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Merces L, Ferro LMM, Nawaz A, Sonar P. Advanced Neuromorphic Applications Enabled by Synaptic Ion-Gating Vertical Transistors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305611. [PMID: 38757653 PMCID: PMC11251569 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Bioinspired synaptic devices have shown great potential in artificial intelligence and neuromorphic electronics. Low energy consumption, multi-modal sensing and recording, and multifunctional integration are critical aspects limiting their applications. Recently, a new synaptic device architecture, the ion-gating vertical transistor (IGVT), has been successfully realized and timely applied to perform brain-like perception, such as artificial vision, touch, taste, and hearing. In this short time, IGVTs have already achieved faster data processing speeds and more promising memory capabilities than many conventional neuromorphic devices, even while operating at lower voltages and consuming less power. This work focuses on the cutting-edge progress of IGVT technology, from outstanding fabrication strategies to the design and realization of low-voltage multi-sensing IGVTs for artificial-synapse applications. The fundamental concepts of artificial synaptic IGVTs, such as signal processing, transduction, plasticity, and multi-stimulus perception are discussed comprehensively. The contribution draws special attention to the development and optimization of multi-modal flexible sensor technologies and presents a roadmap for future high-end theoretical and experimental advancements in neuromorphic research that are mostly achievable by the synaptic IGVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Merces
- Research Center for MaterialsArchitectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN)Chemnitz University of Technology09126ChemnitzGermany
| | - Letícia Mariê Minatogau Ferro
- Research Center for MaterialsArchitectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN)Chemnitz University of Technology09126ChemnitzGermany
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Center for Sensors and DevicesBruno Kessler Foundation (FBK)Trento38123Italy
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD4000Australia
- Centre for Materials ScienceQueensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
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Su J, Li Y, Xie D, Jiang J. Vertical 0.6 V sub-10 nm oxide-homojunction transistor gated by a silk fibroin/sodium alginate crosslinking hydrogel for pain-sensitization enhancement emulation. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1745-1756. [PMID: 36809465 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The sensory nervous system of humans mainly depends on continuous training and memory to improve the pain-perceptional abilities for the complex noxious information in the real world and make appropriate responses. Unfortunately, the solid-state device for emulating this pain recognition with ultralow voltage operation still remains to be a great challenge. Herein, a vertical transistor with an ultrashort channel of ∼9.6 nm and ultralow voltage of ∼0.6 V based on protonic silk fibroin/sodium alginate crosslinking hydrogel electrolyte is successfully demonstrated. Such a hydrogel electrolyte with high ionic conductivity allows the transistor to work in an ultralow voltage, while the vertical transistor structure makes it have an ultrashort channel. Pain perception, memory, and sensitization can be integrated into this vertical transistor. Furthermore, using the photogating effect of light stimulus, the device displays multi-state pain-sensitization enhancement abilities through Pavlovian training. Most importantly, the cortical reorganization that reveals a close relationship among the pain stimulus, memory, and sensitization is finally realized. Therefore, this device can provide a great opportunity for multi-dimensional pain assessment, which is of great significance for the new generation of bio-inspired intelligent electronics, such as bionic robots, and smart medical equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Su
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yanran Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Dingdong Xie
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Jie Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
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Phelps CE, Navratilova E, Porreca F. Cognition in the Chronic Pain Experience: Preclinical Insights. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:365-376. [PMID: 33509733 PMCID: PMC8035230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acutely, pain is protective. It promotes escape from, and future avoidance of, noxious stimuli through strong and often lifetime associative memories. However, with persistent acute pain or when pain becomes chronic, these memories can promote negative emotions and poor decisions often associated with deleterious behaviors. In this review, we discuss how preclinical studies can provide insights into the relationship between cognition and chronic pain. We also discuss the concept of pain as a cognitive disorder and new strategies for treating chronic pain that emphasize inhibiting the formation of pain memories or promoting 'forgetting' of established pain memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Phelps
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Edita Navratilova
