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Hirasawa T, Tachi K, Ishikawa T, Miyashita M, Ito K, Ishihara M. Photoacoustic microscopy for real-time monitoring of near-infrared optical absorbers inside biological tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11527. [PMID: 38464883 PMCID: PMC10924425 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Significance We developed a high-speed optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) system using a high-repetition-rate supercontinuum (SC) light source and a two-axes Galvano scanner. The OR-PAM system enabled real-time imaging of optical absorbers inside biological tissues with excellent excitation wavelength tunability. Aim In the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range, high-speed OR-PAM faces limitations due to the lack of wavelength-tunable light sources. Our study aimed to enable high-speed OR-PAM imaging of various optical absorbers, including NIR contrast agents, and validate the performance of high-speed OR-PAM in the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Approach A high-repetition nanosecond pulsed SC light source was used for OR-PAM. The excitation wavelength was adjusted by bandpass filtering of broadband light pulses produced by an SC light source. Phantom and in vivo experiments were performed to detect tumor cells stained with an NIR contrast agent within flowing blood samples. Results The newly developed high-speed OR-PAM successfully detected stained cells both in the phantom and in vivo. The phantom experiment confirmed the correlation between the tumor cell detection rate and tumor cell concentration in the blood sample. Conclusions The high-speed OR-PAM effectively detected stained tumor cells. Combining high-speed OR-PAM with molecular probes that stain tumor cells in vivo enables in vivo CTC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hirasawa
- National Defense Medical College, Department of Medical Engineering, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tachi
- National Defense Medical College, Department of Medical Engineering, Tokorozawa, Japan
- National Defense Medical College, Department of Urology, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishikawa
- National Defense Medical College, Department of Medical Engineering, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Manami Miyashita
- National Defense Medical College, Department of Medical Engineering, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- National Defense Medical College, Department of Urology, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Miya Ishihara
- National Defense Medical College, Department of Medical Engineering, Tokorozawa, Japan
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2
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Baumann E, Pohle U, Zhang E, Allen T, Villringer C, Pulwer S, Gerhardt H, Laufer J. A backward-mode optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope for 3D imaging using a planar Fabry-Pérot sensor. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 24:100293. [PMID: 34466380 PMCID: PMC8385441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) combines high spatial resolution and strong absorption-based contrast in tissue, which has enabled structural and spectroscopic imaging of endogenous chromophores, primarily hemoglobin. Conventional piezoelectric ultrasound transducers are typically placed far away from the photoacoustic source due to their opacity, which reduces acoustic sensitivity. Optical ultrasound sensors are an alternative as their transparency allows them to be positioned close to the sample with minimal source-detector distances. In this work, a backward-mode OR-PAM system based on a planar Fabry-Pérot ultrasound sensor and coaxially aligned excitation and interrogation beams was developed. Two 3D imaging modes, using raster-scanning for enhanced image quality and continuous-scanning for fast imaging, were implemented and tested on a leaf skeleton phantom. In fast imaging mode, a scan-rate of 100,000 A-lines/s was achieved. 3D images of a zebrafish embryo were acquired in vivo in raster-scanning mode. The transparency of the FP sensor in the visible and near-infrared wavelength region makes it suitable for combined functional and molecular imaging applications using OR-PAM and multi-photon fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Baumann
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Pohle
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-danckelmann-platz 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edward Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas Allen
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claus Villringer
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-danckelmann-platz 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Silvio Pulwer
- University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site, Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straβe 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Laufer
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-danckelmann-platz 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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3
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Herdly L, Janin P, Bauer R, van de Linde S. Tunable Wide-Field Illumination and Single-Molecule Photoswitching with a Single MEMS Mirror. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:2728-2736. [PMID: 34553004 PMCID: PMC8447260 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous illumination in single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is key for the quantitative analysis of super-resolution images. Therefore, different approaches for flat-field illumination have been introduced as alternative to the conventional Gaussian illumination. Here, we introduce a single microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror as a tunable and cost-effective device for adapting wide-field illumination in SMLM. In flat-field mode the MEMS allowed for consistent SMLM metrics across the entire field of view. Employing single-molecule photoswitching, we developed a simple yet powerful routine to benchmark different illumination schemes on the basis of local emitter brightness and ON-state lifetime. Moreover, we propose that tuning the MEMS beyond optimal flat-field conditions enables to study the kinetics of photoswitchable fluorophores within a single acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Herdly
- Department
of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Janin
- Department
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Bauer
- Department
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian van de Linde
