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Konstantinou P, Trigeorgi A, Georgiou C, Michaelides M, Gloster AT, Georgiou E, Panayiotou G, Karekla M. Functional versus dysfunctional coping with physical pain: An experimental comparison of acceptance vs. avoidance coping. Behav Res Ther 2023; 167:104339. [PMID: 37329864 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study compared acceptance vs. avoidance coping with acute physical pain, in a pain-induction experiment and examined both between and within-group differences, multi-methodically and multi-dimensionally using behavioral, physiological and self-report measures. The sample consisted of 88 University students (76.1% females; Mage = 21.33 years). Participants were randomly assigned to four instructed groups and participated twice in the Cold Pressor Task: (a) Acceptance followed by avoidance; (b) Avoidance followed by acceptance; (c) No instructions (control) followed by acceptance, and (d) No instructions (control) followed by avoidance. All analyses were conducted using repeated-measures ANOVAs. Randomized techniques analyses showed that participants receiving no instructions followed by acceptance reported significantly greater changes in physiological and behavioral measures across time. Low adherence to acceptance instructions was found, especially during the first phase. Exploratory analyses on actual techniques used (as opposed to taught technique) showed that participants using avoidance followed by acceptance exhibited significantly greater changes in physiological and behavioral measures across time. No significant differences were found for the self-report of negative affect outcome. Overall, our findings provide support to ACT theory, as participants might have to use firstly ineffective coping to understand what works best to cope with pain. This is the first study examining acceptance vs. avoidance coping both between and within individuals in physical pain, multi-methodically and multi-dimensionally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andria Trigeorgi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chryssis Georgiou
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Eleni Georgiou
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Maria Karekla
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Abstract
AbstractMourning constitutes an important human emotion, which might cause—among other things—major depressive symptoms when lasting for too long. To date, no study investigated whether mourning is related to specific psychophysiological activation patterns. Therefore, we examined physiological reactions induced by iconographic mourning-related stimuli in comparison to neutral and attachment stimuli in healthy adults (N = 77, mean age: 21.9). We evaluated pupillometric and eye-tracking parameters as well as heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance (EDA). Eye-tracking revealed a stronger dilated pupil during mourning in comparison to the neutral, but not to the attachment condition; furthermore, fixation patterns revealed less fixations on mourning stimuli. While HF HRV was reduced during mourning and attachment, we found no differences concerning EDA parameters between conditions. Results suggest specific eye-movement and pupil adaptations during representations of mourning, which might point toward inward cognition or avoidance, but no specific physiological pattern concerning HRV and EDA.
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Affective and psycholinguistic norms of Greek words: Manipulating their affective or psycho-linguistic dimensions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sun X, Zhou X, Wang Q, Sharples S. Investigating the impact of emotions on perceiving serendipitous information encountering. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/asi.24540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Sun
- Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | | | - Qingfeng Wang
- Nottingham University Business School China University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Sarah Sharples
- University of Nottingham – University Park Campus Nottingham UK
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Leonidou C, Panayiotou G. Can we predict experiential avoidance by measuring subjective and physiological emotional arousal? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Leonidou C, Pollatos O, Panayiotou G. Emotional responses to illness imagery in young adults: Effects of attention to somatic sensations and levels of illness anxiety. Biol Psychol 2019; 149:107812. [PMID: 31722237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of interoceptive attention on emotional responses during illness imagery, and the moderating role of illness anxiety. 101 students (81 female; 18-35 years old) with low, moderate and high levels of illness anxiety had to imagine personally relevant illness scenarios and standardized fearful, joyful and neutral scenarios, after undergoing an attention manipulation to direct their attention towards interoceptive or exteroceptive stimuli. Emotional responses assessed included self-reports of arousal, valence and somatic sensations, and psychophysiological measures of heart rate reactivity and variability, skin conductance level, and facial electromyography. Findings showed increased reports of emotional arousal, negative affect and somatic symptoms, accompanied by negative emotion expressions, but a hypo-arousal physiological response pattern (i.e. low heart rate reactivity) during illness imagery after interoceptive attention, irrespective of illness anxiety levels. Under directed attention, the observed emotional response to illness imagery may increase the risk for developing and perpetuating illness anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Pollatos
