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Positive valence systems in youth anxiety development: A scoping review. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 89:102588. [PMID: 35691120 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on pathophysiological mechanisms supporting anxiety development in youth has traditionally focused on the role of threat systems. However, emerging research suggests that the positive valence system (PVS) may also play a strong and unique role in the development and maintenance of anxiety during childhood and adolescence. To better understand the connection between the PVS and anxiety, this scoping review describes current research spanning multiple units of analysis (i.e., self-report, behavior, neural circuits) linking child and adolescent anxiety and risk for anxiety to various PVS constructs (i.e., positive affect, reward responsiveness, reward learning and decision-making). After screening, 78 peer-reviewed articles and dissertations published between 1998 and May 2021 were included in a qualitative review. Though some consistencies in the literature were found, such as high neural reactivity to incentive anticipation in youth at temperamental risk for social anxiety and blunted positive affect in youth with social anxiety disorder, the literature is largely inconsistent. Inconsistencies could be related to the small number of similar studies, small and homogenous study samples, and variability in methodologies employed in this research. It cannot be confirmed whether findings linking PVS constructs to anxiety are unique to anxiety symptoms or better accounted for by co-occurring depressive symptoms. This review concludes with recommendations for robust future research in this area.
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Norris LA, Rabner JC, Mennies RJ, Olino TM, Kendall PC. Increased self-reported reward responsiveness predicts better response to cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with anxiety. J Anxiety Disord 2021; 80:102402. [PMID: 33894552 PMCID: PMC8141042 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Few consistent predictors of differential cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) outcome for anxious youth have been identified, although emerging literature points to youth reward responsiveness as a potential predictor. In a sample of youth ages 7-17 with a primary anxiety disorder (N = 136; Mage = 12.18 years, SDage = 3.12; 70 females; Caucasian n = 108, Black n = 12, Asian n = 4, Hispanic n = 5, other n = 7), the current study examined whether youth reward responsiveness assessed via the Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation System Scales for children, reward responsiveness subscale, predicted post-treatment (a) anxiety symptom severity, (b) depressive symptom severity, (c) functioning, (d) responder status and (e) number of homework/exposure tasks completed following 16-weeks of CBT, controlling for pre-treatment age, sex, anxiety/depressive symptom severity, and functioning. Moderation analyses examined whether relationships differed by age. Increased reward responsiveness was associated with lower anxiety and depressive symptom severity, higher functioning, and increased likelihood of being a responder, but not homework or exposure completion. Moderation analyses showed that younger, but not older, youth who were more reward responsive completed more exposures. Findings indicate that increased reward responsiveness is a predictor of better CBT outcomes for anxious youth, particularly functional outcomes, and that reward responsiveness may play a different role in exposure completion across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Norris
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | | | | | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
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Adolescents’ behavior problems based on combination of motivational system and perceived maternal parenting: A person-centered approach by gender. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Heffer T, Lundale C, Wylie BE, Willoughby T. Investigating sensitivity to threat with the Behavioral Inhibition Scale (BIS) among children, adolescents and university students: The role of negatively-phrased questions. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The mediator role of BIS/BAS Systems in the Relationship between psychological symptoms and borderline personality features: Conformation from a non-Western sample. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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BİLGE Y. Davranışsal İnhibisyon Sistemi ve Davranışsal Aktivasyon Sistemi Ölçeğinin Türk Toplum Örnekleminde Psikometrik Özellikleri. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2020. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.785113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Toro R, García-García J, Zaldívar-Basurto F. Factorial Structure and Invariance Analysis of the BIS–BAS Scale, IPIP-R Version. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-020-00345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Longitudinal predictions between temperamental sensitivities and achievement goal orientations in the early school years. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10212-019-00432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vervoort L, De Caluwé E, Vandeweghe L, De Decker A, Wante L, Van Beveren ML, Goossens L, Verbeken S, Sioen I, Michels N, Braet C. Parent-Reported BIS/BAS Scales for Children: Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Age and Gender. Assessment 2017; 26:1282-1295. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117739017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System (BIS/BAS) scales parent-report in children and adolescents ( N = 1,444, 58% girls) across age (Group 1, 2-5 years; Group 2, 6-9 years; Group 3, 10-13 years; Group 4, 14-18 years old) and gender. The results consistently underscored a four-factor structure, resembling the original factor structure, with one BIS-factor and three BAS-factors. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis showed full measurement invariance across gender as well as across Group 1 and 2, and Group 2 and 3. Strong measurement invariance was found across Group 3 and 4, Group 1 and 3, and Group 2 and 4. Configural and metric invariance was found across Group 1 and 4. Hence, mean-level BIS/BAS scores can be compared across gender and age although comparison between preschool children (Group 1) and late secondary school children (Group 4) should be done with caution.
