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Paglia DN, Kanjilal D, Kadkoy Y, Moskonas S, Wetterstrand C, Lin A, Galloway J, Tompson J, Culbertson MD, O’Connor JP. Naproxen treatment inhibits articular cartilage loss in a rat model of osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2252-2259. [PMID: 33274763 PMCID: PMC8175455 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), on articular cartilage degeneration in female Sprague-Dawley rats was examined. Osteoarthritis (OA) was induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in each knee. Rats were treated with acetaminophen (60 mg/kg), naproxen (8 mg/kg), or 1% carboxymethylcellulose (placebo) by oral gavage twice daily for 3 weeks, beginning 2 weeks after surgery. OA severity was assessed by histological Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring and by measuring proximal tibia cartilage depth using contrast enhanced µCT (n = 6 per group) in specimens collected at 2, 5, and 7 weeks after surgery as well as on pristine knees. Medial cartilage OARSI scores from the DMM knees of naproxen-treated rats were statistically lower (i.e., better) than the medial cartilage OARSI scores from the DMM knees of placebo-treated rats at 5-weeks (8.7 ± 3.6 vs. 13.2 ± 2.4, p = 0.025) and 7-weeks (9.5 ± 1.2 vs. 12.5 ± 2.5, p = 0.024) after surgery. At 5 weeks after DMM surgery, medial articular cartilage depth in the proximal tibia specimens was significantly greater in the naproxen (1.78 ± 0.26 mm, p = 0.005) and acetaminophen (1.94 ± 0.12 mm, p < 0.001) treated rats as compared with placebo-treated rats (1.34 ± 0.24 mm). However, at 7 weeks (2 weeks after drug withdrawal), medial articular cartilage depth for acetaminophen-treated rats (1.36 ± 0.29 mm) was significantly reduced compared with specimens from the naproxen-treated rats (1.88 ± 0.14 mm; p = 0.004). The results indicate that naproxen treatment reduced articular cartilage degradation in the rat DMM model during and after naproxen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yazan Kadkoy
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Anthony Lin
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - J. Patrick O’Connor
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, USA
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Mai L, Zhu X, Huang F, He H, Fan W. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and pain. Life Sci 2020; 256:117885. [PMID: 32485175 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory and neuropathic pain is initiated by tissue inflammation and nerve injury, respectively. Both are characterized by increased activity in the peripheral and central nervous system, where multiple inflammatory cytokines and other active molecules activate different signaling pathways that involve in the development and/or maintenance of pain. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one member of the MAPK family, which is activated in neurons and glia and contributes importantly to inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest advances made about the implication of p38 MAPK signaling cascade in pain. It can deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pain and may help to offer new targets for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Mai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Liu M, Yao M, Wang H, Xu L, Zheng Y, Huang B, Ni H, Xu S, Zhou X, Lian Q. P2Y 12 receptor-mediated activation of spinal microglia and p38MAPK pathway contribute to cancer-induced bone pain. J Pain Res 2017; 10:417-426. [PMID: 28243146 PMCID: PMC5317303 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s124326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is one of the most challenging clinical problems due to a lack of understanding the mechanisms. Recent evidence has demonstrated that activation of microglial G-protein-coupled P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) and proinflammatory cytokine production play an important role in neuropathic pain generation and maintenance. However, whether P2Y12R is involved in CIBP remains unknown. Methods The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of P2Y12R in CIBP and its molecular mechanisms. Using the bone cancer model inoculated with Walker 256 tumor cells into the left tibia of Sprague Dawley rat, we blocked spinal P2Y12R through intrathecal administration of its selective antagonist MRS2395 (400 pmol/µL, 15 µL). Results We found that not only the ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive microglia in the ipsilateral spinal cord but also mechanical allodynia was significantly inhibited. Furthermore, it decreased the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and the production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), whereas it increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Conclusion Taken together, our present results suggest that microglial P2Y12R in the spinal cord may contribute to CIBP by the activation of spinal microglia and p38MAPK pathway, thus identifying a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CIBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing
| | - Longsheng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing
| | - Bing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing
| | - Huadong Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing
