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Gao Z, Li L, Liu M, Tian S, Feng M, Qiao Y, Shan C. Photoacoustic trace gas detection of OCS using a 2.45 mL Helmholtz resonator and a 4823.3 nm ICL light source. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 38:100612. [PMID: 38711869 PMCID: PMC11070921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A miniaturized photoacoustic spectroscopy-based gas sensor is proposed for the purpose of detecting sub-ppm-level carbonyl sulfide (OCS) using a tunable mid-infrared interband cascade laser (ICL) and a Helmholtz photoacoustic cell. The tuning characteristics of the tunable ICL with a center wavelength of 4823.3 nm were investigated to achieve the optimal driving parameters. A Helmholtz photoacoustic cell with a volume of ∼2.45 mL was designed and optimized to miniaturize the measurement system. By optimizing the modulation parameters and signal processing, the system was verified to have a good linear response to OCS concentration. With a lock-in amplifier integration time of 10 s, the 1σ noise standard deviation in differential mode was 0.84 mV and a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 409.2 ppbV was achieved at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minghui Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shen Tian
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingyang Feng
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yingying Qiao
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chongxin Shan
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Falkhofen J, Bahr MS, Baumann B, Wolff M. Quartz Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy on Solid Samples. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4085. [PMID: 39000864 PMCID: PMC11243826 DOI: 10.3390/s24134085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) is a technique in which the sound wave is detected by a quartz tuning fork (QTF). It enables particularly high specificity with respect to the excitation frequency and is well known for an extraordinarily sensitive analysis of gaseous samples. We have developed the first photoacoustic (PA) cell for QEPAS on solid samples. Periodic heating of the sample is excited by modulated light from an interband cascade laser (ICL) in the infrared region. The cell represents a half-open cylinder that exhibits an acoustical resonance frequency equal to that of the QTF and, therefore, additionally amplifies the PA signal. The antinode of the sound pressure of the first longitudinal overtone can be accessed by the sound detector. A 3D finite element (FE) simulation confirms the optimal dimensions of the new cylindrical cell with the given QTF resonance frequency. An experimental verification is performed with an ultrasound micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) microphone. The presented frequency-dependent QEPAS measurement exhibits a low noise signal with a high-quality factor. The QEPAS-based investigation of three different solid synthetics resulted in a linearly dependent signal with respect to the absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Falkhofen
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20999 Hamburg, Germany
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland High Street, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Marc-Simon Bahr
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20999 Hamburg, Germany
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland High Street, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Bernd Baumann
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20999 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Wolff
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20999 Hamburg, Germany
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Wang Z, Nie Q, Sun H, Wang Q, Borri S, De Natale P, Ren W. Cavity-enhanced photoacoustic dual-comb spectroscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:11. [PMID: 38177145 PMCID: PMC10767139 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Photoacoustic dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS), converting spectral information in the optical frequency domain to the audio frequency domain via multi-heterodyne beating, enables background-free spectral measurements with high resolution and broad bandwidth. However, the detection sensitivity remains limited due to the low power of individual comb lines and the lack of broadband acoustic resonators. Here, we develop cavity-enhanced photoacoustic DCS, which overcomes these limitations by using a high-finesse optical cavity for the power amplification of dual-frequency combs and a broadband acoustic resonator with a flat-top frequency response. We demonstrate high-resolution spectroscopic measurements of trace amounts of C2H2, NH3 and CO in the entire telecommunications C-band. The method shows a minimum detection limit of 0.6 ppb C2H2 at the measurement time of 100 s, corresponding to the noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 7 × 10-10 cm-1. The proposed cavity-enhanced photoacoustic DCS may open new avenues for ultrasensitive, high-resolution, and multi-species gas detection with widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Qinxue Nie
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haojia Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033, Changchun, China.
| | - Simone Borri
- CNR-INO-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS-European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR-INO-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS-European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Fekete J, Torma P, Szabó A, Balogh M, Horváth C, Weidinger T, Szabó G, Bozóki Z. Open photoacoustic cell for concentration measurements in rapidly flowing gas. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 30:100469. [PMID: 36911594 PMCID: PMC9996436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High temporal resolution concentration measurements in rapid gas flows pose a serious challenge for most analytical instruments. The interaction of such flows with solid surfaces can generate excessive aero-acoustic noise making the application of the photoacoustic detection method seemingly impossible. Yet, the fully open photoacoustic cell (OC) has proven to be operable even when the measured gas flows through it at a velocity of several m/s. The OC is a slightly modified version of a previously introduced OC based on the excitation of a combined acoustic mode of a cylindrical resonator. The noise characteristics and analytical performance of the OC are tested in an anechoic room and under field conditions. Here we present the first successful application of a sampling-free OC for water vapor flux measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Fekete
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Torma
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group for Photoacoustic Monitoring of Environmental Processes, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Szabó
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group for Photoacoustic Monitoring of Environmental Processes, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Balogh
- Department of Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Horváth
- Department of Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Weidinger
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bozóki
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group for Photoacoustic Monitoring of Environmental Processes, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Barbosa RCS, Mendes PM. A Comprehensive Review on Photoacoustic-Based Devices for Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9541. [PMID: 36502258 PMCID: PMC9736954 DOI: 10.3390/s22239541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The photoacoustic effect is an emerging technology that has sparked significant interest in the research field since an acoustic wave can be produced simply by the incidence of light on a material or tissue. This phenomenon has been extensively investigated, not only to perform photoacoustic imaging but also to develop highly miniaturized ultrasound probes that can provide biologically meaningful information. Therefore, this review aims to outline the materials and their fabrication process that can be employed as photoacoustic targets, both biological and non-biological, and report the main components' features to achieve a certain performance. When designing a device, it is of utmost importance to model it at an early stage for a deeper understanding and to ease the optimization process. As such, throughout this article, the different methods already implemented to model the photoacoustic effect are introduced, as well as the advantages and drawbacks inherent in each approach. However, some remaining challenges are still faced when developing such a system regarding its fabrication, modeling, and characterization, which are also discussed.
