1
|
Branco D, Gonçalves ÓF, Badia SBI. A Systematic Review of International Affective Picture System (IAPS) around the World. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3866. [PMID: 37112214 PMCID: PMC10143386 DOI: 10.3390/s23083866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Standardized Emotion Elicitation Databases (SEEDs) allow studying emotions in laboratory settings by replicating real-life emotions in a controlled environment. The International Affective Pictures System (IAPS), containing 1182 coloured images as stimuli, is arguably the most popular SEED. Since its introduction, multiple countries and cultures have validated this SEED, making its adoption on the study of emotion a worldwide success. For this review, 69 studies were included. Results focus on the discussion of validation processes by combining self-report and physiological data (Skin Conductance Level, Heart Rate Variability and Electroencephalography) and self-report only. Cross-age, cross-cultural and sex differences are discussed. Overall, IAPS is a robust instrument for emotion elicitation around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Branco
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering (FCEE) & Madeira N-LINCS, University of Madeira, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento de Investigação, Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Óscar F. Gonçalves
- Proaction Laboratory, CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Colégio de Jesus, University of Coimbra, R. Inácio Duarte 65, 3000-481 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sergi Bermúdez i Badia
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering (FCEE) & Madeira N-LINCS, University of Madeira, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento de Investigação, Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghanbari Z, Nami M, Choobineh A, Zakerian SA, Gharagozlou F, Kamali AM, Kazemiha M. The potential impact of emotionally loaded stimuli on over/under-estimating neutral situations among power plant control-room operators. Work 2023; 76:1385-1394. [PMID: 37393464 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human emotions vary on a contextual basis. The significance of emotions becomes even more salient in Control Room Operators (CROs) in power plants. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of emotionally loaded pictures on over/underestimating neutral situations. METHODS Twenty CROs voluntarily enrolled in the present study. Twenty-one blocks were considered, including ten emotionally loaded and 11 neutral blocks. The stimuli were alternatively submitted to subjects in random order. Each block comprised 13 images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), which were shown for 5 seconds. Subjects were required to complete the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) after exposure to the first and the last neutral blocks, which were identical. RESULTS Our analyses showed significant differences between IAPS arousal and SAM1 and SAM2 arousal ratings (p SAM1&IAPS = 0.00, p SAM2&IAPS = 0.02). There was no significant relationship between the first and the second arousals, and emotionally loaded images corresponded to no significant difference in terms of valence. CONCLUSION The findings suggested that the participants overestimated neutral situations compared with IAPS only in arousal level. Furthermore, CROs can still retain their ability to assess neutral situations in the case of viewing emotional stimuli, especially in valence level, at least half an hour after the first rating. A study design with pure negative/positive and high arousal levels may still provide even more significant results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghanbari
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nami
- Neuroscience Laboratory, NSL (Brain, Cognition and Behavior), Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Iranian Neuroscience Society-Fars Chapter, DANA Brain Health Institute, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Social Sciences, Cognitive Neuropsychology Unit, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, UAE
- Harvard Alumni in Healthcare, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Brain, Cognition, and Behavior Unit, BrainHub Academy, Dubai, UAE
| | - Alireza Choobineh
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Abolfazl Zakerian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Gharagozlou
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali-Mohammad Kamali
- Neuroscience Laboratory, NSL (Brain, Cognition and Behavior), Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Iranian Neuroscience Society-Fars Chapter, DANA Brain Health Institute, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Kazemiha
- Neuroscience Laboratory, NSL (Brain, Cognition and Behavior), Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Iranian Neuroscience Society-Fars Chapter, DANA Brain Health Institute, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Positive cognitive reappraisal is beneficial for women’s but not for men’s IGT decision-making. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
4
|
Kim J, Bae E, Kim Y, Lim CY, Hur JW, Kwon JS, Lee SH. A robust multivariate structure of interindividual covariation between psychosocial characteristics and arousal responses to visual narratives. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263817. [PMID: 35171958 PMCID: PMC8849484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
People experience the same event but do not feel the same way. Such individual differences in emotion response are believed to be far greater than those in any other mental functions. Thus, to understand what makes people individuals, it is important to identify the systematic structures of individual differences in emotion response and elucidate how such structures relate to what aspects of psychological characteristics. Reflecting this importance, many studies have attempted to relate emotions to psychological characteristics such as personality traits, psychosocial states, and pathological symptoms across individuals. However, systematic and global structures that govern the across-individual covariation between the domain of emotion responses and that of psychological characteristics have been rarely explored previously, which limits our understanding of the relationship between individual differences in emotion response and psychological characteristics. To overcome this limitation, we acquired high-dimensional data sets in both emotion-response (8 measures) and psychological-characteristic (68 measures) domains from the same pool of individuals (86 undergraduate or graduate students) and carried out the canonical correlation analysis in conjunction with the principal component analysis on those data sets. For each participant, the emotion-response measures were quantified by regressing affective-rating responses to visual narrative stimuli onto the across-participant average responses to those stimuli, while the psychological-characteristic measures were acquired from 19 different psychometric questionnaires grounded in personality, psychosocial-factor, and clinical-problem taxonomies. We found a single robust mode of population covariation, particularly between the ’accuracy’ and ’sensitivity’ measures of arousal responses in the emotion domain and many ‘psychosocial’ measures in the psychological-characteristics domain. This mode of covariation suggests that individuals characterized with positive social assets tend to show polarized arousal responses to life events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseong Bae