| | - Shijie Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing
| | - Xuyan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
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Loredo-Pérez AA, Montalvo-Blanco CE, Hernández-González LI, Anaya-Reyes M, Fernández Del Valle-Laisequilla C, Reyes-García JG, Acosta-González RI, Martínez-Martínez A, Villarreal-Salcido JC, Vargas-Muñoz VM, Muñoz-Islas E, Ramírez-Rosas MB, Jiménez-Andrade JM. High-fat diet exacerbates pain-like behaviors and periarticular bone loss in mice with CFA-induced knee arthritis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1106-15. [PMID: 27030572 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to quantify nociceptive spontaneous behaviors, knee edema, proinflammatory cytokines, bone density, and microarchitecture in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice with unilateral knee arthritis. METHODS ICR male mice were fed either standard diet (SD) or HFD starting at 3 weeks old. At 17 weeks, HFD and SD mice received intra-articular injections either with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) or saline into the right knee joint every 7 days for 4 weeks. Spontaneous pain-like behaviors and knee edema were assessed for 26 days. At day 26 post-first CFA injection, serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and RANKL were measured by ELISA, and microcomputed tomography analysis of knee joints was performed. RESULTS HFD-fed mice injected with CFA showed greater spontaneous pain-like behaviors of the affected extremity as well as a decrease in the weight-bearing index compared to SD-fed mice injected with CFA. Knee edema was not significantly different between diets. HFD significantly exacerbated arthritis-induced bone loss at the distal femoral metaphysis but had no effect on femoral diaphyseal cortical bone. HFD did not modify serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS HFD exacerbates pain-like behaviors and significantly increases the magnitude of periarticular trabecular bone loss in a murine model of unilateral arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyda A Loredo-Pérez
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlán, UAT, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan G Reyes-García
- Sección De Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
| | | | | | | | | | - Enriqueta Muñoz-Islas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, México City, México
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Guo TZ, Wei T, Li WW, Li XQ, Clark JD, Kingery WS. Immobilization contributes to exaggerated neuropeptide signaling, inflammatory changes, and nociceptive sensitization after fracture in rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 15:1033-45. [PMID: 25063543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A tibia fracture cast immobilized for 4 weeks can induce exaggerated substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling and neuropeptide-dependent nociceptive and inflammatory changes in the hind limbs of rats similar to those seen in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Four weeks of hind limb cast immobilization can also induce nociceptive and vascular changes resembling CRPS. To test our hypothesis that immobilization alone could cause exaggerated neuropeptide signaling and inflammatory changes, we tested 5 cohorts of rats: 1) controls; 2) tibia fracture and hind limb casted; 3) hind limb casted, no fracture; 4) tibia fracture with intramedullary pinning, no cast; and 5) tibia fracture with intramedullary pinning and hind limb casting. After 4 weeks, the casts were removed and hind limb allodynia, unweighting, warmth, edema, sciatic nerve neuropeptide content, cutaneous and spinal cord inflammatory mediator levels, and spinal c-Fos activation were measured. After fracture with casting, there was allodynia, unweighting, warmth, edema, increased sciatic nerve substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, increased skin neurokinin 1 receptors and keratinocyte proliferation, increased inflammatory mediator expression in the hind paw skin (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, nerve growth factor) and cord (IL-1β, nerve growth factor), and increased spinal c-Fos activation. These same changes were observed after cast immobilization alone, except that spinal IL-1β levels were not increased. Treating cast-only rats with a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist inhibited development of nociceptive and inflammatory changes. Four weeks after fracture with pinning, all nociceptive and vascular changes had resolved and there were no increases in neuropeptide signaling or inflammatory mediator expression. PERSPECTIVE Collectively, these data indicate that immobilization alone increased neuropeptide signaling and caused nociceptive and inflammatory changes similar to those observed after tibia fracture and casting, and that early mobilization after fracture with pinning inhibited these changes. Early limb mobilization after fracture may prevent the development of CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhi Guo
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Tzuping Wei
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Wen-Wu Li
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Xiang-Qi Li
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - J David Clark