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Photoacoustic Detection of Pollutants Emitted by Transportation System for Use in Automotive Industry. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9080526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In photoacoustic spectroscopy, the signal is inversely proportional to the resonant cell volume. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is an absorption spectroscopy technique that is suitable for detecting gases at low concentrations. This desirable feature has created a growing interest in miniaturizing PA cells in recent years. In this paper, a simulation of a miniaturized H-type photoacoustic cell consisting of two buffer holes and a resonator was performed in order to detect CO, NH3, NO, and CH4 pollutants. These gases are the main components of the air pollutants that are produced by the automotive industry. The linear forms of the continuity, Navier–Stokes equations, and the energy equation were solved using the finite element method in a gaseous medium. The generated pressure could be measured by a MEMS sensor. Photoacoustic spectroscopy has proven to be a sensitive method for detecting pollutant gases. The objectives of the measurements were: determining the proper position of the pressure gauge sensor; measuring the frequency response; measuring the frequency response changes at different temperatures; studying the local velocity at the resonant frequency; and calculating the quality factor. The acoustic quality coefficient, acoustic response (pressure), local velocity, frequency response, and the effect of different temperatures on the frequency response were investigated. A frequency response measurement represents the fact that different gases have different resonance frequencies, for which CO and NO gases had values of 23.131 kHz and 23.329 kHz, respectively. The difference between these gases was 200 Hz. NH3 and CH4 gases with values of 21.206 kHz and 21.106 kHz were separable with a difference of 100 Hz. In addition, CO and NO gases had a difference of 2000 Hz compared to NH3 and CH4, which indicates the characteristic fingerprint of the designed cell in the detection of different gases. Better access to high-frequency acoustic signals was the goal of the presented model in this paper.
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Performance Enhancement of Opened Resonance Photoacoustic Cells Based on Three Dimensional Topology Optimization. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8090380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy techniques enable the detection of trace substances. However, lower threshold detection requirements are increasingly common in practical applications. Thus, we propose a systematic geometry topology optimization approach on a PA cell to enhance the intensity of its detection signal. The model of topology optimization and pressure acoustics in the finite element method was exploited to construct a PA cell and then acquire the optimal structure. In the assessment, a thermo-acoustic model was constructed to properly simulate the frequency response over the range of 0–70 kHz and the temperature field distribution. The simulation results revealed that the acoustic gain of the optimized cell was 2.7 and 1.3 times higher than conventional cells near 25 and 52 kHz, respectively. Moreover, the optimized PA cell achieved a lower threshold detection over a wide frequency range. Ultimately, this study paves a new way for designing and optimizing the geometry of multifarious high-sensitivity PA sensors.
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Liu L, Huan H, Zhang X, Zhang L, Shao X, Mandelis A, Dong L. Laser induced thermoelastic contributions from windows to signal background in a photoacoustic cell. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100257. [PMID: 33850704 PMCID: PMC8039824 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The existence of a signal baseline due to a variety of reasons in a photoacoustic (PA) gas measurement system is a common phenomenon. One major component is the absorption of optical windows in an enclosed PA cell. This work explores the relation between the background signal and the thermoelastic effect inside the windows by modelling the pressure and elastic wave field by means of a Green-function based method. The influence of laser incidence location, angle and radius is discussed based on a rigorous three-dimensional solid-to-fluid coupling model. The effects were theoretically demonstrated culminating in the determination of best (minimum background signal) performance using a collimated and expanded incident laser beam. The results were also validated through experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
| | - Huiting Huan
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
| | - Xueshi Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
| | - Le Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
| | - Xiaopeng Shao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
| | - Andreas Mandelis
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies (CADIPT), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
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Latif I, Toda M, Ono T. Hermetically Packaged Microsensor for Quality Factor-Enhanced Photoacoustic Biosensing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 18:100189. [PMID: 32477865 PMCID: PMC7248651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of photoacoustics (PA) being a convenient non-invasive analysis tool is widespread in various biomedical fields. Despite significant advances in traditional PA cell systems, detection platforms capable of providing high signal-to-noise ratios and steady operation are yet to be developed for practical micro/nano biosensing applications. Microfabricated transducers offer orders of magnitude higher quality factors and greatly enhanced performance in extremely miniature dimensions that is unattainable with large-scale PA cells. In this work we exploit these attractive attributes of microfabrication technology and describe the first implementation of a vacuum-packaged microscale resonator in photoacoustic biosensing. Steady operation of this functional approach is demonstrated by detecting the minuscule PA signals from the variations of trace amounts of glucose in gelatin-based synthetic tissues. These results demonstrate the potential of the novel approach to broad photoacoustic applications, spanning from micro-biosensing modules to the analysis of solid and liquid analytes of interest in condense mediums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Latif
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Masaya Toda
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Takahito Ono
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
- Micro System Integration Center, Tohoku University, Japan
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