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Blötner C, Beisemann M. The Dark Triad is dead, long live the Dark Triad: An item-response theoretical examination of the Short Dark Tetrad. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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2
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Seeking important people and taking revenge: network and IRT analysis of the Short Dark Triad (SD3). CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Torres-Marín J, Navarro-Carrillo G, Carretero-Dios H. Differentiating the traits of the Dark Tetrad in their linkages with humor styles, dispositions toward ridicule and laughter, and comic styles. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Plouffe RA, Kowalski CM, Tremblay PF, Saklofske DH, Rogoza R, Di Pierro R, Chahine S. Gender Differences or Gender Bias? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Sadism, defined by the infliction of pain and suffering on others for pleasure or subjugation, has recently garnered substantial attention in the psychological research literature. The Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP) was developed to measure levels of everyday sadism and has been shown to possess excellent reliability and validity using classical test theory methods. However, it is not known how well ASP items discriminate between respondents of different trait levels, or which Likert categories are endorsed by persons of various trait levels. Additionally, individual items should be evaluated to ensure that men and women of similar levels of sadism have an equal probability of response endorsement. The purpose of this research was to apply item response theory (IRT) and differential item functioning (DIF) to investigate item properties of the ASP across its three translations: English, Polish, and Italian. Overall, the results of the IRT analysis showed that with the exception of Item 9, the ASP demonstrated sound item properties. The DIF rate analyses identified two items from each questionnaire that were of practical significance across gender. Implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Plouffe
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- The MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Paul F. Tremblay
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Radosław Rogoza
- Department of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Saad Chahine
- Faculty of Education, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Grigoraș M, Butucescu A, Miulescu A, Opariuc-Dan C, Iliescu D. The Measurement Invariance of the Short Dark Triad. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Given the fact that most of the dark personality measures are developed based on data collected in low-stake settings, the present study addresses the appropriateness of their use in high-stake contexts. Specifically, we examined item- and scale-level differential functioning of the Short Dark Triad (SD3; Paulhus & Jones, 2011 ) measure across testing contexts. The Short Dark Triad was administered to applicant ( N = 457) and non-applicant ( N = 592) samples. Item- and scale-level invariances were tested using an Item Response Theory (IRT)-based approach and a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach, respectively. Results show that more than half of the SD3 items were flagged for Differential Item Functioning (DIF), and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) results supported configural, but not metric invariance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cristian Opariuc-Dan
- Department of Administration Science, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Romania
| | - Dragoș Iliescu
- Department of Psychology, University of Bucharest, Romania
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Individuals with dark traits have the ability but not the disposition to empathize. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Garcia D, Rosenberg P, Nima AA, Granjard A, Cloninger KM, Sikström S. Validation of Two Short Personality Inventories Using Self-Descriptions in Natural Language and Quantitative Semantics Test Theory. Front Psychol 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 32140118 PMCID: PMC7043268 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background If individual differences are relevant and prominent features of personality, then they are expected to be encoded in natural language, thus manifesting themselves in single words. Recently, the quantification of text data using advanced natural language processing techniques offers innovative opportunities to map people’s own words and narratives to their responses to self-reports. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of self-descriptions in natural language and what we tentatively call Quantitative Semantic Test Theory (QuSTT) to validate two short inventories that measure character traits. Method In Study 1, participants (N1 = 997) responded to the Short Character Inventory, which measures self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence. In Study 2, participants (N2 = 2373) responded to Short Dark Triad, which measures Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. In both studies, respondents were asked to generate 10 self-descriptive words. We used the Latent Semantic Algorithm to quantify the meaning of each trait using the participants’ self-descriptive words. We then used these semantic representations to predict the self-reported scores. In a second set of analyses, we used word-frequency analyses to map the self-descriptive words to each of the participants’ trait scores (i.e., one-dimensional analysis) and character profiles (i.e., three-dimensional analysis). Results The semantic representation of each character trait was related to each corresponding self-reported score. However, participants’ self-transcendence and Machiavellianism scores demonstrated similar relationships to all three semantic representations of the character traits in their respective personality model. The one-dimensional analyses showed that, for example, “loving” was indicative of both high cooperativeness and self-transcendence, while “compassionate,” “kind,” and “caring” was unique for individuals high in cooperativeness. The words “kind” and “caring” indicated low levels of Machiavellianism and psychopathy, whereas “shy” or “introvert” indicated low narcissism. We also found specific keywords that unify or that make the individuals in some profiles unique. Conclusion Despite being short, both inventories capture individuals’ identity as expected. Nevertheless, our method also points out some shortcomings and overlaps between traits measured with these inventories. We suggest that self-descriptive words can be quantified to validate measures of psychological constructs (e.g., prevalence in self-descriptions or QuSTT) and that this method may complement traditional methods for testing the validity of psychological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Blekinge Center of Competence, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Behavioral Science and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Ali Al Nima
- Blekinge Center of Competence, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Granjard
- Blekinge Center of Competence, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kevin M Cloninger
- Blekinge Center of Competence, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Anthropedia Foundation, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Kowalski CM, Di Pierro R, Plouffe RA, Rogoza R, Saklofske DH. Enthusiastic Acts of Evil: The Assessment of Sadistic Personality in Polish and Italian Populations. J Pers Assess 2019; 102:770-780. [PMID: 31609650 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2019.1673760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical sadism has received substantial attention in recent research as a trait that predicts a variety of malevolent behaviors. The objective of this study was to assess the 'psychometric robustness and portability' of the Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP). We examined the convergent and discriminant validity, and invariance of translated versions of the ASP within community samples of Polish and Italian individuals. The study included 568 individuals (340 women and 228 men) residing in Italy (Mage = 23.57, SDage = 2.55) and 556 individuals (411 women, 144 men, 1 other) residing in Poland (Mage = 23.48, SDage = 4.60). For cultural invariance purposes, data from a Canadian sample comprising 638 students were used. To establish convergent and discriminant validity, participants completed measures of sadism, the Dark Triad, the Big Five, interpersonal reactivity, and maladaptive traits described in the DSM-5. Across both samples, convergent and discriminant validity were supported. Configural and partial metric invariance were satisfied, and following implementation of alignment optimization, latent mean differences were evaluated between countries. Results of the study supported the psychometric qualities of the ASP across different cultures and languages, and the utility of the ASP as a valid measure extending beyond university samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel A Plouffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Dinić BM, Petrović B, Jonason PK. Serbian adaptations of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) and Short Dark Triad (SD3). PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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The Relations between Life History Strategy and Dark Personality Traits among Young Adults. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-018-0175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Preston OC, Anestis JC. Psychopathic traits and politics: Examining affiliation, support of political issues, and the role of empathy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Stress is a factor that greatly impacts our lives. Previous research has examined individual differences in relation to stress. However, research regarding malevolent personality traits in relation to how stress is perceived is limited. The purpose of the present study was to investigate relationships between dark malevolent personality traits; psychopathy (EPA), Machiavellianism (MACH-IV), vulnerable narcissism (HSNS), grandiose narcissism (NPI-13), and perceived stress (PSS-10) in a community sample (N = 346). The results showed a strong positive relationship between vulnerable narcissism and perceived stress, while grandiose narcissism and psychopathy showed a small negative relationship with perceived stress. The discussion centers on that narcissism should be treated as two separate traits, and that psychopathy and Machiavellianism overlap in relation to the experience of stress in everyday life.