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Wade S Kingery
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
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Aurégan JC, Coyle RM, Danoff JR, Burky RE, Akelina Y, Rosenwasser MP. The rat model of femur fracture for bone and mineral research: An improved description of expected comminution, quantity of soft callus and incidence of complications. Bone Joint Res 2013; 2:149-54. [PMID: 23929548 PMCID: PMC3743403 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.28.2000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives One commonly used rat fracture model for bone and mineral research
is a closed mid-shaft femur fracture as described by Bonnarens in
1984. Initially, this model was believed to create very reproducible
fractures. However, there have been frequent reports of comminution
and varying rates of complication. Given the importance of precise
anticipation of those characteristics in laboratory research, we
aimed to precisely estimate the rate of comminution, its importance and
its effect on the amount of soft callus created. Furthermore, we
aimed to precisely report the rate of complications such as death
and infection. Methods We tested a rat model of femoral fracture on 84 rats based on
Bonnarens’ original description. We used a proximal approach with
trochanterotomy to insert the pin, a drop tower to create the fracture
and a high-resolution fluoroscopic imager to detect the comminution.
We weighed the soft callus on day seven and compared the soft callus
parameters with the comminution status. Results The mean operating time was 34.8 minutes (sd 9.8). The
fracture was usable (transverse, mid-shaft, without significant
comminution and with displacement < 1 mm) in 74 animals (88%).
Of these 74 usable fractures, slight comminution was detected in
47 (63%). In 50 animals who underwent callus manipulation, slight
comminution (n = 32) was statistically correlated to the amount
of early callus created (r = 0.35, p = 0.015). Two complications occurred:
one death and one deep infection. Conclusions We propose an accurate description of comminution and complications
in order to improve experiments on rat femur fracture model in the
field of laboratory research. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2013;2:149–54.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Aurégan
- Trauma Training Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, NewYork, New York 10032, USA
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Su B, O'Connor JP. NSAID therapy effects on healing of bone, tendon, and the enthesis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:892-9. [PMID: 23869068 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00053.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for the treatment of skeletal injuries. The ability of NSAIDs to reduce pain and inflammation is well-established. However, the effects of NSAID therapy on healing of skeletal injuries is less defined. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase activity to reduce synthesis of prostaglandins, which are proinflammatory, lipid-signaling molecules. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity can impact many physiological processes. The effects of NSAID therapy on healing of bone, tendon, and the tendon-to-bone junction (enthesis) have been studied in animal and cell culture models, but human studies are few. Use of different NSAIDs with different pharmacological properties, differences in dosing regimens, and differences in study models and outcome measures have complicated comparisons between studies. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which bone, tendon, and enthesis healing occurs, and describe the effects of NSAID therapy on each of these processes. Determining the impact of NSAID therapy on healing of skeletal tissues will enable clinicians to appropriately manage the patient's condition and improve healing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Su
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Newark, New Jersey
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Abstract
Patient phenotypes in pharmacological pain treatment varies between individuals, which could be partly assigned to their genotypes regarding the targets of classical analgesics (OPRM1, PTGS2) or associated signalling pathways (KCNJ6). Translational and genetic research have identified new targets, for which new analgesics are being developed. This addresses voltage-gated sodium, calcium and potassium channels, for which SCN9A, CACNA1B, KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, respectively, are primary gene candidates because they code for the subunits of the respective channels targeted by analgesics currently in clinical development. Mutations in voltage gated transient receptor potential (TRPV) channels are known from genetic pain research and may modulate the effects of analgesics under development targeting TRPV1 or TRPV3. To this add ligand-gated ion channels including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors and ATP-gated purinergic P2X receptors with most important subunits coded by CHRNA4, GRIN2B and P2RX7. Among G protein coupled receptors, δ-opioid receptors (coded by OPRD1), cannabinoid receptors (CNR1 and CNR2), metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5 coded by GRM5), bradykinin B(1) (BDKRB1) and 5-HT(1A) (HTR1A) receptors are targeted by new analgesic substances. Finally, nerve growth factor (NGFB), its tyrosine kinase receptor (NTRK1) and the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) have become targets of interest. For most of these genes, functional variants have been associated with neuro-psychiatric disorders and not yet with analgesia. However, research on the genetic modulation of pain has already identified variants in these genes, relative to pain, which may facilitate the pharmacogenetic assessments of new analgesics. The increased number of candidate pharmacogenetic modulators of analgesic actions may open opportunities for the broader clinical implementation of genotyping information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Lötsch