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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David MCMM, Santos BSD, Barros WMA, Silva TRLD, Franco CIF, Matos RJBD. Neuroimaging investigation of memory changes in migraine: a systematic review. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 78:370-379. [PMID: 32609194 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with migraine usually complain about lower memory performance. Diagnostic methods such as neuroimaging may help in the understanding of possible morphologic and functional changes related to the memory of those individuals. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze the available literature on neuroimaging changes related to memory processing in migraine. METHODS We searched the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Psycinfo, Science Direct, Cochrane and Web of Science. We used articles without restriction of year of publication. The combination of descriptors used for this systematic review of literature were Neuroimaging OR Imaging OR Brain AND Migraine OR Chronic Migraine AND Memory. RESULTS Of the 306 articles found, nine were selected and all used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The studies used structural and functional MRI techniques with a predominance of 3 Tesla equipment and T1-weighted images. According to the results obtained reported by these studies, migraine would alter the activity of memory-related structures, such as the hippocampus, insula and frontal, parietal and temporal cortices, thereby suggesting a possible mechanism by which migraine would influence memory, especially in relation to the memory of pain. CONCLUSIONS Migraine is associated to global dysfunction of multisensory integration and memory processing. This condition changes the activity of structures in various regions related to memory of pain, prospective memory, as well as in short- and long-term verbal and visuospatial memories. However, it is necessary to perform studies with larger samples in association with cognitive tests, and without the interference of medications to verify possible alterations and to draw more concrete conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Waleska Maria Almeida Barros
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Recife PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rhowena Jane Barbosa de Matos
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Recife PE, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Núcleo de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Vitória de Santo Antão PB, Brazil
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Houde F, Martel M, Coulombe-Lévêque A, Harvey MP, Auclair V, Mathieu D, Whittingstall K, Goffaux P, Léonard G. Perturbing the activity of the superior temporal gyrus during pain encoding prevents the exaggeration of pain memories: A virtual lesion study using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 169:107174. [PMID: 32001336 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past studies have shown that pain memories are often inaccurate, a phenomenon known as mnemonic pain bias. Pain memories are thought to play an important role on how future pain is felt. Recent evidence from our laboratory suggests that individuals who exaggerate past pain display increased superior temporal gyrus (STG) activity during the encoding of experimental painful stimulations, suggesting that this brain structure plays an important role in pain memories. OBJECTIVE /hypothesis. To determine whether a virtual lesion paradigm, targeting the STG during pain encoding, can affect long-lasting pain memories. We hypothesized that interfering with the activity of the STG would attenuate mnemonic bias. METHODS Randomized double-blind study with two parallel groups. Participants received either sham (n = 21) or real (n = 21) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS - virtual lesion paradigm) over the STG during pain encoding (milliseconds after the administration of a painful stimuli). Pain intensity and unpleasantness were evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS; 0 to 10) immediately after the painful event, and at recall, 2 months later. The mnemonic pain bias (calculated by subtracting the pain scores obtained at recall from the pain score obtained during encoding) was compared between the two groups for both pain intensity and unpleasantness. RESULTS Participants in both groups did not differ in terms of age and gender (real TMS = 27 years ± 9, 43% female; sham TMS = 25 years ± 4, 49% female; p > 0.64). The mnemonic bias related to pain intensity was similar in both groups (p = 0.83). However, the mnemonic bias related to pain unpleasantness was lower in the real TMS group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first evidence that the STG, is causally involved in the formation of biased memories of pain unpleasantness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Houde
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, 1036, rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Qc J1H 4C4, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHUS, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Marylie Martel
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, 1036, rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Qc J1H 4C4, Canada; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Alexia Coulombe-Lévêque
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, 1036, rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Qc J1H 4C4, Canada; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Marie-Philippe Harvey
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, 1036, rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Qc J1H 4C4, Canada; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Vincent Auclair
- Centre de recherche du CHUS, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - David Mathieu
