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Wu G, Zhang Y, Gong Z, Fan Y, Xing J, Wu X, Ma J, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. A mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor based on a sphere-cylinder coupled acoustic resonator for high-sensitivity trace gas sensing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 37:100595. [PMID: 38404402 PMCID: PMC10882166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports a mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor for high-sensitivity trace gas sensing. The sensor primarily contains a sphere-cylinder coupled acoustic resonator, a cylindrical buffer chamber, and a fiber-optic acoustic sensor. The acoustic field distributions of this mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor and the conventional T-type resonant photoacoustic sensor have been carefully evaluated, showing that the first-order resonance frequency of the present mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor is reduced by nearly a half compared to that of the T-type resonant photoacoustic sensor. The volume of the developed photoacoustic cavity is only about 0.8 cm3. Trace methane is selected as the target analytical gas and a detection limit of 101 parts-per-billion at 100-s integration time has been achieved, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 1.04 × 10-8 W·cm-1·Hz-1/2. The developed mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor provides potential for high-sensitivity trace gas sensing in narrow spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongjia Zhang
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Yeming Fan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiawei Xing
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Junsheng Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
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Wu G, Wu X, Gong Z, Xing J, Fan Y, Ma J, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. Highly sensitive trace gas detection based on a miniaturized 3D-printed Y-type resonant photoacoustic cell. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:34213-34223. [PMID: 37859182 DOI: 10.1364/oe.502733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
We report, what we believe to be, a novel miniaturized 3D-printed Y-type resonant photoacoustic cell (YRPAC) consisting of a frustum of cone-type buffer chamber and a cylindrical resonant chamber. The volume of the designed YRPAC is about 7.0 cm3, which is only about a half of the T-resonant photoacoustic cell (TRPAC). The finite element simulation of the sound field distribution of the TRPAC and YRPAC based on COMSOL shows that the photoacoustic signal is enhanced with the shape of the buffer chamber changing from the traditional cylinder to a frustum of cone. The photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) system, utilizing the YRPAC and TRPAC as the photoacoustic reaction units, a 1653.7 nm distributed feedback (DFB) laser as the excitation light source, a cantilever beam acoustic sensor as the acoustic sensing unit, and a high-speed spectrometer as the demodulation unit, has been successfully developed for high-sensitivity trace CH4 sensing. When the CH4 concentration is 1000 ppm, the 2f signal of YRPAC in the first-order resonance mode is 2.3 nm, which is 1.7 times higher than the 2f signal amplitude of TRPAC. The detection sensitivity and minimum detection limit for the PAS system are 2.29 pm/ppm and 52.8 parts per billion (ppb) at 100 s of averaging time. The reported YRPAC has higher sensitivity, smaller size, and faster response time compared to the conventional TRPAC, which can provide a new solution for PAS development.
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Zhang B, Shi Y. Design of flexible hollow core fiber based photoacoustic gas sensor with high cell constant and compact size. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:34708-34720. [PMID: 37859221 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Here we designed, optimized, and proposed a flexible low frequency resonant photoacoustic (PA) gas sensor by using a large core leaky hollow core fiber (L-HCF). The influences from the dimensions, the transmission loss and the bending loss on the performance of the flexible PA gas sensor were systematically investigated. In this work, the optimized inner diameter and length of the L-HCF were 1.7 mm and 300 mm, respectively. The L-HCF based PA cell constant was calculated to be 12115 Pa/(W·cm-1). The minimum detectable limit (MDL) for trace C2H2 detection achieved 23.0 ppb when the lock-in integration time was 200 s by using a near-infrared distributed feedback (DFB) laser source and a low-cost electrical micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) microphone. Besides, the amplitude decay ratio of the of the PA signal was only 11.3% when the bending radius of the L-HCF was 100 mm. The normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient is calculated to be 6.6 × 10-9 W•cm-1•Hz-1/2. The L-HCF based PA cell was proved to own merits of compact size, high cell constant, small gas volume and low cost.