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Thompson MJ, Louth JC, Ferrara S, Jackson MP, Sorrell FJ, Cochrane EJ, Gever J, Baxendale S, Silber BM, Roehl HH, Chen B. Discovery of 6-substituted indole-3-glyoxylamides as lead antiprion agents with enhanced cell line activity, improved microsomal stability and low toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4125-32. [PMID: 21726921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of highly potent indole-3-glyoxylamide based antiprion agents was previously characterized, focusing on optimization of structure-activity relationship (SAR) at positions 1-3 of the indole system. New libraries interrogating the SAR at indole C-4 to C-7 now demonstrate that introducing electron-withdrawing substituents at C-6 may improve biological activity by up to an order of magnitude, and additionally confer higher metabolic stability. For the present screening libraries, both the degree of potency and trends in SAR were consistent across two cell line models of prion disease, and the large majority of compounds showed no evidence of toxic effects in zebrafish. The foregoing observations thus make the indole-3-glyoxylamides an attractive lead series for continuing development as potential therapeutic agents against prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Krebs Institute, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.
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Comess KM, Sun C, Abad-Zapatero C, Goedken ER, Gum RJ, Borhani DW, Argiriadi M, Groebe DR, Jia Y, Clampit JE, Haasch DL, Smith HT, Wang S, Song D, Coen ML, Cloutier TE, Tang H, Cheng X, Quinn C, Liu B, Xin Z, Liu G, Fry EH, Stoll V, Ng TI, Banach D, Marcotte D, Burns DJ, Calderwood DJ, Hajduk PJ. Discovery and characterization of non-ATP site inhibitors of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:234-44. [PMID: 21090814 DOI: 10.1021/cb1002619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of protein kinases has validated therapeutic utility for cancer, with at least seven kinase inhibitor drugs on the market. Protein kinase inhibition also has significant potential for a variety of other diseases, including diabetes, pain, cognition, and chronic inflammatory and immunologic diseases. However, as the vast majority of current approaches to kinase inhibition target the highly conserved ATP-binding site, the use of kinase inhibitors in treating nononcology diseases may require great selectivity for the target kinase. As protein kinases are signal transducers that are involved in binding to a variety of other proteins, targeting alternative, less conserved sites on the protein may provide an avenue for greater selectivity. Here we report an affinity-based, high-throughput screening technique that allows nonbiased interrogation of small molecule libraries for binding to all exposed sites on a protein surface. This approach was used to screen both the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase Jnk-1 (involved in insulin signaling) and p38α (involved in the formation of TNFα and other cytokines). In addition to canonical ATP-site ligands, compounds were identified that bind to novel allosteric sites. The nature, biological relevance, and mode of binding of these ligands were extensively characterized using two-dimensional (1)H/(13)C NMR spectroscopy, protein X-ray crystallography, surface plasmon resonance, and direct enzymatic activity and activation cascade assays. Jnk-1 and p38α both belong to the MAP kinase family, and the allosteric ligands for both targets bind similarly on a ledge of the protein surface exposed by the MAP insertion present in the CMGC family of protein kinases and distant from the active site. Medicinal chemistry studies resulted in an improved Jnk-1 ligand able to increase adiponectin secretion in human adipocytes and increase insulin-induced protein kinase PKB phosphorylation in human hepatocytes, in similar fashion to Jnk-1 siRNA and to rosiglitazone treatment. Together, the data suggest that these new ligand series bind to a novel, allosteric, and physiologically relevant site and therefore represent a unique approach to identify kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Comess
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chaohong Sun
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Cele Abad-Zapatero
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Eric R. Goedken
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Gum
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David W. Borhani
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Maria Argiriadi