- Department
of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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4
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Restall BS, Kedarisetti P, Haven NJM, Martell MT, Zemp RJ. Multimodal 3D photoacoustic remote sensing and confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210059R. [PMID: 34523269 PMCID: PMC8440567 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.9.096501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Complementary absorption and fluorescence contrast could prove useful for a wide range of biomedical applications. However, current absorption-based photoacoustic microscopy systems require the ultrasound transducers to physically touch the samples, thereby increasing contamination and limiting strong optical focusing in reflection mode. AIM We sought to develop an all-optical system for imaging cells and tissues using the three combined imaging modalities: photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS), epifluorescence, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). APPROACH A PARS subsystem with ultraviolet excitation was used to obtain label-free absorption-contrast images of nucleic acids in ex vivo tissue samples. Co-integrated epifluorescence and CLSM subsystems were used to verify the 2D and 3D nuclei distribution. RESULTS Complementary absorption and fluorescence contrast were demonstrated in phantom imaging experiments and subsequent cell and tissue imaging experiments. Lateral and axial resolution of ultraviolet-PARS (UV-PARS) is shown to be 0.39 and 1.6 μm, respectively, with 266-nm light. CLSM lateral and axial resolution was measured as 0.97 and 2.0 μm, respectively. This resolution is sufficient to image individual cell layers with fine optical sectioning. UV-PARS images of cell nuclei are validated in thick tissue using CLSM. CONCLUSIONS Multimodal absorption and fluorescence contrast are obtained with a non-contact all-optical microscopy system for the first time and utilized to obtain images of cells and tissues with subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon S. Restall
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Pradyumna Kedarisetti
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nathaniel J. M. Haven
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Matthew T. Martell
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Roger J. Zemp
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
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5
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Yang W, Zhou J, Shao W, Seong M, He P, Ye Z, Guo Z, Jing L, Chen SL. Photoacoustic-fluorescence microendoscopy in vivo. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2340-2343. [PMID: 33988578 DOI: 10.1364/ol.425753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A miniature endoscope capable of imaging multiple tissue contrasts in high resolution is highly attractive, because it can provide complementary and detailed tissue information of internal organs. Here we present a photoacoustic (PA)-fluorescence (FL) endoscope for optical-resolution PA microscopy (PAM) and FL microscopy (FLM). The endoscope with a diameter of 2.8 mm achieves high lateral resolutions of 5.5 and 6.3 µm for PAM and FLM modes, respectively. In vivo imaging of zebrafish larvae and a mouse ear is conducted, and high-quality images are obtained. Additionally, in vivo endoscopic imaging of a rat rectum is demonstrated, showing the endoscopic imaging capability of our endoscope. By providing dual contrasts with high resolution, the endoscope may open up new opportunities for clinical endoscopic imaging applications.
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6
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Wang M, Samant P, Wang S, Merill J, Chen Y, Ahmad S, Li D, Xiang L. Towards in vivo Dosimetry for Prostate Radiotherapy with a Transperineal Ultrasound Array: A Simulation Study. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 5:373-382. [PMID: 33969250 PMCID: PMC8104130 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2020.3015109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography (XACT) is a promising imaging modality to monitor the position of the radiation beam and the deposited dose during external beam radiotherapy delivery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using a transperineal ultrasound transducer array for XACT imaging to guide the prostate radiotherapy. A customized two-dimensional (2D) matrix ultrasound transducer array with 10000 (100×100 elements) ultrasonic sensors with a central frequency of 1 MHz was designed on a 5 cm×5 cm plane to optimize three-dimensional (3D) volumetric imaging. The CT scan and dose treatment plan for a prostate patient undergoing intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were obtained. In-house simulation was developed to model the time varying X-ray induced acoustic (XA) signals detected by the transperineal ultrasound array. A 3D filtered back projection (FBP) algorithm has been used for 3D XACT image reconstruction. Results of this study will greatly enhance the potential of XACT imaging for real time in vivo dosimetry during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Pratik Samant
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Jack Merill
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma city, OK, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma city, OK, USA
| | - Dengwang Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
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7
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Zhou J, Wang W, Jing L, Chen SL. Dual-modal imaging with non-contact photoacoustic microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:997-1000. [PMID: 33649646 DOI: 10.1364/ol.417273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous imaging of complementary absorption and fluorescence contrasts with high spatial resolution is useful for biomedical studies. However, conventional dual-modal photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence imaging systems require the use of acoustic coupling media due to the contact operation of PA imaging, which causes issues and complicates the procedure in certain applications such as cell imaging and ophthalmic imaging. We present a novel dual-modal imaging system which combines non-contact PA microscopy (PAM) based on PA remote sensing and fluorescence microscopy (FLM) into one platform. The system enables high lateral resolution of 2 and 2.7 µm for PAM and FLM modes, respectively. In vivo imaging of a zebrafish larva injected with a rhodamine B solution is demonstrated, with PAM visualizing the pigment and FLM revealing the injected rhodamine B.
