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Hoyle RH, Lynam DR, Miller JD, Pek J. The Questionable Practice of Partialing to Refine Scores on and Inferences About Measures of Psychological Constructs. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2023; 19:155-176. [PMID: 36750263 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071720-015436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Partialing is a statistical approach researchers use with the goal of removing extraneous variance from a variable before examining its association with other variables. Controlling for confounds through analysis of covariance or multiple regression analysis and residualizing variables for use in subsequent analyses are common approaches to partialing in clinical research. Despite its intuitive appeal, partialing is fraught with undesirable consequences when predictors are correlated. After describing effects of partialing on variables, we review analytic approaches commonly used in clinical research to make inferences about the nature and effects of partialed variables. We then use two simulations to show how partialing can distort variables and their relations with other variables. Having concluded that, with rare exception, partialing is ill-advised, we offer recommendations for reducing or eliminating problematic uses of partialing. We conclude that the best alternative to partialing is to define and measure constructs so that it is not needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick H Hoyle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jolynn Pek
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Turi A, Rebeleș MR, Visu-Petra L. The tangled webs they weave: A scoping review of deception detection and production in relation to Dark Triad traits. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 226:103574. [PMID: 35367639 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
People deceive for different reasons, from avoiding interpersonal conflicts to preserving, protecting, and nurturing interpersonal relationships, and to obtaining social status and power. A growing body of research highlights the role of personality in both deception detection and production, with a particular focus on high Dark Triad (DT) traits (Narcissism, Machiavellianism and Psychopathy), for their shared tendency to engage in unethical self-benefitting behaviors, despite negative consequences for others. The main goal of the current scoping review was to bring together the studies investigating self-reported and performance-based deception production and detection performances, as presented in individuals characterized by high DT traits and point out the possible contribution of DT to deception research. To do so, we identified the relevant studies documenting the similarities and discrepancies between the three personality traits and presented their results, based on the procedure used for deception assessment: subjective or objective measurements for production / detection. Then, we discussed possible explanatory mechanisms for inter-individual differences in lie detection / production and argue for the contribution of DT to deception research beyond the typical personality models, particularly for the antisocial character of deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Turi
- Research in Individual Differences and Legal Psychology (RIDDLE) Lab, Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Gherla Penitentiary, Andrei Mureșanu, 4, 405300, Gherla, Romania
| | - Mădălina-Raluca Rebeleș
- Research in Individual Differences and Legal Psychology (RIDDLE) Lab, Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Visu-Petra
- Research in Individual Differences and Legal Psychology (RIDDLE) Lab, Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Bogaard G, Meijer EH. No evidence that instructions to ignore nonverbal cues improve deception detection accuracy. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Maastricht University, Department of Clinical Psychological Science Section Forensic Psychology The Netherlands
| | - Ewout H. Meijer
- Maastricht University, Department of Clinical Psychological Science Section Forensic Psychology The Netherlands
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Giacomin M, Brinton C, Rule NO. Narcissistic individuals exhibit poor recognition memory. J Pers 2021; 90:675-689. [PMID: 34797571 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we examine face memory among individuals who are self-focused and care little about others' needs: grandiose narcissists. Given narcissistic individuals' excessive self-focus and tendency to disregard the needs of others, they may struggle to recognize faces and their surrounding environment. Indeed, narcissistic individuals demonstrated worse recognition memory than non-narcissistic individuals in recognition memory tests for faces (Studies 1 [N = 332] and 2 [N = 261]). This difference also occurred for nonsocial stimuli (i.e., objects, houses, cars), suggesting a broad recognition deficit (Study 3A [N = 178], 3B [N = 203], 3C [N = 274]). Narcissistic individuals' excessive self-focus predicted this memory deficit (Study 4 [N = 187]). Grandiose narcissism may therefore influence visual recognition memory, highlighting the potential for future research linking personality and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Giacomin
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Schindler S, Wagner LK, Reinhard M, Ruhara N, Pfattheicher S, Nitschke J. Are criminals better lie detectors? Investigating offenders' abilities in the context of deception detection. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schindler
- Department of Psychology University of Kassel Kassel Germany
| | - Laura K. Wagner
- Department of Psychology University of Kassel Kassel Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Pfattheicher
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
