altered. However, inhibition of one cytokine, IFN-gamma was not sufficient to prevent the rapid bone phenotype changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Motyl
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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50
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Lee ST, Wu TT, Yu PY, Chen RM. Apoptotic insults to human HepG2 cells induced by S-(+)-ketamine occurs through activation of a Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway. Br J Anaesth 2008; 102:80-9. [PMID: 19001360 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aen322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is widely used as an i.v. anaesthetic agent and as a drug of abuse. Hepatocytes contribute to the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances. This study evaluated the toxic effects of S-(+)-ketamine and possible mechanisms using human hepatoma HepG2 cells as the experimental model. METHODS HepG2 cells were exposed to S-(+)-ketamine. Cell viability and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GPT) were measured to determine the toxicity of S-(+)-ketamine to HepG2 cells. Cell morphology, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic cells were analysed to evaluate the mechanism of S-(+)-ketamine-induced cell death. Amounts of Bax, an apoptotic protein, and cytochrome c in the cytoplasm or mitochondria were quantified by immunoblotting. Cellular adenosine triphosphate levels were analysed using a bioluminescence assay. Caspases-3, -9, and -6 were measured fluorometrically. RESULTS Exposure of HepG2 cells to S-(+)-ketamine increased the release of LDH and GPT, but decreased cell viability (all P<0.01). S-(+)-Ketamine time-dependently caused shrinkage of HepG2 cells. Exposure to S-(+)-ketamine led to significant DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis (P=0.003 and 0.002). S-(+)-Ketamine increased translocation of Bax from the cytoplasm to mitochondria, but decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular adenosine triphosphate levels (all P<0.01). Sequentially, cytosolic cytochrome c levels and activities of caspases-9, -3, and -6 were augmented after S-(+)-ketamine administration (all P<0.001). Z-VEID-FMK, an inhibitor of caspase-6, alleviated the S-(+)-ketamine-induced augmentation of caspase-6 activity, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis (all P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that S-(+)-ketamine can induce apoptotic insults to human HepG2 cells via a Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway. Thus, we suggest that S-(+)-ketamine at a clinically relevant or an abused concentration may induce liver dysfunction possibly due to its toxicity to hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-T Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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