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BIS/BAS Scale in Primary School Children: Parent-Child Agreement and Longitudinal Stability. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study provided psychometric information on the parent and child version of the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)/Behavioural Approach System (BAS) scale. Parent-child agreement was evaluated (N = 217, 7.5 to 14 years, 50% boys). Moreover, absolute and rank order stability of mother-reported BIS/BAS scores over a 2-year period were assessed (N = 207, 5.5 to 11 years at baseline, 49% boys). Only full measurement invariant (sub-)scales were considered in the parent-child agreement and longitudinal stability assessment. Parent and child ratings were found to be measurement invariant but discrepant on BAS Drive and BAS Reward Responsiveness. In younger children, child ratings on BAS Drive tended to be higher than parent ratings, whereas in older children, child ratings tended to be lower than parent ratings. Further, the discrepancy between the BAS Drive ratings of fathers and children was higher than the discrepancy between the BAS Drive ratings of mothers and children. Finally, the study results suggested 2-year absolute and rank order stability of the measurement-invariant, mother-reported BIS and BAS Drive scores in children aged 5.5 to 11 years at baseline.
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Luking KR, Neiman JS, Luby JL, Barch DM. Reduced Hedonic Capacity/Approach Motivation Relates to Blunted Responsivity to Gain and Loss Feedback in Children. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2017; 46:450-462. [PMID: 25749348 PMCID: PMC4561215 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1012721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents and adults with major depressive disorder or elevated depressive symptoms show reduced reward responses and tend to show enhanced responses to negative stimuli. However, reward-related behaviors and adaptive responses to negative feedback undergo dramatic changes across puberty. Thus, key questions remain regarding how altered incentive processing relates to depressive and anhedonic symptoms in prepubertal child populations. Twenty-four nonclinical prepubertal children 7-10 years of age (15 male; 16 Caucasian) completed two signal detection tasks that assessed behavioral responsivity to candy gain and loss feedback, respectively. These tasks were based on Pizzagalli's probabilistic reward task where asymmetric feedback leads to greater bias toward the more frequently rewarded response in more hedonic or nondepressed adults. We further modified the task to create a version where incorrect responses could result in losses from an original allotment of candy. Children and parents/guardians also completed individual difference questionnaires to assess the child's depressive symptoms, general affect, and hedonic capacity/approach motivation. Regressions indicated a relation between hedonic capacity/approach motivation (child self-report) and response bias in both gain and loss tasks. No significant relations were observed between depressive (child self-report), internalizing (parent report), or externalizing symptoms (parent report) and bias in either the gain or loss task in this small sample. These results suggest that reduced hedonic capacity/approach motivation is associated with blunted responses to both gain and loss feedback in prepubertal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Luking
- a Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences , Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jamie S Neiman
- b Department of Psychology , Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Joan L Luby
- c Department of Psychiatry , Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Deanna M Barch
- d Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Radiology , Washington University in St. Louis
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Begnoche JP, Brooker RJ, Vess M. EEG Asymmetry and ERN: Behavioral Outcomes in Preschoolers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155713. [PMID: 27223612 PMCID: PMC4880182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has documented reciprocal influences between approach-related and inhibition-related neural activity in adults. However, associations between neural systems of approach and inhibition have not been tested in children. It is thus unclear whether these links are present early in life and whether associations between neural systems of approach and inhibition have long-term behavioral consequences. To address these gaps in the literature, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to examine associations between approach-related neural activity (i.e., hemispheric asymmetry) and inhibition-related neural activity (i.e., error-related negativity [ERN]) in