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Garcia D, Persson BN, Al Nima A, Brulin JG, Rapp-Ricciardi M, Kajonius PJ. IRT analyses of the Swedish Dark Triad Dirty Dozen. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00569. [PMID: 29862337 PMCID: PMC5968130 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Dark Triad (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) can be captured quickly with 12 items using the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (Jonason and Webster, 2010). Previous Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses of the original English Dark Triad Dirty Dozen have shown that all three subscales adequately tap into the dark domains of personality. The aim of the present study was to analyze the Swedish version of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen using IRT. Method 570 individuals (nmales = 326, nfemales = 242, and 2 unreported), including university students and white-collar workers with an age range between 19 and 65 years, responded to the Swedish version of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (Garcia et al., 2017a,b). Results Contrary to previous research, we found that the narcissism scale provided most information, followed by psychopathy, and finally Machiavellianism. Moreover, the psychopathy scale required a higher level of the latent trait for endorsement of its items than the narcissism and Machiavellianism scales. Overall, all items provided reasonable amounts of information and are thus effective for discriminating between individuals. The mean item discriminations (alphas) were 1.92 for Machiavellianism, 2.31 for narcissism, and 1.99 for psychopathy. Conclusion This is the first study to provide IRT analyses of the Swedish version of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen. Our findings add to a growing literature on the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale in different cultures and highlight psychometric characteristics, which can be used for comparative studies. Items tapping into psychopathy showed higher thresholds for endorsement than the other two scales. Importantly, the narcissism scale seems to provide more information about a lack of narcissism, perhaps mirroring cultural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Blekinge Center of Competence, Blekinge County Council, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden
| | - Björn N Persson
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, Sweden
| | - Ali Al Nima
- Blekinge Center of Competence, Blekinge County Council, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden
| | | | - Max Rapp-Ricciardi
- Blekinge Center of Competence, Blekinge County Council, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden
| | - Petri J Kajonius
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, Sweden.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, University West, Sweden
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Smith MB, Webster BD. Narcissus the innovator? The relationship between grandiose narcissism, innovation, and adaptability. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Garcia D, González Moraga FR. The Dark Cube: dark character profiles and OCEAN. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3845. [PMID: 28951816 PMCID: PMC5611897 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Big Five traits (i.e., openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism: OCEAN) have been suggested to provide a meaningful taxonomy for studying the Dark Triad: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Nevertheless, current research consists of mixed and inconsistent associations between the Dark Triad and OCEAN. Here we used the Dark Cube (Garcia & Rosenberg, 2016), a model of malevolent character theoretically based on Cloninger's biopsychosocial model of personality and in the assumption of a ternary structure of malevolent character. We use the dark cube profiles to investigate differences in OCEAN between individuals who differ in one dark character trait while holding the other two constant (i.e., conditional relationships). METHOD Participants (N = 330) responded to the Short Dark Triad Inventory and the Big Five Inventory and were grouped according to the eight possible combinations using their dark trait scores (M, high Machiavellianism; m, low Machiavellianism; N, high narcissism; n, low narcissism; P, high psychopathy; p, low psychopathy): MNP "maleficent", MNp "manipulative narcissistic", MnP "anti-social", Mnp "Machiavellian", mNP "psychopathic narcissistic", mNp "narcissistic", mnP "psychopathic", and mnp "benevolent". RESULTS High narcissism-high extraversion and high psychopathy-low agreeableness were consistently associated across comparisons. The rest of the comparisons showed a complex interaction. For example, high Machiavellianism-high neuroticism only when both narcissism and psychopathy were low (Mnp vs. mnp), high narcissism-high conscientiousness only when both Machiavellianism and psychopathy were also high (MNP vs. MnP), and high psychopathy-high neuroticism only when Machiavellianism was low and narcissism was high (mNP vs. mNp). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the Dark Cube is a useful tool in the investigation of a consistent Dark Triad Theory. This approach suggests that the only clear relationships were narcissism-extraversion and psychopathy-agreeableness and that the malevolent character traits were associated to specific OCEAN traits only under certain conditions. Hence, explaining the mixed and inconsistent linear associations in the Dark Triad literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Blekinge Center of Competence, Blekinge County Council, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fernando R González Moraga
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden.,Barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden
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Jonason PK, Foster JD, Egorova MS, Parshikova O, Csathó Á, Oshio A, Gouveia VV. The Dark Triad Traits from a Life History Perspective in Six Countries. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1476. [PMID: 28912740 PMCID: PMC5582417 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Work on the Dark Triad traits has benefited from the use of a life history framework but it has been limited to primarily Western samples and indirect assessments of life history strategies. Here, we examine how the Dark Triad traits (i.e., psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism) relate to two measures of individual differences in life history strategies. In Study 1 (N = 937), we replicated prior observed links between life history strategies, as measured by the Mini-K, and the Dark Triad traits using samples recruited from three countries. In Study 2 (N = 1032), we measured life history strategies using the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale and correlated it with the Dark Triad traits in samples recruited from three additional countries. While there was some variability across participants’ sex and country, the results were generally consistent in that psychopathy and (to a lesser extent) Machiavellianism were related to faster life history strategies and narcissism was related to slower life history strategies. These results add cross-cultural data and the use of two measures of life history speed to understand the Dark Triad traits from a life history perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Jonason
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, PenrithNSW, Australia
| | - Joshua D Foster
- Psychology, University of South Alabama, MobileAL, United States
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