- Neurosurgery, Neuro-oncology and Radiobiology departments, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Kevin Whittingstall
- Centre de recherche du CHUS, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Philippe Goffaux
- Centre de recherche du CHUS, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Guillaume Léonard
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, 1036, rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Qc J1H 4C4, Canada; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Qc J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Granan LP. Pain revised - learning from anomalies. Scand J Pain 2019; 20:29-32. [PMID: 31661437 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2019-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As professional health care personnel we are well educated in anatomy, physiology, clinical medicine and so forth. Our patients present with various symptoms and signs that we use this knowledge to diagnose and treat. But sometimes the patient case contradicts our knowledge. Since the patient is the terrain and our knowledge is the map, these patient cases are anomalies that give us the opportunity to update our maps. One such anomaly is how time restricted amnesia can improve or even eradicate an underlying chronic pain condition and eliminate the patient's dependence on daily opioid consumption. In this short communication I will use amnesia as a starting point to briefly review chronic pain from a learning and memory perspective. I will introduce, for many readers, new concepts like degeneracy and criticality, and together with more familiar concepts like habits and brain network activity, we will end with overarching principles for how chronic pain treatment in general can be crafted and individualized almost independently of the chronic pain condition at hand. This introductory article is followed by a review series that elaborates on the fundamental biological principles for chronic pain, treatment options, and testing the theory with real world data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Petter Granan
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, 0450, Oslo, Norway
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Ahmadian-Moghadam H, Akbarabadi A, Toolee H, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Khalifeh S, Niknamfar S, Zarrindast MR. Correlation among the Behavioral Features in the Offspring of Morphine-Abstinent Rats. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2019; 11:262-275. [PMID: 32206219 PMCID: PMC7073814 DOI: 10.22122/ahj.v11i4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical analysis of new evidence in medical sciences relies on statistics in terms of correlation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation coefficients among the behavioral features in the offspring of morphine-abstinent parent(s). METHODS The offspring of rats with various parental morphine-exposure were divided into four groups including offspring with healthy parents (CTL), offspring with paternal morphine-abstinent (PMA) parent, offspring with maternal morphine-abstinent (MMA) parent, and offspring with both morphine-abstinent (BMA) parents. Pain perception, depression-like behavior and avoidance-memory in the offspring were quantified. The association between variables was measured using Pearson correlation analysis. FINDINGS A strong correlation was observed between pain and depressive-like behavior in female and male offspring of healthy parents. Moreover, in the male and female offspring of healthy parents and BMA, no significant correlation was observed between avoidance memory and pain behavior or depressive-like behavior. However, in the offspring of MMA, a strong correlation was observed between avoidance memory and depressive-like behavior. CONCLUSION The results revealed that in comparison with the offspring with CTL, the correlation among the behavioral futures in the offspring with MMA or PMA parents is significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmadian-Moghadam
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Akbarabadi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidar Toolee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Solmaz Khalifeh
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center, Amir Al-Momenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Niknamfar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies AND Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Effects of Electroacupuncture on Pain Memory-Related Behaviors and Synchronous Neural Oscillations in the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Freely Moving Rats. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:2057308. [PMID: 31223307 PMCID: PMC6541966 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2057308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have confirmed that electroacupuncture (EA) can effectively intervene in pain memory, but the neural mechanism involved remains unclear. In this study, we observed the effects of EA in regulating pain memory-related behaviors and synchronous neural oscillations in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). During nociceptive behavioral testing, pain memory induced a nonpain stimulus that spurred a neural oscillatory reaction similar to that caused by pain stimuli in the rACC. After EA, nonpain stimuli did not induce decreased neural oscillatory activity in the rACC until the presentation of pain stimuli. During aversive behavioral testing, EA, through the downregulation of theta power, inhibited the retrieval of aversive memory and relieved pain memory-induced aversive behaviors. These changes of oscillatory activity may be the hallmarks of EA therapy for pain memory.