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8
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Li M, Nyayapathi N, Kilian HI, Xia J, Lovell JF, Yao J. Sound Out the Deep Colors: Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging at New Depths. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120981518. [PMID: 33336621 PMCID: PMC7750763 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120981518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has become increasingly popular for molecular imaging due to its unique optical absorption contrast, high spatial resolution, deep imaging depth, and high imaging speed. Yet, the strong optical attenuation of biological tissues has traditionally prevented PAT from penetrating more than a few centimeters and limited its application for studying deeply seated targets. A variety of PAT technologies have been developed to extend the imaging depth, including employing deep-penetrating microwaves and X-ray photons as excitation sources, delivering the light to the inside of the organ, reshaping the light wavefront to better focus into scattering medium, as well as improving the sensitivity of ultrasonic transducers. At the same time, novel optical fluence mapping algorithms and image reconstruction methods have been developed to improve the quantitative accuracy of PAT, which is crucial to recover weak molecular signals at larger depths. The development of highly-absorbing near-infrared PA molecular probes has also flourished to provide high sensitivity and specificity in studying cellular processes. This review aims to introduce the recent developments in deep PA molecular imaging, including novel imaging systems, image processing methods and molecular probes, as well as their representative biomedical applications. Existing challenges and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mucong Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3065Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nikhila Nyayapathi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hailey I Kilian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3065Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Dadkhah A, Jiao S. Integrating photoacoustic microscopy with other imaging technologies for multimodal imaging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:771-777. [PMID: 33297735 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220977176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a hybrid optical microscopic imaging technology, photoacoustic microscopy images the optical absorption contrasts and takes advantage of low acoustic scattering of biological tissues to achieve high-resolution anatomical and functional imaging. When combined with other imaging modalities, photoacoustic microscopy-based multimodal technologies can provide complementary contrast mechanisms to reveal complementary information of biological tissues. To achieve intrinsically and precisely registered images in a multimodal photoacoustic microscopy imaging system, either the ultrasonic transducer or the light source can be shared among the different imaging modalities. These technologies are the major focus of this minireview. It also covered the progress of the recently developed penta-modal photoacoustic microscopy imaging system featuring a novel dynamic focusing technique enabled by OCT contour scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Dadkhah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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10
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Hosseinaee Z, Le M, Bell K, Reza PH. Towards non-contact photoacoustic imaging [review]. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100207. [PMID: 33024694 PMCID: PMC7530308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) takes advantage of both optical and ultrasound imaging properties to visualize optical absorption with high resolution and contrast. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is usually categorized with all-optical microscopy techniques such as optical coherence tomography or confocal microscopes. Despite offering high sensitivity, novel imaging contrast, and high resolution, PAM is not generally an all-optical imaging method unlike the other microscopy techniques. One of the significant limitations of photoacoustic microscopes arises from their need to be in physical contact with the sample through a coupling media. This physical contact, coupling, or immersion of the sample is undesirable or impractical for many clinical and pre-clinical applications. This also limits the flexibility of photoacoustic techniques to be integrated with other all-optical imaging microscopes for providing complementary imaging contrast. To overcome these limitations, several non-contact photoacoustic signal detection approaches have been proposed. This paper presents a brief overview of current non-contact photoacoustic detection techniques with an emphasis on all-optical detection methods and their associated physical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hosseinaee
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Martin Le
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- IllumiSonics Inc., Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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11
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Zhou J, Jokerst JV. Photoacoustic imaging with fiber optic technology: A review. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100211. [PMID: 33163358 PMCID: PMC7606844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has achieved remarkable growth in the past few decades since it takes advantage of both optical and ultrasound (US) imaging. In order to better promote the wide clinical applications of PAI, many miniaturized and portable PAI systems have recently been proposed. Most of these systems utilize fiber optic technologies. Here, we overview the fiber optic technologies used in PAI. This paper discusses three different fiber optic technologies: fiber optic light transmission, fiber optic US transmission, and fiber optic US detection. These fiber optic technologies are analyzed in different PAI modalities including photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), and minimally invasive photoacoustic imaging (MIPAI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA.