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Duncan R. Groebe
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yong Jia
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jill E. Clampit
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Deanna L. Haasch
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Harriet T. Smith
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Sanyi Wang
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Danying Song
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael L. Coen
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Timothy E. Cloutier
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Hua Tang
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xueheng Cheng
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Christopher Quinn
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Zhili Xin
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Gang Liu
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Elizabeth H. Fry
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Vincent Stoll
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Teresa I. Ng
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David Banach
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Doug Marcotte
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David J. Burns
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David J. Calderwood
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Philip J. Hajduk
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
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11
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Experimental trauma models: an update. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:797383. [PMID: 21331361 PMCID: PMC3035380 DOI: 10.1155/2011/797383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of polytrauma patients remains a medical as well as socioeconomic challenge. Although diagnostics and therapy improved during the last decades, multiple injuries are still the major cause of fatalities in patients below 45 years of age. Organ dysfunction and organ failure are major complications in patients with major injuries and contribute to mortality during the clinical course. Profound understanding of the systemic pathophysiological response is crucial for innovative therapeutic approaches. Therefore, experimental studies in various animal models are necessary. This review is aimed at providing detailed information of common trauma models in small as well as in large animals.
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promotes inflammation by synthesizing pro-inflammatory prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Inflammation is an early response to bone fracture, and ablation of COX-2 activity impairs fracture healing. Arachidonic acid is also converted into leukotrienes by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). We hypothesized that 5-LO is a negative regulator of fracture healing and that in the absence of COX-2, excess leukotrienes synthesized by 5-LO will impair fracture healing. METHODS Fracture healing was assessed in mice with a targeted 5-LO mutation (5-LO(KO) mice) and control mice by radiographic and histological observations, and measured by histomorphometry and torsional mechanical testing. To assess effects on arachidonic acid metabolism, prostaglandin E2, F2α, and leukotriene B4 levels were measured in the fracture calluses of control, 5-LO(KO) COX-1(KO), and COX-2(KO) mice by enzyme linked immunoassays. RESULTS Femur fractures in 5-LO(KO) mice rapidly developed a cartilaginous callus that was replaced with bone to heal fractures faster than in control mice. Femurs from 5-LO(KO) mice had substantially better mechanical properties after 1 month of healing than did control mice. Callus leukotriene levels were 4-fold higher in mice homozygous for a targeted mutation in the COX-2 gene (COX-2(KO)), which indicated that arachidonic acid was shunted into the 5-LO pathway in the absence of COX-2. INTERPRETATION These experiments show that 5-LO negatively regulates fracture healing and that shunting of arachidonic acid into the 5-LO pathway may account, at least in part, for the impaired fracture healing response observed in COX-2(KO) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaele B Manigrasso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - J Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
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13
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2010; 4:111-20. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32833a1dfc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cottrell J, O’Connor JP. Effect of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Bone Healing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1668-1693. [PMID: 27713323 PMCID: PMC4034003 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific and COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) function by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase isoenzymes and effectively reduce pain and inflammation attributed to acute or chronic musculoskeletal pathologies. However, use of NSAIDs as an analgesic is thought to negatively contribute to bone healing. This review strived to provide a thorough unbiased analysis of the current research conducted on animals and humans regarding NSAIDs and their effect on bone healing. Specifically, this review discusses the role of animal models, dosing regiments, and outcome parameters when examining discrepancies about NSAIDS and their effects on bone regeneration. The role of COX-2 in bone regeneration needs to be better defined in order to further elucidate the impact of NSAIDs on bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Patrick O’Connor