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Yeonhwa Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Young Lim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Hur
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Robinson MD, Klein RJ, Irvin RL. Sex differences in threat sensitivity: Evidence from two experimental paradigms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
6
|
Jeon HG, Kim C, Lee J, Lee KC. Understanding E-Commerce Consumers' Repeat Purchase Intention: The Role of Trust Transfer and the Moderating Effect of Neuroticism. Front Psychol 2021; 12:690039. [PMID: 34140923 PMCID: PMC8203814 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.690039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dominant position of e-commerce is especially being articulated in the retailing industry once again due to several constraints that the world faces in the COVID-19 pandemic era. In this regard, this study explores the significant role of trust transfer (from offline to online) and the moderating effect of consumers’ neurotic traits in the framework of trust-satisfaction-repurchase intention in the e-commerce context based on a survey with 406 Korean e-commerce consumers. Moreover, a prediction-oriented segmentation (POS) technique combined with structural equation models (SEM) was utilized to reveal consumers’ probable hidden heterogeneous characteristics. The outcomes of the global model SEM analysis indicate that offline-online trust transference occurs in e-commerce, and the conveyed trust significantly influences satisfaction and consumers’ repeat purchase intention through satisfaction. Neuroticism also has significant positive effects on trust transfer in the global model. However, results in three subgroups generated by POS show heterogeneous characteristics that considerably differed from the global model test results. The implications from this study will be beneficial to field practitioners in the e-commerce industry in addressing the importance of trust transfer, negative neurotic traits as well as heterogeneous aspects of consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Gyu Jeon
- SKK Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheong Kim
- SKK Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Economics Department, Airports Council International World, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- SKK Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kun Chang Lee
- SKK Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Be aware, make it clear, and take the Lead: emotion regulation difficulties and emotional intelligence as moderators of cognitive reappraisal. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTwo research traditions explain the way we deal with emotional situations: emotional intelligence (EI) and emotion regulation (ER). EI refers to the individual differences in the knowledge, identification, and regulation of emotions. ER describes processes in which emotions are experienced, expressed, and altered. Our study examined the EI-ER link and their moderating role on affective responses. We used self-report questionnaires and a cognitive reappraisal (CR) task, in which subjective affective responses were registered. We found that higher levels of ER difficulties correlated with lower EI. Gender had an overall impact on affective changes, indicating a more unpleasant and more arousing affective state for women compared with men. Regarding the moderating role of EI and ER difficulties, the ability to utilize emotions (Utilization) decreased the valence into a more unpleasant direction, similar to the effect of the inability to identify and differentiate emotions (Clarity). A weak control over emotions (Impulse), however, increased the valence into a more pleasant direction. The lack of attention to emotional signals (Awareness) marginally decreased the initial intensity (i.e., lower level of arousal). We demonstrated that EI and ER have distinctive routes and a different influence on the affective outcome defined by valence and arousal ratings: (1) EI has an impact through the utilization of emotions mainly on the valence dimension; and (2) individual differences in ER have a moderating effect on both valence and arousal dimensions. This study provided evidence on how individual differences contribute to a successful ER process when using a CR strategy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Braithwaite JJ, Watson DG, Dewe H. The Body-Threat Assessment Battery (BTAB): A new instrument for the quantification of threat-related autonomic affective responses induced via dynamic movie clips. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 155:16-31. [PMID: 32387395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We present a new instrument for the assessment of responses to threat-related imagery directed towards a human body - the Body-Threat Assessment Battery (BTAB). The BTAB consists of a series of high-definition dynamic clips depicting body-threats and matched non-threat baseline behaviours. For body-threat stimuli a perspective manipulation was included to assess the effects of viewing threats from the point-of-view of the observer (POV) or from an external/exocentric perspective (EXO). Green-screen technology was used so that extraneous background information could be removed and standardised in post-production. Categorical normative data for psychological ratings (valence, arousal and pain), psychophysiological, phasic skin conductance responses (SCRs) and tonic skin conductance levels (SCLs) were obtained for all stimuli. Body-threat stimuli evoked significantly higher psychological ratings of arousal and pain, with more negative ratings of valence, relative to baseline stimuli. In addition, threat stimuli also had an increased efficacy at evoking SCRs, and these were significantly stronger relative to baseline stimuli. There were no effects of perspective on psychophysiological or psychological responses to threat imagery. The findings are discussed in the context of the utility and scope of the BTAB for supporting neurocognitive investigations of aversive imagery and body-threats specifically in the study of embodiment, body-processing and self-consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hayley Dewe