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12
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Attia ABE, Balasundaram G, Moothanchery M, Dinish U, Bi R, Ntziachristos V, Olivo M. A review of clinical photoacoustic imaging: Current and future trends. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2019; 16:100144. [PMID: 31871888 PMCID: PMC6911900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (or optoacoustic imaging) is an upcoming biomedical imaging modality availing the benefits of optical resolution and acoustic depth of penetration. With its capacity to offer structural, functional, molecular and kinetic information making use of either endogenous contrast agents like hemoglobin, lipid, melanin and water or a variety of exogenous contrast agents or both, PAI has demonstrated promising potential in a wide range of preclinical and clinical applications. This review provides an overview of the rapidly expanding clinical applications of photoacoustic imaging including breast imaging, dermatologic imaging, vascular imaging, carotid artery imaging, musculoskeletal imaging, gastrointestinal imaging and adipose tissue imaging and the future directives utilizing different configurations of photoacoustic imaging. Particular emphasis is placed on investigations performed on human or human specimens.
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Key Words
- AR-PAM, acoustic resolution-photoacoustic microscopy
- Clinical applications
- DAQ, data acquisition
- FOV, field-of-view
- Hb, deoxy-hemoglobin
- HbO2, oxy-hemoglobin
- LED, light emitting diode
- MAP, maximum amplitude projection
- MEMS, microelectromechanical systems
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MSOT, multispectral optoacoustic tomography
- OCT, optical coherence tomography
- OR-PAM, optical resolution-photoacoustic microscopy
- Optoacoustic mesoscopy
- Optoacoustic tomography
- PA, photoacoustic
- PAI, photoacoustic imaging
- PAM, photoacoustic microscopy
- PAT, photoacoustic tomography
- Photoacoustic imaging
- Photoacoustic microscopy
- RSOM, raster-scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy
- SBH-PACT, single breath hold photoacoustic computed tomography system
- US, ultrasound
- sO2, saturation
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohesh Moothanchery
- Laboratory of Bio-optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - U.S. Dinish
- Laboratory of Bio-optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Renzhe Bi
- Laboratory of Bio-optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Malini Olivo
- Laboratory of Bio-optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
- Corresponding author.
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13
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Liu T, Rajadhyaksha M, Dickensheets DL. MEMS-in-the-lens architecture for a miniature high-NA laser scanning microscope. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:59. [PMID: 31263558 PMCID: PMC6592906 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Laser scanning microscopes can be miniaturized for in vivo imaging by substituting optical microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices in place of larger components. The emergence of multifunctional active optical devices can support further miniaturization beyond direct component replacement because those active devices enable diffraction-limited performance using simpler optical system designs. In this paper, we propose a catadioptric microscope objective lens that features an integrated MEMS device for performing biaxial scanning, axial focus adjustment, and control of spherical aberration. The MEMS-in-the-lens architecture incorporates a reflective MEMS scanner between a low-numerical-aperture back lens group and an aplanatic hyperhemisphere front refractive element to support high-numerical-aperture imaging. We implemented this new optical system using a recently developed hybrid polymer/silicon MEMS three-dimensional scan mirror that features an annular aperture that allows it to be coaxially aligned within the objective lens without the need for a beam splitter. The optical performance of the active catadioptric system is simulated and imaging of hard targets and human cheek cells is demonstrated with a confocal microscope that is based on the new objective lens design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
| | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Dermatology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10022 USA
| | - David L. Dickensheets
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
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14
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Lee C, Kim JY, Kim C. Recent Progress on Photoacoustic Imaging Enhanced with Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Technologies. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E584. [PMID: 30413091 PMCID: PMC6266184 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a new biomedical imaging technology currently in the spotlight providing a hybrid contrast mechanism and excellent spatial resolution in the biological tissues. It has been extensively studied for preclinical and clinical applications taking advantage of its ability to provide anatomical and functional information of live bodies noninvasively. Recently, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies, particularly actuators and sensors, have contributed to improving the PAI system performance, further expanding the research fields. This review introduces cutting-edge MEMS technologies for PAI and summarizes the recent advances of scanning mirrors and detectors in MEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changho Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea.
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.