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Georgia Panayiotou
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Cyprus; Center of Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
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Koushiou M, Merwin RM, Anderson D, Karekla M. An investigation of the affective experience of females at high risk for eating disorders in general and pathology-specific contexts. Appetite 2019; 141:104306. [PMID: 31167110 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Difficulties with emotional experiences have long been implicated in the development or maintenance of eating disorders (EDs). However, the vast majority of this work is theoretical or self-report, with few studies examining the somatic-affective experience of individuals with EDs under experimental conditions. The aim of the current study was to: i) examine physiological reactivity and subjective report of emotional experiences in response to ED pathology-specific and general affective film clips, and ii) examine the impact of film on body size estimation in females at risk for EDs. METHOD Females aged 14-24 years old of either high (N = 42) or low (N = 43) risk for EDs viewed pathology-specific and general affective film clips and provided their affective ratings and body-size estimations post film clips. Heart Rate and Skin Conductance Levels were recorded during each clip. RESULTS High risk participants evidenced greater physiological arousal across conditions and in both general and pathology-specific affective contexts. Negative affect induced via the ED-pathology specific film clip had a greater impact on the high risk group's body-size estimations. CONCLUSIONS Individuals at risk for EDs seem to experience greater physiological arousal and this may influence the experience of their bodies, or direct attention to their body as a way to attenuate unwanted emotion or due to somatic feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Koushiou
- University of Nicosia, Cyprus; ACThealthy, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
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Shuhama R, Blanchard DC, Graeff FG, Del-Ben CM. What we imagine is what we do? A critical overview about mental imagery as a strategy to study human defensive responses. Behav Brain Res 2019; 357-358:18-28. [PMID: 28716675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There is not a single and perfect instinctive behavior to react to threatening situations. However, the study of particular features of these situations suggests the existence of prototypical emotional reactions and associated defensive behaviors. Since all living beings are subjected to common evolutionary pressures, such as predation and conspecific competition, it is plausible that there is conservation of some basic defensive responses in their behavioral repertoire. The choice for approaching or withdrawing from a given situation depends, among others things, on environmental features, including the threat intensity and the distance from the source of the threat. If these basic responses were conserved in humans, they should be expressed in ways similar to those observed in non-human animals. Due to ethical reasons and easy application, mental imagery has been used to test this hypothesis. The studies included in this review point to the validity of this method, with both self-report and neurophysiological findings corroborating the hypothesis under scrutiny. Despite the need for additional investigation to deal with some limitations, the information obtained with this method can help to a better understanding of the conditions that provoke specific defensive behaviors and related emotions. This knowledge may also contribute to identify vulnerability factors for fear/anxiety-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Shuhama
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Frederico Guilherme Graeff
- INeC - Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, Brazil; NAP-NuPNE - Neurobiology of Emotions Research Center, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900, Brazil
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Inducing negative affect using film clips with general and eating disorder-related content. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:775-784. [PMID: 29423687 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to select appropriate film clips with a general vs. eating disorder (ED)-related content to induce negative affect. More specifically, the study examined the subjective emotional experience (valence, arousal, anxiety, induction of somatic symptoms, and ability to control reactions during film clips) of Greek-Cypriot university students (N = 79) in response to three types of film clips: general unpleasant, ED-specific unpleasant, and emotionally neutral. In addition, the study aimed to compare the emotional reactions to the aforementioned clips between two groups of participants differing on their risk for ED (high vs. low). Preliminary results indicate the clips with general content ("The Champ") and with ED-specific content ("Binge eating") that are most effective in inducing negative affect and differentiating between risk groups. These clips provide an effective method for emotion induction that can be used for assessing the emotional experience of individuals with ED symptoms, since their emotional experience is significantly implicated in the development and maintenance of their symptoms (Merwin, Clin Psychol Sci Pract 18(3):208-214, 2011).Level of evidence No level of evidence, Experimental Study.