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van Roeyen I, Riem MME, Toncic M, Vingerhoets AJJM. The Damaging Effects of Perceived Crocodile Tears for a Crier's Image. Front Psychol 2020; 11:172. [PMID: 32132947 PMCID: PMC7040244 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional tears are uniquely human and play an essential role in the communication of distress in adults. Several studies have shown that individuals are more willing to offer emotional support and help a person in tears. Preliminary evidence suggests that this greater willingness to provide support is mediated via perceived warmth and helplessness. Moreover, tearful individuals are regarded as more reliable and honest. In the current study, we examined whether people can reliably distinguish genuine and fake crying, and what the consequences for the further evaluation of the crier are. A total of 202 participants (73 men, 129 women) were exposed to brief movie clips of genuine and fake crying adults and were asked to assess the criers. Results show that women were slightly better at identifying fake and genuine crying. How the crying was perceived subsequently seemed to have a strong influence on the further evaluation of the "crier." Criers qualified as pretenders were perceived as significantly more manipulative, less reliable, less warm, and less competent. Further, the respondents felt less connected with the perceived pretenders, who also were less welcomed as friends, colleagues, neighbors, and babysitter. They were additionally qualified as significantly less fit for "reliable" professions (judge, teacher, police officer, scientist, and physician). In contrast, the ratings of their fitness for "unreliable" professions (banker, CEO, journalist, real estate salesman, and politician) yielded a significant difference in only one video clip (and contrary to expectations). Our findings thus indicate that the subjective labeling of crying as fake is associated with a significantly less positive perception of the "crying" person, regardless of whether the crying is actually fake or genuine. The qualification of tears as crocodile tears thus seems to affect the crier's image strongly negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge van Roeyen
- Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic Disorders, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Madelon M E Riem
- Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic Disorders, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.,Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marko Toncic
- Department of Psychology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ad J J M Vingerhoets
- Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic Disorders, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Wissing BG, Reinhard MA. The Dark Triad and Deception Perceptions. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1811. [PMID: 31456714 PMCID: PMC6700213 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present cross-sectional study (N = 205) tested the hypothesis that the Dark Triad traits – narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy – and the PID-5 maladaptive personality traits – Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism – are associated with specific deception-related perceptions: perceived cue-based deception detectability, perceived deception production ability, and perceived deception detection ability. Participants completed personality and deception measures in an online setting. All three Dark Triad traits and Antagonism were associated with perceived deception production ability, but not (substantially) with perceived deception detection ability and cue-based deception detectability. The results provide a more fine-grained picture of biases associated with the Dark Triad traits in the context of deception and further support the relevance of Antagonism and Detachment as deception-relevant personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc-André Reinhard
- Department of Psychology, Social Psychology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Shiramizu VKM, Kozma L, DeBruine LM, Jones BC. Are dark triad cues really visible in faces? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Giacomin M. Using social cognition to understand people's grandiose narcissism. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stewart SLK, Wright C, Atherton C. Deception Detection and Truth Detection Are Dependent on Different Cognitive and Emotional Traits: An Investigation of Emotional Intelligence, Theory of Mind, and Attention. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 45:794-807. [PMID: 30264653 DOI: 10.1177/0146167218796795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence that variation exists between individuals in high-stakes truth and deception detection accuracy rates, little work has investigated what differences in individuals' cognitive and emotional abilities contribute to this variation. Our study addressed this question by examining the role played by cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM), emotional intelligence (EI), and various aspects of attention (alerting, orienting, executive control) in explaining variation in accuracy rates among 115 individuals (87 women; mean age = 27.04 years [ SD = 11.32]) who responded to video clips of truth-tellers and liars in real-world, high-stakes contexts. Faster attentional alerting supported truth detection, and better cognitive ToM and perception of emotion (an aspect of EI) supported deception detection. This evidence indicates that truth and deception detection are distinct constructs supported by different abilities. Future research may address whether interventions targeting these cognitive and emotional traits can also contribute to improving detection skill.
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Wissing BG, Reinhard MA. The Dark Triad and the PID-5 Maladaptive Personality Traits: Accuracy, Confidence and Response Bias in Judgments of Veracity. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1549. [PMID: 28983264 PMCID: PMC5613765 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dark Triad traits—narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy—have been found to be associated with intra- or interpersonal deception production frequency. This cross-sectional study (N = 207) investigated if the Dark Triad traits are also associated with deception detection accuracy, as implicated by the recent conception of a deception-general ability. To investigate associations between maladaptive personality space and deception, the PID-5 maladaptive personality traits were included to investigate if besides Machiavellianism, Detachment is negatively associated with response bias. Finally, associations between the Dark Triad traits, Antagonism, Negative Affectivity and confidence judgments were investigated. Participants watched videos of lying vs. truth-telling senders and judged the truthfulness of the statements. None of the Dark Triad traits was found to be associated with the ability to detect deception. Detachment was negatively associated with response bias. Psychopathy was associated with global confidence judgments. The results provide additional support that dark and maladaptive personality traits are associated with judgmental biases but not with accuracy in deception detection. The internal consistencies of 4 of the 8 subscales of the used personality short scales were only low and nearly sufficient (αs =0.65–0.69).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno G Wissing
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, University of KasselKassel, Germany
| | - Marc-André Reinhard
- Department of Psychology, Social Psychology, University of KasselKassel, Germany
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