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Martin LJ, Acland EL, Cho C, Gandhi W, Chen D, Corley E, Kadoura B, Levy T, Mirali S, Tohyama S, Khan S, MacIntyre LC, Carlson EN, Schweinhardt P, Mogil JS. Male-Specific Conditioned Pain Hypersensitivity in Mice and Humans. Curr Biol 2019; 29:192-201.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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A comprehensive literature review of chronic pain and memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 87:183-192. [PMID: 28797640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain patients often complain of their "poor memory" and numerous studies objectively confirmed such difficulties in reporting working memory (WM) and long-term memory (LTM) dysfunctions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on memory impairment in chronic pain (CP) patients. Twenty-four observational studies evaluating WM or/and LTM in a chronic pain group and a control group were included in this review. Results showed that studies consistently reported a moderate decline, in both WM and LTM performances in CP patients. Even if CP patients complained about forgetfulness, objective measurements did not permit to conclude to a long-term storage impairment. CP patients exhibited more specifically encoding or retrieving difficulties compared to controls. Results showed that chronic pain selectively impacted the most attention-demanding memory processes, such as working memory and recollection in long-term memory. Results also demonstrated that CP patients exhibited a memory bias directed towards painful events compared to control subjects. Several authors have suggested that CP could be a maladaptive consequence of memory mechanisms. The long-lasting presence of pain continuously reinforces aversive emotional associations with incidental events. The inability to extinguish this painful memory trace could explain the chronic persistence of pain even when the original injury has disappeared. A major concern is the need to extricate pain-related cognitive effects from those resulting from all the co-morbidities associated with CP which both have a deleterious effect on cognitive function.
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Harutyunyan HS, Grigoryan AA, Alaverdyan HR, Vardanyan GS, Aghajanov MI. The effect of peripheral analgesia on “pain memory” changes in modified formalin test. NEUROCHEM J+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712417020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Asano N, Maeshima S, Okamoto S, Okazaki H, Sonoda S. Thalamic Amnesia Accompanying Disruption of Pain Memory: A Case of Right Anterior Thalamic Infarction and a Subsequent Vertebral Compression Fracture. PAIN MEDICINE 2017; 18:997-1000. [PMID: 28339538 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnw277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Asano
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nanakuri memorial hospital, Fujita Health University, Mie, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Maeshima
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nanakuri memorial hospital, Fujita Health University, Mie, Japan
| | - Sayaka Okamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nanakuri memorial hospital, Fujita Health University, Mie, Japan
| | - Hideto Okazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nanakuri memorial hospital, Fujita Health University, Mie, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sonoda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nanakuri memorial hospital, Fujita Health University, Mie, Japan
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Abstract
This topical review starts with a warning that despite an impressive wealth of neuroscientific data, a reductionist approach can never fully explain persistent pain. One reason is the complexity of clinical pain (in contrast to experimentally induced pain). Another reason is that the "pain system" shows degeneracy, which means that an outcome can have several causes. Problems also arise from lack of conceptual clarity regarding words like nociceptors, pain, and perception. It is, for example, argued that "homeoceptor" would be a more meaningful term than nociceptor. Pain experience most likely depends on synchronized, oscillatory activity in a distributed neural network regardless of whether the pain is caused by tissue injury, deafferentation, or hypnosis. In experimental pain, the insula, the second somatosensory area, and the anterior cingulate gyrus are consistently activated. These regions are not pain-specific, however, and are now regarded by most authors as parts of the so-called salience network, which detects all kinds of salient events (pain being highly salient). The networks related to persistent pain seem to differ from the those identified experimentally, and show a more individually varied pattern of activations. One crucial difference seems to be activation of regions implicated in emotional and body-information processing in persistent pain. Basic