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Garcia Sierra JF, Fernandez Martinez MN, Lopez Cadenas C, Diez Laiz R, Rodriguez Lago JM, Sahagun Prieto AM. Face-to-face and online teaching experience on experimental animals and alternative methods with nursing students: a research study. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:15. [PMID: 36639785 PMCID: PMC9837460 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models are increasingly used in Nursing science to study care approaches. Despite the scientific relevance and the ethical debate surrounding the use of experimental animals, there is a scarcity of scholarly literature exploring this topic in Nursing Schools. AIM To evaluate perceptions and attitudes of nursing students enrolled in a Pharmacology course on the use of experimental animals and implementation of alternative methods, by comparing the experience for two academic years. An interdisciplinary collaboration has also been developed. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional, quantitative study was developed. Undergraduate nursing students were enrolled in the Pharmacology subject at the University of Leon (Spain). The study was carried out in the Pharmacology facilities. Students followed a two-session practical class regarding experimental animals and alternative methods in the Pharmacology course (Degree in Nursing) in two different academic years (2019-20/2020-21). At the end of the activity, they answered a questionnaire to assess their opinions on the use of experimental animals and alternative methods in Pharmacology and the 3Rs principle. RESULTS A comparison of the students' perception with and without direct participation in the evaluation of promazine effects in mice was made. A total of 190 students participated in the teaching experience, providing high scores in all items (4-5 out of 5 points) regarding the teaching experience. Students became also aware of the advantages and disadvantages on the use of experimental animals, as well as the ethical considerations to bear in mind for their use and the need for alternative methods. CONCLUSIONS In the students' opinion, the total replacement of animals by alternative techniques was very difficult, and they preferred to do the practice face-to-face. The alternative method designed was useful for the students to accept the employment of experimental animals in biomedical research and education, and know the legislation applied in the protection of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Garcia Sierra
- grid.4807.b0000 0001 2187 3167Computer Architecture and Technology, Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aerospatiale Engineering, School of Industrial and Computer Engineering. University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - M. Nélida Fernandez Martinez
- grid.4807.b0000 0001 2187 3167Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED). Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Cristina Lopez Cadenas
- grid.4807.b0000 0001 2187 3167Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED). Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Raquel Diez Laiz
- grid.4807.b0000 0001 2187 3167Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED). Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - José M. Rodriguez Lago
- grid.4807.b0000 0001 2187 3167Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED). Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Ana M. Sahagun Prieto
- grid.4807.b0000 0001 2187 3167Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED). Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
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Osier ND, Pham L, Savarese A, Sayles K, Alexander SA. Animal models in genomic research: Techniques, applications, and roles for nurses. Appl Nurs Res 2016; 32:247-256. [PMID: 27969037 PMCID: PMC5161027 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal research has been conducted by scientists for over two millennia resulting in a better understanding of human anatomy, physiology, and pathology, as well as testing of novel therapies. In the molecular genomic era, pre-clinical models represent a key tool for understanding the genomic underpinnings of health and disease and are relevant to precision medicine initiatives. Nurses contribute to improved health by collecting and translating evidence from clinically relevant pre-clinical models. Using animal models, nurses can ask questions that would not be feasible or ethical to address in humans, and establish the safety and efficacy of interventions before translating them to clinical trials. Two advantages of using pre-clinical models are reduced variability between test subjects and the opportunity for precisely controlled experimental exposures. Standardized care controls the effects of diet and environment, while the availability of inbred strains significantly reduces the confounding effects of genetic differences. Outside the laboratory, nurses can contribute to the approval and oversight of animal studies, as well as translation to clinical trials and, ultimately, patient care. This review is intended as a primer on the use of animal models to advance nursing science; specifically, the paper discusses the utility of preclinical models for studying the pathophysiologic and genomic contributors to health and disease, testing interventions, and evaluating effects of environmental exposures. Considerations specifically geared to nurse researchers are also introduced, including discussion of how to choose an appropriate model and controls, potential confounders, as well as legal and ethical concerns. Finally, roles for nurse clinicians in pre-clinical research are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Osier
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Lan Pham
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Amanda Savarese
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Kendra Sayles
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
| | - Sheila A Alexander
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
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Conley YP, Heitkemper M, McCarthy D, Anderson CM, Corwin EJ, Daack-Hirsch S, Dorsey SG, Gregory KE, Groer MW, Henly SJ, Landers T, Lyon DE, Taylor JY, Voss J. Educating future nursing scientists: Recommendations for integrating omics content in PhD programs. Nurs Outlook 2015; 63:417-27. [PMID: 26123776 PMCID: PMC7849773 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Preparing the next generation of nursing scientists to conduct high-impact, competitive, sustainable, innovative, and interdisciplinary programs of research requires that the curricula for PhD programs keep pace with emerging areas of knowledge and health care/biomedical science. A field of inquiry that holds great potential to influence our understanding of the underlying biology and mechanisms of health and disease is omics. For the purpose of this article, omics refers to genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, exposomics, microbiomics, and metabolomics. Traditionally, most PhD programs in schools of nursing do not incorporate this content into their core curricula. As part of the Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science's Idea Festival for Nursing Science Education, a work group charged with addressing omics preparation for the next generation of nursing scientists was convened. The purpose of this article is to describe key findings and recommendations from the work group that unanimously and enthusiastically support the incorporation of omics content into the curricula of PhD programs in nursing. The work group also calls to action faculty in schools of nursing to develop strategies to enable students needing immersion in omics science and methods to execute their research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette P Conley
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan G Dorsey
- School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Susan J Henly
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Debra E Lyon
- College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Joachim Voss
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Schumacher AM. Integrating animal model research into perianesthesia nursing practice. J Perianesth Nurs 2010; 25:212-3. [PMID: 20656256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Autumn M Schumacher
- Medical College of Georgia, School of Nursing, 987 St. Sebastian Way EC-5354, Augusta, GA 30912-2613, USA.