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15
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Biffi S, Petrizza L, Garrovo C, Rampazzo E, Andolfi L, Giustetto P, Nikolov I, Kurdi G, Danailov MB, Zauli G, Secchiero P, Prodi L. Multimodal near-infrared-emitting PluS Silica nanoparticles with fluorescent, photoacoustic, and photothermal capabilities. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4865-4874. [PMID: 27703352 PMCID: PMC5036595 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s107479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the present study was to develop nanoprobes with theranostic features, including – at the same time – photoacoustic, near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging, and photothermal properties, in a versatile and stable core–shell silica-polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanoparticle architecture. Materials and methods We synthesized core–shell silica-PEG nanoparticles by a one-pot direct micelles approach. Fluorescence emission and photoacoustic and photothermal properties were obtained at the same time by appropriate doping with triethoxysilane-derivatized cyanine 5.5 (Cy5.5) and cyanine 7 (Cy7) dyes. The performances of these nanoprobes were measured in vitro, using nanoparticle suspensions in phosphate-buffered saline and blood, dedicated phantoms, and after incubation with MDA-MB-231 cells. Results We obtained core–shell silica-PEG nanoparticles endowed with very high colloidal stability in water and in biological environment, with absorption and fluorescence emission in the NIR field. The presence of Cy5.5 and Cy7 dyes made it possible to reach a more reproducible and higher doping regime, producing fluorescence emission at a single excitation wavelength in two different channels, owing to the energy transfer processes within the nanoparticle. The nanoarchitecture and the presence of both Cy5.5 and Cy7 dyes provided a favorable agreement between fluorescence emission and quenching, to achieve optical imaging and photoacoustic and photothermal properties. Conclusion We obtained rationally designed nanoparticles with outstanding stability in biological environment. At appropriate doping regimes, the presence of Cy5.5 and Cy7 dyes allowed us to tune fluorescence emission in the NIR for optical imaging and to exploit quenching processes for photoacoustic and photothermal capabilities. These nanostructures are promising in vivo theranostic tools for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Biffi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste
| | - Luca Petrizza
- Department of Chemistry "G Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna
| | - Chiara Garrovo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste
| | - Enrico Rampazzo
- Department of Chemistry "G Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Prodi
- Department of Chemistry "G Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna
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16
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Chen SL, Guo LJ, Wang X. All-optical photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2015; 3:143-150. [PMID: 31467845 PMCID: PMC6713062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has gained considerable attention within the biomedical imaging community during the past decade. Detecting laser-induced photoacoustic waves by optical sensing techniques facilitates the idea of all-optical PAM (AOPAM), which is of particular interest as it provides unique advantages for achieving high spatial resolution using miniaturized embodiments of the imaging system. The review presents the technology aspects of optical-sensing techniques for ultrasound detection, such as those based on optical resonators, as well as system developments of all-optical photoacoustic systems including PAM, photoacoustic endoscopy, and multi-modality microscopy. The progress of different AOPAM systems and their representative applications are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Liang Chen
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - L. Jay Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Corresponding author at: Tel.: +1734-647-2728; fax: +1734-764-8541.
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17
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Eom J, Park SJ, Lee BH. Noncontact photoacoustic tomography of in vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane based on all-fiber heterodyne interferometry. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:106007. [PMID: 26473590 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.10.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present three-dimensional (3-D) in vivo photoacoustic (PA) images of the blood vasculature of a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) obtained by using a fiber-based noncontact PA tomography system. With a fiber-optic heterodyne interferometer, the system measures the surface displacement of a sample, induced by the PA wave, which overcomes the disadvantage of physical-contact of ultrasonic transducer in a conventional system. The performance of an implemented system is analyzed and its capability of in vivo 3-D bioimaging is presented. At a depth of 2.5 mm in a phantom experiment, the lateral and axial resolutions were measured as 100 and 30 μm, respectively. The lateral resolution became doubled at a depth of 7.0 mm; however, interestingly, the axial resolution was not noticeably deteriorated with the depth. With the CAM experiment, performed under the American National Standards Institute laser safety standard condition, blood vessel structures placed as deep as 3.5 mm were clearly recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Eom
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Medical System Engineering, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jun Park
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Soft and Living Matter, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Ha Lee
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, School of Information and Communications, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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18
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Omar M, Soliman D, Gateau J, Ntziachristos V. Ultrawideband reflection-mode optoacoustic mesoscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3911-4. [PMID: 24978769 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We developed a reflection-mode optoacoustic mesoscopy system, based on raster-scanning of a custom designed spherically focused ultrasound detector, enabling seamless epi-illumination of the volume imaged. We study the performance of acoustic-resolution mesoscopy operating at an ultrawideband bandwidth of 20-180 MHz. i.e., a frequency band spreading over virtually an order of magnitude. Using tomographic reconstruction we showcase previously unreported, to our knowledge, axial resolutions of 4 μm and transverse resolutions of 18 μm reaching depths of up to 5 mm. We further investigate the frequency-dependence of features seen on the images to understand the implications of ultrawideband measurements. We show the overall imaging performance and the frequency ranges that contribute to observable resolution improvements from phantoms and animals.