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-973-972-5011; Fax: +1-973-972-5594
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Cheng HT, Dauch JR, Oh SS, Hayes JM, Hong Y, Feldman EL. p38 mediates mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Mol Pain 2010; 6:28. [PMID: 20482876 PMCID: PMC2881061 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN) affects more than 25% of patients with type 2 diabetes; however, the pathogenesis remains unclear due to lack of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms leading to PDN. In our current study, we use an animal model of type 2 diabetes in order to understand the roles of p38 in PDN. Previously, we have demonstrated that the C57BLK db/db (db/db) mouse, a model of type 2 diabetes that carries the loss-of-function leptin receptor mutant, develops mechanical allodynia in the hind paws during the early stage (6-12 wk of age) of diabetes. Using this timeline of PDN, we can investigate the signaling mechanisms underlying mechanical allodynia in the db/db mouse. RESULTS We studied the role of p38 in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (LDRG) during the development of mechanical allodynia in db/db mice. p38 phosphorylation was detected by immunoblots at the early stage of mechanical allodynia in LDRG of diabetic mice. Phosphorylated p38 (pp38) immunoreactivity was detected mostly in the small- to medium-sized LDRG neurons during the time period of mechanical allodynia. Treatment with an antibody against nerve growth factor (NGF) significantly inhibited p38 phosphorylation in LDRG of diabetic mice. In addition, we detected higher levels of inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase (COX) 2, inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in LDRG neurons of db/db mice compared to non-diabetic db+ mice. Intrathecal delivery of SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, significantly inhibited the development of mechanical allodynia and the upregulation of COX2, iNOS and TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that NGF activated-p38 phosphorylation mediates mechanical allodynia in the db/db mouse by upregulation of multiple inflammatory mediators in LDRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsinlin T Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Liu S, Yang J, Wang L, Jiang M, Qiu Q, Ma Z, Liu L, Li C, Ren C, Zhou J, Li W. Tibia tumor-induced cancer pain involves spinal p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation via TLR4-dependent mechanisms. Brain Res 2010; 1346:213-23. [PMID: 20478276 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying bone cancer pain are poorly understood. Recently, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was shown to play a major role not only in the production of proinflammatory cytokines but also in the progression of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We have demonstrated that tactile allodynia and spontaneous pain of female rats with tibia tumors were correlated with the increase of both phosphorylated-p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha) in the spinal cord 6 days after Walker 256 cells' inoculation. This change was specific to bone cancer pain because rats without tibia tumors failed to show such an increase. On the other hand, a 3-day administration [4 microg/rat/day, intrathecally (i.t.)] of 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole (SB203580), an inhibitor of p38MAPK, could suppress tactile allodynia and spontaneous pain of the bone cancer pain rats and decrease the phosphorylation of p38 as well as the expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. To characterize the cellular events upstream of p38MAPK, we have examined the role of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which had been suggested to be involved in pain hypersensitivity. We found that prolonged knockdown of TLR4 during the 3-day administration of TLR4 small interfering RNA (siRNA; 2 microg/rat/day, i.t.) could attenuate hyperalgesia developed by Walker 256 cells' inoculation and decrease the phosphorylation of p38 as well as the increase of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha expression. These results demonstrate that TLR4-dependent phosphorylation of p38MAPK in spinal cord of rats might contribute to the development and maintenance of bone cancer pain, and p38MAPK and TLR4 would possibly be the potential targets for pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