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nakakoga S, Higashi H, Muramatsu J, Nakauchi S, Minami T. Asymmetrical characteristics of emotional responses to pictures and sounds: Evidence from pupillometry. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230775. [PMID: 32251474 PMCID: PMC7135059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily life, our emotions are often elicited by a multimodal environment, mainly visual and auditory stimuli. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the symmetrical characteristics of emotional responses to pictures and sounds. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the relationship of attentional states to emotional unimodal stimuli (pictures or sounds) and emotional responses by measuring the pupil diameter, which reflects the emotional arousal associated with increased sympathetic activity. Our hypothesis was that the emotional responses to both the image and sound stimuli are symmetrical: emotion might be suppressed when attentional resources are allocated to another stimulus of the same modality as the emotional stimulus-such as a dot presented at the same time as an emotional image, and a beep sound presented at the same time as an emotional sound. In our two experiments, data for 24 participants were analyzed for a pupillary response. In experiment 1, we investigated the relationship of the attentional state with emotional visual stimuli (International Affective Picture System) and emotional responses by using pupillometry. We set four task conditions to modulate the attentional state (emotional task, no task, visual detection task, and auditory detection task). We observed that the velocity of pupillary dilation was faster during the presentation of emotionally arousing pictures compared to that of neutral ones, regardless of the valence of the pictures. Importantly, this effect was not dependent on the task condition. In experiment 2, we investigated the relationship of the attentional state with emotional auditory sounds (International Affective Digitized Sounds) and emotional responses. We observed a trend towards a significant interaction between the stimulus and the task conditions with regard to the velocity of pupillary dilation. In the emotional and auditory detection tasks, the velocity of pupillary dilation was faster with positive and neutral sounds than negative sounds. However, there were no significant differences between the no task and visual detection task conditions. Taken together, the current data reveal that different pupillary responses were elicited to emotional visual and auditory stimuli, at least in the point that there is no attentional effect to emotional responses to visual stimuli, despite both experiments being sufficiently controlled to be of symmetrical experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakakoga
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi Japan
| | - Hiroshi Higashi
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Muramatsu
- Electronics Control System Development Div, Body Electronics System Development Dept, TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakauchi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi Japan
| | - Tetsuto Minami
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi Japan
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Jia Y, Shao X, Wang C, Wang W. Pure Emotion-loaded Materials in the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS): A Study on Intensity Ratings in Chinese University Students. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573400515666190822110933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Materials loaded with pure emotion are essential for basic and clinical research
on sounds. The International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS) is one of the widely-used
emotional tools, but its materials are not clearly labeled with specific emotions. We have hypothesized
that the IADS contains pure vectors of at least disgust, erotica (or erotism), fear, happiness,
sadness and neutral emotions.
Methods:
We therefore selected 48 IADS sounds with saturate emotions, and invited 271 male and
353 female university students to rate the intensity of the emotions conveyed in each sound. The
ratings were then analyzed with the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.
Results:
Five factors were observed, namely: erotica, fear-sadness, happiness, neutrality, and disgust.
Later, as two facets, sounds of fear-sadness were separated. Thirty sounds under six facets
were finally retained with good model-fit indices and satisfactory factor internal reliabilities.
Moreover, males scored significantly higher on erotica than females did.
Conclusion:
Our study purified a series of emotion-loaded IADS sounds, which might help clarify
the pure effects of sound emotion in future research and clinical management of affective disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Jia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Shao
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chu Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Magalhães SDS, Miranda DK, de Miranda DM, Malloy-Diniz LF, Romano-Silva MA. The Extreme Climate Event Database (EXCEED): Development of a picture database composed of drought and flood stimuli. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204093. [PMID: 30235273 PMCID: PMC6147476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study introduces the Extreme Climate Event Database (EXCEED), a picture database intended to induce emotionally salient stimuli reactions in the context of natural hazards associated with global climate change and related extreme events. The creation of the database was motivated by the need to better understand the impact that the increase in natural disasters worldwide has on human emotional reactions. This new database consists of 150 pictures divided into three categories: two negative categories that depict images of floods and droughts, and a neutral category composed of inanimate objects. Affective ratings were obtained using online survey software from 50 healthy Brazilian volunteers who rated the pictures according to valence and arousal, which are two fundamental dimensions used to describe emotional experiences. Valence refers to the appraisal of pleasantness conveyed by a stimulus, and arousal involves internal emotional activation induced by a stimulus. Data from picture rating, sex difference in affective ratings and psychometric properties of the database are presented here. Together, the data validate the use of EXCEED in research related to natural hazards and human reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina de Sousa Magalhães
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Kraiser Miranda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Débora Marques de Miranda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aluja A, Balada F, Blanco E, Lucas I, Blanch A. Startle reflex modulation by affective face “Emoji” pictographs. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:15-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-0991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|