properties of the "pain system" may help to explain why it so often goes awry, leading to persistent pain. Thus, the system must be highly sensitive not to miss important homeostatic threats, it cannot be very specific, and it must be highly plastic to quickly learn important associations. Indeed, learning and memory processes play an important role in persistent pain. Thus, behaviour with the goal of avoiding pain provocation is quickly learned and may persist despite healing of the original insult. Experimental and clinical evidence suggest that the hippocampal formation and neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) in the dentate gyrus are involved in the development and maintenance of persistent pain. There is evidence that persistent pain in many instances may be understood as the result of an interpretation of the organism's state of health. Any abnormal pattern of sensory information as well as lack of expected correspondence between motor commands and sensory feedback may be interpreted as bodily threats and evoke pain. This may, for example, be an important mechanism in many cases of neuropathic pain. Accordingly, many patients with persistent pain show evidence of a distorted body image. Another approach to understanding why the "pain system" so often goes awry comes from knowledge of the dynamic and nonlinear behaviour of neuronal networks. In real life the emergence of persistent pain probably depends on the simultaneous occurrence of numerous challenges, and just one extra (however small) might put the network into a an inflexible state with heightened sensitivity to normally innocuous inputs. Finally, the importance of seeking the meaning the patient attributes to his/her pain is emphasized. Only then can we understand why a particular person suffers so much more than another with very similar pathology, and subsequently be able to help the person to alter the meaning of the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brodal
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of Oslo, OsloNorway
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14
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Inhibition of the cAMP/PKA/CREB Pathway Contributes to the Analgesic Effects of Electroacupuncture in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in a Rat Pain Memory Model. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:5320641. [PMID: 28090359 PMCID: PMC5206448 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5320641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain memory is considered as endopathic factor underlying stubborn chronic pain. Our previous study demonstrated that electroacupuncture (EA) can alleviate retrieval of pain memory. This study was designed to observe the different effects between EA and indomethacin (a kind of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs) in a rat pain memory model. To explore the critical role of protein kinase A (PKA) in pain memory, a PKA inhibitor was microinjected into anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in model rats. We further investigated the roles of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), PKA, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in pain memory to explore the potential molecular mechanism. The results showed that EA alleviates the retrieval of pain memory while indomethacin failed. Intra-ACC microinjection of a PKA inhibitor blocked the occurrence of pain memory. EA reduced the activation of cAMP, PKA, and CREB and the coexpression levels of cAMP/PKA and PKA/CREB in the ACC of pain memory model rats, but indomethacin failed. The present findings identified a critical role of PKA in ACC in retrieval of pain memory. We propose that the proper mechanism of EA on pain memory is possibly due to the partial inhibition of cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway by EA.
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Abstract
The full role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) remains to be determined, yet it is implicated in learning and emotional functions, and is disrupted in negative mood disorders. Recent evidence indicates that AHN is decreased in persistent pain consistent with the idea that chronic pain is a major stressor, associated with negative moods and abnormal memories. Yet, the role of AHN in development of persistent pain has remained unexplored. In this study, we test the influence of AHN in postinjury inflammatory and neuropathic persistent pain-like behaviors by manipulating neurogenesis: pharmacologically through intracerebroventricular infusion of the antimitotic AraC; ablation of AHN by x-irradiation; and using transgenic mice with increased or decreased AHN. Downregulating neurogenesis reversibly diminished or blocked persistent pain; oppositely, upregulating neurogenesis led to prolonged persistent pain. Moreover, we could dissociate negative mood from persistent pain. These results suggest that AHN-mediated hippocampal learning mechanisms are involved in the emergence of persistent pain.