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Medicherla S, Ma JY, Reddy M, Esikova I, Kerr I, Movius F, Higgins LS, Protter AA. Topical alpha-selective p38 MAP kinase inhibition reduces acute skin inflammation in guinea pig. J Inflamm Res 2010; 3:9-16. [PMID: 22096353 PMCID: PMC3218738 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s6718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain skin pathologies, including psoriasis, are thought to be immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Available literature clearly indicates the involvement of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, T cells, and macrophages), their cytokines, and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of psoriasis. Neutrophils play an important role in the formation of acute inflammatory changes in psoriasis. Acute inflammation or acute flares in psoriasis remain poorly addressed in clinical medicine. In this communication, we first establish a simple and reproducible model for studying neutrophil-mediated acute skin inflammation. Using the hairless guinea pig, due to the similarity of skin architecture to that of human, acute inflammation was induced with an intradermal injection of 50 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 50 μL solution. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured by MPO-positive neutrophils and shown to increase for 24-hours post-injection. Simultaneously, the level of phosphorylated p38 MAPK was documented for 48-hours post-LPS injection in the skin. Next, we used this model to examine the therapeutic potential of an α-selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, SCIO-469. A comparison of topical application of SCIO-469 at 5 mg/mL or 15 mg/mL to vehicle revealed that SCIO-469 dose-dependently reduces acute skin inflammation and that this effect is statistically significant at the higher dose. Further examination of tissues that received this dose also revealed statistically significant reduction of MPO activity, phosphorylated p38 MAPK, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2. These data suggest that the α-selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, SCIO-469, acts as a topical anti-inflammatory agent via the p38 MAPK pathway to reduce neutrophil induced acute inflammation in the skin. These observations suggest that α-selective p38 MAPK inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy to manage acute skin inflammation
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Cottrell JA, O'Connor JP. Pharmacological inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase accelerates and enhances fracture-healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91:2653-65. [PMID: 19884440 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.h.01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of cyclooxygenase-2 activity is known to impair fracture-healing in animal models and to inhibit heterotopic ossification in humans. Cyclooxygenase-2 is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Arachidonic acid also is a substrate for 5-lipoxygenase, which catalyzes the initial steps in leukotriene synthesis. In contrast to cyclooxygenase-2, genetic ablation of 5-lipoxygenase accelerates and enhances fracture-healing in mice. The goal of this study was to determine if systemic inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase with an orally delivered drug could accelerate fracture-healing. METHODS Closed femoral fractures were made in Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were treated with oral doses of vehicle (ninety-five rats), celecoxib (fifty-nine rats), or AA-861 (a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; eighty-nine rats). Fracture-healing was measured with use of radiographs, histomorphometry, and biomechanical testing. Effects of drug treatments on callus cell proliferation and gene expression were determined by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and quantitative polymerase chain reactions, respectively. RESULTS AA-861 treatment decreased fracture-bridging time, significantly increased early callus cartilage (5.6-fold; p < 0.001) and bone formation (4.2-fold; p = 0.015), and significantly increased callus mechanical properties compared with the vehicle-treated rat fractures. Callus cell proliferation rate was increased by AA-861 treatment, compared with vehicle, at day 2 after fracture (3.68% compared with 2.08%; p < 0.001; 95% confidence interval, -2.81 to -0.039) but was reduced by celecoxib treatment at day 4 after fracture (4.22% compared with 1.84%; p < 0.001; 95% confidence interval, 2.27 to 4.07). At day 10 after fracture, AA-861 and celecoxib treatment increased Type-II collagen mRNA levels (16.0-fold and 6.1-fold, respectively; p < 0.001 for both), but only AA-861 treatment caused an increase in Type-X collagen mRNA (6.3-fold; p < 0.001). AA-861 treatment significantly increased cyclooxygenase-2 (4.0-fold at day 10; p < 0.001) and osteopontin mRNA levels (3.6-fold at day 7; p = 0.024), while decreasing 5-lipoxygenase mRNA levels (5.6-fold at day 4; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Systemic inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase with an orally delivered drug significantly accelerated and enhanced fracture-healing in this rat model. Gene expression analysis indicates that cyclooxygenase-2 is necessary for callus chondrocytes to progress into hypertrophy so as to complete endochondral ossification. Conversely, inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase alters the inflammatory response, which enhances callus chondrocyte hypertrophy and accelerates endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cottrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, MSB E-659/Biochem, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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