preschool-aged children. Furthermore, we explored whether interactions between asymmetry and ERN predicted social inhibition, a precursor to anxiety problems, or symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) six months later. Similar to research on adults, greater left asymmetry (i.e., greater approach-related neural activity) was correlated with reduced ERN amplitude (i.e., weaker inhibition-related neural activity). The interactive effect of asymmetry and ERN amplitude did not predict ADHD symptoms, but did predict social inhibition. When ERN was greater, less left asymmetry was associated with higher levels of social inhibition. Results were most prominent at parietal EEG sites. Implications for understanding the development of the overlap in neural systems of approach and inhibition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Patrick Begnoche
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Brooker
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Matthew Vess
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
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Study on the Difference of BIS/BAS Scale between Sasang Types. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:805819. [PMID: 26681971 PMCID: PMC4670655 DOI: 10.1155/2015/805819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in temperament between So-Yang (SY) and So-Eum (SE) Sasang types using Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scale to elucidate the biopsychological mechanism underlying the Sasang typology, a traditional Korean personalized medicine. Methods. 248 university students were categorized into three Sasang types, and series of t-tests were conducted, separately for male and female participants, to examine the difference of Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), Behavioral Activation System (BAS), BAS-Drive (BAS-D), BAS-Fun Seeking (BAS-FS), and BAS-Reward Responsiveness (BAS-RR) scores between SY and SE Sasang types. Results. There were significant differences between Sasang types in the BIS/BAS subscales with consideration of gender. In male participants, BAS-total score of SY type (39.75 ± 4.56) was significantly (t = 2.462, p = 0.016) higher than that of SE type (36.68 ± 4.97). On the other hand, in female participants, BIS score of SY type (20.10 ± 4.01) was significantly (t = -2.097, p = 0.039) lower than that of SE type (21.83 ± 3.91). Discussion. The current study suggested relationship between Sasang typology and Behavior Inhibition and Activation Systems and showed significant differences in BIS/BAS scale between SY and SE Sasang types. Further studies on biological base of Sasang typology are needed.
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Li Y, Xu Y, Chen Z. Effects of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), behavioral activation system (BAS), and emotion regulation on depression: A one-year follow-up study in Chinese adolescents. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:287-93. [PMID: 26386601 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a worldwide mental health problem among adolescents. The current study aimed to examine the roles of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), behavioral activation system (BAS), and emotion regulation on adolescent depression. A total of 330 Chinese adolescents were recruited to complete initial assessments of BIS/BAS, emotion regulation, and depression, with a follow-up after one year. Depression on these two occasions was positively correlated with gender, age, initial scores of BIS/BAS activity, and with Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire scores for self-blame, rumination, putting into perspective, catastrophizing, and blaming others, and negatively correlated with initial positive reappraisal scores. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that higher BIS activity, catastrophizing, rumination, and lower positive reappraisal predicted depression after one year. However, after controlling for initial depression, these variables were indirectly related to subsequent depression. Implications are discussed for assessments of depression and interventions targeted at the BIS, BAS, and emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhang Li
- Sichuan Institute of Applied Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Yun Xu
- Sichuan Institute of Applied Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zi Chen
- Sichuan Institute of Applied Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Vervoort L, Vandeweghe L, Vandewalle J, Van Durme K, Vandevivere E, Wante L, McIntosh K, Verbeken S, Moens E, Goossens L, Braet C. Measuring Punishment and Reward Sensitivity in children and adolescents with a parent-report version of the Bis/Bas-scales. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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