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Some Words Hurt More Than Others: Semantic Activation of Pain Concepts in Memory and Subsequent Experiences of Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 17:336-49. [PMID: 26681115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Theory suggests that as activation of pain concepts in memory increases, so too does subsequent pain perception. Previously, researchers have found that activating pain concepts in memory increases pain perception of subsequent painful stimuli, relative to neutral information. However, they have not attempted to quantify the nature of the association between information studied and ensuing pain perception. We subliminally presented words that had either a low or high degree of association to the word 'pain,' although this was only partially successful and some words were consciously perceived. Participants then received randomized laser heat stimuli, delivered at 1 of 3 intensity levels (low, moderate, high), and we measured the effect of this on behavioral and electrophysiological measures of pain. Participants (N = 27) rated moderate- and high-intensity laser stimuli as more painful after viewing high relative to low associates of pain; these effects remained present when we controlled for measures of mood, anxiety, and physical symptom reporting. Similar effects were observed physiologically, with higher stimulus negativity preceding after high relative to low associates and greater amplitudes for the N2 component of the laser-evoked potential after presentation of high associates in the moderate and high laser intensity conditions. These data support activation-based models of the effects of memory on pain perception. PERSPECTIVE Consistent with current theories of memory and pain, we found that high, relative to low activation of pain concepts in memory increased psychological and physiological responses to laser-induced pain. The effect remained regardless of whether participants showed conscious awareness of activation. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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Hu H, Li S, Li S. Pain modulation effect of breathing-controlled electrical stimulation (BreEStim) is not likely to be mediated by deep and fast voluntary breathing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14228. [PMID: 26382644 PMCID: PMC4585654 DOI: 10.1038/srep14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Voluntary breathing-controlled electrical stimulation (BreEStim), a novel non-invasive and non-pharmacological treatment protocol for neuropathic pain management, was reported to selectively reduce the affective component of pain possibly by increasing pain threshold. The underlying mechanisms involved in the analgesic effect of BreEStim were considered to result from combination of multiple internal pain coping mechanisms triggered during BreEStim. Findings from our recent studies have excluded possible roles of acupuncture and aversiveness and habituation of painful electrical stimulation in mediating the analgesia effect of BreEStim. To further investigate the possible role of voluntary breathing during BreEStim, the effectiveness of fast and deep voluntary breathing-only and BreEStim on experimentally induced pain was compared in healthy human subjects. Results showed no change in electrical pain threshold after Breathing-only, but a significant increase in electrical pain threshold after BreEStim. There was no statistically significant change in other thresholds after Breathing-only and BreEStim. The findings suggest that the analgesic effect of BreEStim is not likely attributed to fast and deep voluntary breathing. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Hu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Neurorehabilitation Research Laboratory, TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Guangdong Provincial Work Injury Rehabilitation Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengai Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Neurorehabilitation Research Laboratory, TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Neurorehabilitation Research Laboratory, TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Chen A, Bao C, Tang Y, Luo X, Guo L, Liu B, Lin C. Involvement of protein kinase ζ in the maintenance of hippocampal long-term potentiation in rats with chronic visceral hypersensitivity. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:3047-55. [PMID: 25761958 PMCID: PMC4455563 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00929.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) was implicated in the formation of visceral hypersensitivity in rats with irritable bowel syndrome in our previous study. Recent studies have shown that protein kinase M ζ (PKMζ) may be responsible for the maintenance of LTP in memory formation. However, it remains unclear whether PKMζ is involved in the visceral hypersensitivity. In this study, a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity was generated by neonatal maternal separation (NMS). The visceral hypersensitivity was assessed by recording responses of the external oblique abdominal muscle to colorectal distension. Our results demonstrated that hippocampal LTP and visceral hypersensitivity were enhanced significantly in rats of NMS. ζ-Pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide (ZIP) could dose dependently inhibit the maintenance of Cornu Ammonis area 1 LTP in rats of NMS. Furthermore, Western blot data showed that the expression of hippocampal phosphorylated PKMζ (p-PKMζ) significantly increased in rats of NMS. In addition, bilateral intrahippocampal injections of ZIP attenuated the visceral hypersensitivity dose dependently in rats of NMS. The maximal inhibition was observed at 30 min, and significant inhibition lasted for 1.5–2 h after ZIP application. Besides, data from the open-field test and Morris water maze showed that ZIP did not influence the movement and spatial procedural memory in rats of NMS. In conclusion, p-PKMζ might be a critical protein in the maintenance of hippocampal LTP, which could result in visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Chen
- Fujian Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjia Bao
- Fujian Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tang
- Fujian Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Luo
- Fujian Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Guo
- Fujian Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Fujian Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Lin
- Fujian Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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Electroacupuncture alleviates retrieval of pain memory and its effect on phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein in anterior cingulate cortex in rats. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:9. [PMID: 25886521 PMCID: PMC4364627 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence suggests that persistent pain and recurrent pain are due to the pain memory which is related to the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Eletroacupuncture (EA), as a complementary Chinese medical procedure, has a significant impact on the treatment of pain and is now considered as a mind-body therapy. Methods The rat model of pain memory was induced by two injections of carrageenan into the paws, which was administered separately by a 14-day interval, and treated with EA therapy. The paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) of animals were measured and p-CREB expressions in ACC were detected by using immunofluorescence (IF) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Statistical comparisons among different groups were made by one-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results The second injection of carrageenan caused the decrease of PWTs in the non-injected hind paw. EA stimulation applied prior to the second injection, increased the values of PWTs. In ACC, the numbers of p-CREB positive cells were significantly increased in pain memory model rats, which were significantly reduced by EA. EMSA results showed EA also down-regulated the combining capacity of p-CREB with its DNA. Furthermore, the co-expression of p-CREB with GFAP, OX-42, or NeuN in ACC was strengthened in the pain memory model rats. EA inhibited the co-expression of p-CREB with GFAP or OX-42, but not NeuN in ACC. Conclusions The present results suggest the retrieval of pain memory could be alleviated by the pre-treatment of EA, which is at least partially attributed to the down-regulated expression and combining capacity of p-CREB and the decreased expression of p-CREB in astrocytes and microglia cells.