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19
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Turner J, Estrada H, Kneipp M, Razansky D. Improved optoacoustic microscopy through three-dimensional spatial impulse response synthetic aperture focusing technique. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3390-3. [PMID: 24978493 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) is effective in restoring lateral resolution of ultrasonic images for scans with focusing-related distortions. Although successfully applied in pulse-echo ultrasonics, the physical nature of an optoacoustic modality requires a modified algorithm to return accurate results. The SIR-SAFT method reported here uses the spatial impulse response (SIR) of the transducer to weight the contributions to the SAFT and is tailored to provide significant resolution and signal gains for out-of-focus sources in scanning optoacoustic microscopy systems. Furthermore, the SIR-SAFT is implemented in full three dimensions, applicable to signals both far of and at the focus of the ultrasonic detector. The method has been further shown to outperform conventional SAFT algorithms for both simulated and experimental optoacoustic data.
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20
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Yao J, Wang LV. Sensitivity of photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2014; 2:87-101. [PMID: 25302158 PMCID: PMC4182819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Building on its high spatial resolution, deep penetration depth and excellent image contrast, 3D photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has grown tremendously since its first publication in 2005. Integrating optical excitation and acoustic detection, PAM has broken through both the optical diffusion and optical diffraction limits. PAM has 100% relative sensitivity to optical absorption (i.e., a given percentage change in the optical absorption coefficient yields the same percentage change in the photoacoustic amplitude), and its ultimate detection sensitivity is limited only by thermal noise. Focusing on the engineering aspects of PAM, this Review discusses the detection sensitivity of PAM, compares the detection efficiency of different PAM designs, and summarizes the imaging performance of various endogenous and exogenous contrast agents. It then describes representative PAM applications with high detection sensitivity, and outlines paths to further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Rao B, Soto F, Kerschensteiner D, Wang LV. Integrated photoacoustic, confocal, and two-photon microscope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:36002. [PMID: 24589986 PMCID: PMC3939434 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.3.036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The invention of green fluorescent protein and other molecular fluorescent probes has promoted applications of confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy in biology and medicine. However, exogenous fluorescence contrast agents may affect cellular structure and function, and fluorescence microscopy cannot image nonfluorescent chromophores. We overcome this limitation by integrating optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy into a modern Olympus IX81 confocal, two-photon, fluorescence microscope setup to provide complementary, label-free, optical absorption contrast. Automatically coregistered images can be generated from the same sample. Imaging applications in ophthalmology, developmental biology, and plant science are demonstrated. For the first time, in a familiar microscopic fluorescence imaging setting, this trimodality microscope provides a platform for future biological and medical discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Florentina Soto
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Box 8096, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Box 8096, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
- Address all correspondence to: Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
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Chen SL, Burnett J, Sun D, Wei X, Xie Z, Wang X. Photoacoustic microscopy: a potential new tool for evaluation of angiogenesis inhibitor. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:2657-66. [PMID: 24298423 PMCID: PMC3829558 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) for evaluation of angiogenesis inhibitor was investigated on a chick embryo model in vivo. Different concentrations of the angiogenesis inhibitor, Sunitinib, were applied to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryos. Imaging of microvasculature in embryo CAMs was acquired using a laser-scanning PAM system; while the optical microscopy (OM) capturing the microvascular images of the same set of CAMs for comparison served as a gold standard for validating the results from PAM. The microvascular density as a function of applied Sunitinib concentration has been quantified in both PAM and OM images. The results from these two modalities have a good agreement, suggesting that PAM could provide an unbiased quantification of microvascular density for objective evaluation of anti-angiogenesis medication. In comparison with conventional OM which enables only two-dimensional enface imaging, PAM is capable of three-dimensional analysis of microvessels, including not only morphology but also functions, as demonstrated in part by the imaging result on a canine bladder model. The emerging PAM technique shows promise to be used in clinical and preclinical settings for comprehensive and objective evaluation of anti-angiogenesis medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Liang Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph Burnett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xunbin Wei
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhixing Xie
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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