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Ye L, Li X, Yi X, Tang P, Chen M. A 3D Composited Flexible Sensor Based on Percolative Nanoparticle Arrays to Discriminate Coupled Pressure and Strain. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5956. [PMID: 37447805 DOI: 10.3390/s23135956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible mechanical sensors based on nanomaterials operate on a deformation-response mechanism, making it challenging to discern different types of mechanical stimuli such as pressure and strain. Therefore, these sensors are susceptible to significant mechanical interference. Here, we introduce a multifunctional flexible sensor capable of discriminating coupled pressure and strain without cross-interference. Our design involves an elastic cantilever fixed on the pillar of the flexible main substrate, creating a three-dimensional (3D) substrate, and two percolative nanoparticle (NP) arrays are deposited on the cantilever and main substrate, respectively, as the sensing materials. The 3D flexible substrate could confine pressure/strain loading exclusively on the cantilever or main substrate, resulting in independent responses of the two nanoparticle arrays with no cross-interference. Benefitting from the quantum transport in nanoparticle arrays, our sensors demonstrate an exceptional sensitivity, enabling discrimination of subtle strains down to 1.34 × 10-4. Furthermore, the suspended cantilever with one movable end can enhance the pressure perception of the NP array, exhibiting a high sensitivity of -0.223 kPa-1 and an ultrahigh resolution of 4.24 Pa. This flexible sensor with multifunctional design will provide inspiration for the development of flexible mechanical sensors and the advancement of decoupling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinle Yi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Pan Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Minrui Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Chen Y, Liang T, Qiao S, Ma Y. A Miniaturized 3D-Printed Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Sensor for Methane Detection with a High-Power Diode Laser. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4034. [PMID: 37112375 PMCID: PMC10142101 DOI: 10.3390/s23084034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this invited paper, a highly sensitive methane (CH4) trace gas sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technique using a high-power diode laser and a miniaturized 3D-printed acoustic detection unit (ADU) is demonstrated for the first time. A high-power diode laser emitting at 6057.10 cm-1 (1650.96 nm), with the optical power up to 38 mW, was selected as the excitation source to provide a strong excitation. A 3D-printed ADU, including the optical and photoacoustic detection elements, had a dimension of 42 mm, 27 mm, and 8 mm in length, width, and height, respectively. The total weight of this 3D-printed ADU, including all elements, was 6 g. A quartz tuning fork (QTF) with a resonant frequency and Q factor of 32.749 kHz and 10,598, respectively, was used as an acoustic transducer. The performance of the high-power diode laser-based CH4-QEPAS sensor, with 3D-printed ADU, was investigated in detail. The optimum laser wavelength modulation depth was found to be 0.302 cm-1. The concentration response of this CH4-QEPAS sensor was researched when the CH4 gas sample, with different concentration samples, was adopted. The obtained results showed that this CH4-QEPAS sensor had an outstanding linear concentration response. The minimum detection limit (MDL) was found to be 14.93 ppm. The normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient was obtained as 2.20 × 10-7 cm-1W/Hz-1/2. A highly sensitive CH4-QEPAS sensor, with a small volume and light weight of ADU, is advantageous for the real applications. It can be portable and carried on some platforms, such as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a balloon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tiantian Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shunda Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Guo M, Zhao X, Chen K, Cui D, Zhang G, Li C, Gong Z, Yu Q. Multi-mechanism collaboration enhanced photoacoustic analyzer for trace H 2S detection. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100449. [PMID: 36654963 PMCID: PMC9841283 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To realize the real-time highly sensitive detection of SF6 decomposition product H2S, a multi-mechanism collaboration enhancement photoacoustic spectroscopy analyzer (MCEPA) based on acoustic resonance enhancement, cantilever enhancement and excitation light enhancement is proposed. An SF6 background gas-induced photoacoustic cell (PAC) was used for acoustic resonance (AR) enhancement of the photoacoustic signals. A fiber-optic acoustic sensor based on a silicon cantilever is optimized and fabricated. The narrow-band acoustic signal enhancement based on cantilever mechanical resonance (MR) is realized in the optimal working frequency band of the PAC. A fiber-coupled DFB cascaded an Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) realized the light power enhancement (LPE) of the photoacoustic signals excitation source. Experimental results show that the MR of the fiber-optic silicon cantilever acoustic sensor (FSCAS) is matched with the AR of the PAC and combined with the LPE, which realizes the multi-mechanism collaboration enhancement of weak photoacoustic signals. The Allan-Werle deviation evaluation showed that the minimum detection limit of H2S in the SF6 background is 10.96 ppb when the average time is 200 s. Benefiting from the all-optimization of photoacoustic excitation and detection, the MCEPA has near-field high-sensitivity gas detection capability immune to electromagnetic interference.
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Wu G, Li H, Ye H, Gong Z, Ma J, Guo M, Chen K, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. Ultra-High-Sensitivity, Miniaturized Fabry-Perot Interferometric Fiber-Optic Microphone for Weak Acoustic Signals Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6948. [PMID: 36146295 PMCID: PMC9505396 DOI: 10.3390/s22186948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-high-sensitivity, miniaturized Fabry-Perot interferometric (FPI) fiber-optic microphone (FOM) has been developed, utilizing a silicon cantilever as an acoustic transducer. The volumes of the cavity and the FOM are determined to be 60 microliters and 102 cubic millimeters, respectively. The FOM has acoustic pressure sensitivities of 1506 nm/Pa at 2500 Hz and 26,773 nm/Pa at 3233 Hz. The minimum detectable pressure (MDP) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the designed FOM are 0.93 μPa/Hz1/2 and 70.14 dB, respectively, at an acoustic pressure of 0.003 Pa. The designed FOM has the characteristics of ultra-high sensitivity, low MDP, and small size, which makes it suitable for the detection of weak acoustic signals, especially in the field of miniaturized all-optical photoacoustic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haie Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongxin Ye
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junsheng Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Wu G, Gong Z, Li H, Ma J, Chen K, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. High-Sensitivity Multitrace Gas Simultaneous Detection Based on an All-Optical Miniaturized Photoacoustic Sensor. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12507-12513. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Haie Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Junsheng Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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