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Hippocampal NR2B-containing NMDA receptors enhance long-term potentiation in rats with chronic visceral pain. Brain Res 2014; 1570:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cardoso-Cruz H, Sousa M, Vieira JB, Lima D, Galhardo V. Prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal thalamus reduced connectivity is associated with spatial working memory impairment in rats with inflammatory pain. Pain 2013; 154:2397-2406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chon JY, Hahn YJ, Sung CH, Moon HS. Amnesia and pain relief after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a cancer pain patient: a case report. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:707-10. [PMID: 22690107 PMCID: PMC3369462 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.6.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of chronic pain is very complicated. Memory, pain, and opioid dependence appear to share common mechanism, including synaptic plasticity, and anatomical structures. A 48-yr-old woman with severe pain caused by bone metastasis of breast cancer received epidural block. After local anesthetics were injected, she had a seizure and then went into cardiac arrest. Following cardiopulmonary resuscitation, her cardiac rhythm returned to normal, but her memory had disappeared. Also, her excruciating pain and opioid dependence had disappeared. This complication, although uncommon, gives us a lot to think about a role of memory for chronic pain and opioid dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Chon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Jin Hahn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choon Ho Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Sik Moon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Expression of muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex associated with neuropathic pain. Eur J Pain 2012; 14:901-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nakama-Kitamura M, Kitamura Y. A novel conditioned nociceptive response in mice. Brain Res 2011; 1406:8-17. [PMID: 21742310 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain tends to be intractable, regardless of whether the etiology has improved or is persistent. This intractability may be due, in part, to conditioning factors, but studies of the underlying mechanism are limited. We predicted that the body might learn pain sensation during sustained pain. In the present study, we sought to examine the prediction that nociceptive pain could be a conditioned response. After pre-exposing mice to the context box, we assessed hind-paw licking responses(s), an unconditioned nociceptive response (UCR), in the training phase for 30 min following each of two injections (24h apart) of formalin into the hind paws. Forty-eight hours later, in the test phase, we tested for a conditioned nociceptive response (CR) from paw injections of saline, with mice placed in either the same or a different visual context box. The results showed that the CR elicited in the same context box was significantly larger than one elicited in the different box. An audiovisual context, which is used in prototypical Pavlovian conditioning, augmented the CR. The CR diminished to baseline levels during repeated extinction procedures, in which saline alone was given in the same context box. However, the CR in animals injected with saline in their home cages was unchanged. Treatment with scopolamine, which has an antimuscarinic action, and thus induces an amnestic effect, did not affect the UCR, but reduced the CR. These results indicated that repeated nociceptive stimuli were sufficient to produce a CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototaka Nakama-Kitamura
- Department of Integrated Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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Yao S, Liu X, Yang W, Wang X. Preattentive Processing Abnormalities in Chronic Pain: Neurophysiological Evidence from Mismatch Negativity. PAIN MEDICINE 2011; 12:773-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Prakash S, Golwala P. Phantom headache: pain-memory-emotion hypothesis for chronic daily headache? J Headache Pain 2011; 12:281-6. [PMID: 21479704 PMCID: PMC3094645 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-011-0307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiology of chronic pain, including chronic daily headache (CDH) is not completely understood. “Pain memory” hypothesis is one of the mechanisms for phantom limb pain. We reviewed the literature to delineate a relation of “pain memory” for the development of CDH. There is a direct relation of pain to memory. Patients with poor memory have less chance to develop “pain memory”, hence less possibility to develop