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Dufour L, Andiappan M, Banoun A. The Impact of Emotions on Stakeholder Reactions to Organizational Wrongdoing. EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/emre.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Panayiotou G, Karekla M, Georgiou D, Constantinou E, Paraskeva-Siamata M. Psychophysiological and self-reported reactivity associated with social anxiety and public speaking fear symptoms: Effects of fear versus distress. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:278-286. [PMID: 28599192 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examines psychophysiological and subjective reactivity to anxiety-provoking situations in relation to social anxiety and public speaking fear. We hypothesized that social anxiety symptoms would be associated with similar reactivity across types of imaginary anxiety scenes and not specifically to social anxiety-related scenes. This would be attributed to co-existing depression symptoms. Public speaking fear was expected to be associated with more circumscribed reactivity to survival-threat scenes, due to its association with fearfulness. Community participants imagined standardized anxiety situations, including social anxiety and animal fear scenes, while their physiological reactivity and self-reported emotions were assessed. Findings supported that social anxiety was associated with undifferentiated physiological reactivity across anxiety-provoking situations, except with regards to skin conductance level, which was higher during social anxiety imagery. Public speaking fear was associated with increased reactivity to animal phobia and panic scenes. Covariance analyses indicated that the lack of response specificity associated with social anxiety could be attributed to depression levels, while the specificity associated with public speaking fear could be explained by fearfulness. Findings highlight the need to assess not only primary anxiety symptoms but also depression and fearfulness, which likely predict discrepant reactions of individuals to anxiogenic situations.
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Panayiotou G, Constantinou E. Emotion dysregulation in alexithymia: Startle reactivity to fearful affective imagery and its relation to heart rate variability. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1323-1334. [PMID: 28480975 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alexithymia is associated with deficiencies in recognizing and expressing emotions and impaired emotion regulation, though few studies have verified the latter assertion using objective measures. This study examined startle reflex modulation by fearful imagery and its associations with heart rate variability in alexithymia. Fifty-four adults (27 alexithymic) imagined previously normed fear scripts. Startle responses were assessed during baseline, first exposure, and reexposure. During first exposure, participants, in separate trials, engaged in either shallow or deep emotion processing, giving emphasis on descriptive or affective aspects of imagery, respectively. Resting heart rate variability was assessed during 2 min of rest prior to the experiment, with high alexithymic participants demonstrating significantly higher LF/HF (low frequency/high frequency) ratio than controls. Deep processing was associated with nonsignificantly larger and faster startle responses at first exposure for alexithymic participants. Lower LF/HF ratio, reflecting higher parasympathetic cardiac activity, predicted greater startle amplitude habituation for alexithymia but lower habituation for controls. Results suggest that, when exposed to prolonged threat, alexithymics may adjust poorly, showing a smaller initial defensive response but slower habituation. This pattern seems related to their low emotion regulation ability as indexed by heart rate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Panayiotou
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Fanti KA, Kyranides MN, Panayiotou G. Facial reactions to violent and comedy films: Association with callous-unemotional traits and impulsive aggression. Cogn Emot 2015; 31:209-224. [PMID: 26469744 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1090958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study adds to prior research by investigating specific (happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust, anger and fear) and general (corrugator and zygomatic muscle activity) facial reactions to violent and comedy films among individuals with varying levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits and impulsive aggression (IA). Participants at differential risk of CU traits and IA were selected from a sample of 1225 young adults. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 82) facial expressions were recorded while they watched violent and comedy films. Video footage of participants' facial expressions was analysed using FaceReader, a facial coding software that classifies facial reactions. Findings suggested that individuals with elevated CU traits showed reduced facial reactions of sadness and disgust to violent films, indicating low empathic concern in response to victims' distress. In contrast, impulsive aggressors produced specifically more angry facial expressions when viewing violent and comedy films. In Experiment 2 (N = 86), facial reactions were measured by monitoring facial electromyography activity. FaceReader findings were verified by the reduced facial electromyography at the corrugator, but not the zygomatic, muscle in response to violent films shown by individuals high in CU traits. Additional analysis suggested that sympathy to victims explained the association between CU traits and reduced facial reactions to violent films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas A Fanti
- a Department of Psychology , University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | | | - Georgia Panayiotou
- a Department of Psychology , University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus.,b Center for Applied Neuroscience , University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
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14