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Peng TC, Hsu BG, Yang FL, Chao YFC, Harn HJ, Lee RP. Stability of Blood Biochemistry Levels in Animal Model Research: Effects of Storage Condition and Time. Biol Res Nurs 2009; 11:395-400. [DOI: 10.1177/1099800409350771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare whole blood and plasma in terms of the subsequent accuracy of blood lactate, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) measurement. Blood samples were drawn from 8 male Wistar-Kyoto rats. The rats were homologous, weighed 300— 380 g, were housed in the same environment, and were provided with food and water under the same conditions. Blood draws occurred in all rats at same time. The blood specimens were divided into two samples, one to be stored as whole blood (WBS) and one to be stored as plasma (PS). All the blood sample analyses were performed by trained and experienced personnel to ensure that differences in results were due to variation in form in which specimens were stored rather than to technique. The lactate concentration in the WBS group gradually increased over time, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.541, 95% confidence interval (CI; —0.197, 0.893), and was higher than that of the PS group, ICC = 0.897, 95% CI (0.733, 0.976). By contrast, glucose level gradually declined for the WBS group, ICC= —0.367, 95% CI (—2.563, 0.682). Whole blood storage increased measurement variation for lactate, glucose, LDH, and CPK. Plasma storage prolonged the stability of the biochemical components. This study demonstrates the importance of evaluating validity at each stage of developing and testing animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Chu Peng
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi College of Technology,
Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Gee Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital,
Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Fwu-Lin Yang
- Division of Surgery, Critical Care Unit, Buddhist Tzu
Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Pathology Department, China Medical University Hospital,
Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Ping Lee
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University, Hualien,
Taiwan,
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Tkacs NC, Thompson HJ. From bedside to bench and back again: research issues in animal models of human disease. Biol Res Nurs 2006; 8:78-88. [PMID: 16766631 PMCID: PMC2366101 DOI: 10.1177/1099800406289717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To improve outcomes for patients with many serious clinical problems, multifactorial research approaches by nurse scientists, including the use of animal models, are necessary. Animal models serve as analogies for clinical problems seen in humans and must meet certain criteria, including validity and reliability, to be useful in moving research efforts forward. This article describes research considerations in the development of rodent models. As the standard of diabetes care evolves to emphasize intensive insulin therapy, rates of severe hypoglycemia are increasing among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. A consequence of this change in clinical practice is an increase in rates of two hypoglycemia-related diabetes complications: hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) and resulting hypoglycemia unawareness. Work on an animal model of HAAF is in an early developmental stage, with several labs reporting different approaches to model this complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus. This emerging model serves as an example illustrating how evaluation of validity and reliability is critically important at each stage of developing and testing animal models to support inquiry into human disease.
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Abstract
Nursing science addresses the individual from a multidimensional perspective, and the questions nurses generate from their practice are often grounded in basic biology. However, concern is frequently voiced as to whether there is adequate preparation and support for biological researchers within nursing. This study reports on a survey of nurse investigators funded by the National Institutes of Health who carry out biological research. All study participants were current faculty, and 48% had post-doctoral training. The majority worked with animal models. Research areas ranged from cell and molecular biology to delivery of health care. Some participants reported tension between their work and how others view "typical" nursing research. All participants had been awarded federal research funding, primarily from the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), and most reported receiving small grants from other funding organizations early in their careers. Self-identified factors influencing success included mentoring, flexibility, persistence, and hard work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Rudy
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892-2178, USA
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