chronic pain. Progressive memory impairment may lead to decline in headache prevalence. A similar relation of pain is also noted with emotional or psychiatric symptoms. Literature review suggests that there is marked overlap in the neural network of pain to that of memory and emotions. We speculate that pain, memory, and emotions are interrelated in triangular pattern, and each of these three is related to other two in bidirectional pattern, i.e., stimulation of one of these will stimulate other symptoms/networks and vice versa (triangular theory for chronic pain). Longstanding or recurrent noxious stimuli will strengthen this interrelation, and this may be responsible for chronicity of pain. Reduction of both chronic pain and psychological symptoms by cognitive behavioral therapy or psychological interventions further suggests a bidirectional interrelation between pain and emotion. Longitudinal studies are warranted on the prevalence of headache and other painful conditions in patients with progressive memory impairment to delineate the relation of pain to memory. Interrelation of headache to emotional symptoms should also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Prakash
- Department of Neurology, Medical College, SSG Hospital, O-19, Doctor's Quarter, Jail Road, Baroda, Gujarat, 390001, India.
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Schwegler K, Ettlin D, Buser I, Klaghofer R, Goetzmann L, Buddeberg C, Alon E, Brügger M, de Quervain DJF. Cortisol reduces recall of explicit contextual pain memory in healthy young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:1270-3. [PMID: 20211530 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Remembering painful incidents has important adaptive value but may also contribute to clinical symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain states. Because glucocorticoids are known to impair memory retrieval processes, we investigated whether cortisol affects recall of previously experienced pain in healthy young men. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 20 male participants were presented pictures, half of them combined with a heat-pain stimulus. The next day, the same pictures were shown in the absence of pain. Cortisol (20 mg) administered 1h before retention testing reduced recall of explicit contextual pain memory, whereas it did not affect pain threshold or pain tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrill Schwegler
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Huge V, Rammes G, Beyer A, Zieglgänsberger W, Azad SC. Activation of kappa opioid receptors decreases synaptic transmission and inhibits long-term potentiation in the basolateral amygdala of the mouse. Eur J Pain 2008; 13:124-9. [PMID: 18439862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amygdala plays an important role in the processing of chronic pain and pain memory formation. Particularly, it is involved in the emotional and affective components of the pain circuitry. The role of kappa opioid receptors in these pain conditions is only partly known. The present study investigates the effect of kappa receptor activation on synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the amygdala. METHODS Electrophysiological in vitro experiments were carried out in brain slices of male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice. The effect of the kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488H (5 microM) and the selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist nor-BNI (3 microM) on field potential (FP) amplitude and the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) was examined. RESULTS High frequency stimulation (HFS) of afferents in the lateral amygdala with two trains of 100 pulses at 50 Hz increased the FP amplitudes to 119+/-2% (mean+/-SEM; n=6) in the BLA. U50,488H decreased synaptic transmission (baseline: 100+/-0.5%; U50,488H: 86.3+/-2.4%; n=6) and blocked the induction of LTP (U50,488H: 100+/-4.1%; HFS: 102.6+/-7%; n=6). The effect on synaptic transmission and on LTP was completely reversed or prevented by application of nor-BNI, which itself had no effect on synaptic transmission or the induction of LTP. CONCLUSION Kappa opioid receptor activation decreases synaptic transmission and inhibits the induction of LTP in the BLA of the mouse. These findings may be associated with the effects of kappa opioid agonists in chronic pain and pain memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Huge
- Clinical Neuropharmacology Group, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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Klein T, Magerl W, Treede RD. Forget about your chronic pain. Pain 2007; 132:16-7. [PMID: 17822847 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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