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Startle modulation during violent films: Association with callous–unemotional traits and aggressive behavior. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Takehara T, Ochiai F, Suzuki N. A small-world network model of facial emotion recognition. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2015; 69:1508-29. [PMID: 26315136 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1086393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Various models have been proposed to increase understanding of the cognitive basis of facial emotions. Despite those efforts, interactions between facial emotions have received minimal attention. If collective behaviours relating to each facial emotion in the comprehensive cognitive system could be assumed, specific facial emotion relationship patterns might emerge. In this study, we demonstrate that the frameworks of complex networks can effectively capture those patterns. We generate 81 facial emotion images (6 prototypes and 75 morphs) and then ask participants to rate degrees of similarity in 3240 facial emotion pairs in a paired comparison task. A facial emotion network constructed on the basis of similarity clearly forms a small-world network, which features an extremely short average network distance and close connectivity. Further, even if two facial emotions have opposing valences, they are connected within only two steps. In addition, we show that intermediary morphs are crucial for maintaining full network integration, whereas prototypes are not at all important. These results suggest the existence of collective behaviours in the cognitive systems of facial emotions and also describe why people can efficiently recognize facial emotions in terms of information transmission and propagation. For comparison, we construct three simulated networks--one based on the categorical model, one based on the dimensional model, and one random network. The results reveal that small-world connectivity in facial emotion networks is apparently different from those networks, suggesting that a small-world network is the most suitable model for capturing the cognitive basis of facial emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Takehara
- a Department of Psychology , Doshisha University , Kyoto , Japan.,b Department of Psychology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Fumio Ochiai
- c Department of Business Administration , Tezukayama University , Nara , Japan
| | - Naoto Suzuki
- a Department of Psychology , Doshisha University , Kyoto , Japan
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Fearful victims and fearless bullies? Subjective reactions to emotional imagery scenes of children involved in school aggression. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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The better of two evils? Evidence that children exhibiting continuous conduct problems high or low on callous-unemotional traits score on opposite directions on physiological and behavioral measures of fear. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 28:185-98. [PMID: 25916948 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines whether heterogeneous groups of children identified based on their longitudinal scores on conduct problems (CP) and callous-unemotional (CU) traits differ on physiological and behavioral measures of fear. Specifically, it aims to test the hypothesis that children with high/stable CP differentiated on CU traits score on opposite directions on a fear-fearless continuum. Seventy-three participants (M age = 11.21; 45.2% female) were selected from a sample of 1,200 children. Children and their parents completed a battery of questionnaires assessing fearfulness, sensitivity to punishment, and behavioral inhibition. Children also participated in an experiment assessing their startle reactivity to fearful mental imagery, a well-established index of defensive motivation. The pattern of results verifies the hypothesis that fearlessness, assessed with physiological and behavioral measures, is a core characteristic of children high on both CP and CU traits (i.e., receiving the DSM-5 specifier of limited prosocial emotions). To the contrary, children with high/stable CP and low CU traits demonstrated high responsiveness to fear, high behavioral inhibition, and high sensitivity to punishment. The study is in accord with the principle of equifinality, in that different developmental mechanisms (i.e., extremes of high and low fear) may have the same behavioral outcome manifested as phenotypic antisocial behavior.
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Emotion processing deficits in alexithymia and response to a depth of processing intervention. Biol Psychol 2014; 103:212-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fujimura T, Matsuda YT, Katahira K, Okada M, Okanoya K. Categorical and dimensional perceptions in decoding emotional facial expressions. Cogn Emot 2011; 26:587-601. [PMID: 21824015 PMCID: PMC3379784 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.595391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether categorical perception and dimensional perception can co-occur while decoding emotional facial expressions. In Experiment 1, facial continua with endpoints consisting of four basic emotions (i.e., happiness-fear and anger-disgust) were created by a morphing technique. Participants rated each facial stimulus using a categorical strategy and a dimensional strategy. The results show that the happiness–fear continuum was divided into two clusters based on valence, even when using the dimensional strategy. Moreover, the faces were arrayed in order of the physical changes within each cluster. In Experiment 2, we found a category boundary within other continua (i.e., surprise–sadness and excitement–disgust) with regard to the arousal and valence dimensions. These findings indicate that categorical perception and dimensional perception co-occurred when emotional facial expressions were rated using a dimensional strategy, suggesting a hybrid theory of categorical and dimensional accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Fujimura
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Okanoya Emotional Information Project, Saitama, Japan
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