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Caldichoury A, Garcia-Larrea L, Frot M. Focal changes in alpha oscillations during short-term memorization of pain: a high-density electroencephalogram study with source localization. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2778-2791. [PMID: 38511229 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Memories of painful events constitute the basis for assessing patients' pain. This study explores the brain oscillatory activity during short-term memorization of a nociceptive stimulus. High-density EEG activity (128 electrodes) was recorded in 13 healthy subjects during a match-to-sample sensory discrimination task, whereby participants compared the intensity of a thumb-located electric shock (S2) with a prior stimulus to the same location (S1) delivered 8-10 s earlier. Stimuli were above or below the individual nociceptive threshold. EEG activity with intracortical source localization via LORETA source reconstruction was analysed during the inter-stimuli period and contrasted with a non-memory-related control task. The inter-stimulus memorization phase was characterized by a focal alpha-activity enhancement, significant during the nociceptive condition only, which progressed from bilateral occipital regions (cuneus and mid-occipital gyri) during the first encoding-memorization phase towards the right-superior and right mid-temporal gyri during the 2-4 s immediately preceding S2. Initial alpha enhancement in occipital areas/cuneus is consistent with rapid non-specific inhibition of task-irrelevant visual processing during initial stimulus encoding. Its transfer to the right-temporal regions was concomitant to the temporary upholding of the stimulus perceptual representation, previous to receiving S2, and suggests an active and local blockade of external interferences while these regions actively maintain internal information. These results add to a growing field indicating that alpha oscillations, while indicating local inhibitory processes, can also indirectly reveal active stimulus handling, including maintenance in short-term memory buffers, by objectivizing the filtering out of irrelevant and potentially disrupting inputs in brain regions engaged in internally driven operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Caldichoury
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain) Lab-Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard, Bron, France
| | - Luis Garcia-Larrea
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain) Lab-Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard, Bron, France
- Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur, Hôpital Neurologique, Lyon, France
| | - Maud Frot
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain) Lab-Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard, Bron, France
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2
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Weng CC, Wang N, Zhang YH, Wang JY, Luo F. The Effect of Electrical Stimulation-Induced Pain on Time Perception and Relationships to Pain-Related Emotional and Cognitive Factors: A Temporal Bisection Task and Questionnaire-Based Study. Front Psychol 2022; 12:800774. [PMID: 35095687 PMCID: PMC8795068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.800774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain has not only sensory, but also emotional and cognitive, components. Some studies have explored the effect of pain on time perception, but the results remain controversial. Whether individual pain-related emotional and cognitive factors play roles in this process should also be explored. In this study, we investigated the effect of electrical stimulation–induced pain on interval timing using a temporal bisection task. During each task session, subjects received one of five types of stimulation randomly: no stimulus and 100 and 300 ms of non-painful and painful stimulation. Pain-related emotional and cognitive factors were measured using a series of questionnaires. The proportion of “long” judgments of a 1,200-ms visual stimulus duration was significantly smaller with 300 ms painful stimulation than with no stimulus (P < 0.0001) and 100 ms (P < 0.0001) and 300 ms (P = 0.021) non-painful stimulation. The point of subjective equality (PSE) did not differ among sessions, but the average Weber fraction (WF) was higher for painful sessions than for no-stimulus session (P = 0.022). The pain fear score correlated positively with the PSE under 100 ms non-painful (P = 0.031) and painful (P = 0.002) and 300 ms painful (P = 0.006) stimulation. Pain catastrophizing and pain anxiety scores correlated significantly with the WF under no stimulus (P = 0.005) and 100 ms non-painful stimulation (P = 0.027), respectively. These results suggest that electrical stimulation–induced pain affects temporal sensitivity, and that pain-related emotional and cognitive factors are associated with the processing of time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chun Weng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dispositional mindfulness is associated with reduced pain in clinical and experimental settings. However, researchers have neglected the type of pain assessment, as dispositional mindfulness may have unique benefits for reduced pain sensitivity when relying on summary pain assessments, in contrast to assessing the pain of each noxious stimulus. Here, we test the association between dispositional mindfulness and pain using both trial-by-trial pain assessments and overall summary ratings after acute pain tasks. METHODS One hundred thirty-one healthy adult volunteers (mean age = 29.09 [8.00] years, 55.7% female) underwent two experimental thermal pain paradigms. We tested whether dispositional mindfulness measured with the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale was related to a) heat-evoked pain sensitivity, as measured by pain threshold, pain tolerance, average pain, trial-by-trial ratings, and heat-evoked skin conductance response, and b) summary judgments of sensory and affective pain assessed using the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). RESULTS Mindful Attention Awareness Scale ratings were associated with decreased pain on the MPQ sensory (B = -0.18, SE = 0.05, 95% confidence interval = -0.29 to -0.07, t = -3.28, p = .001) and affective (B = -0.11, SE = 0.03, 95% confidence interval = -0.18 to -0.05, t = -3.32, p = .001) dimensions but not with experimental thermal pain assessments, including threshold, tolerance, heat-evoked pain, or skin conductance response (p values ≥ .29). CONCLUSIONS In this study, dispositional mindfulness mitigated acute thermal pain only when pain was assessed using the MPQ. These findings may reflect differences in immediate versus retrospective judgments or the type of pain assessed by each measure. Future research should examine regulation processes that may explain these differential analgesic benefits, such as attention, rumination, or reappraisal.
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Zarei SP, Briscese L, Capitani S, Rossi B, Carboncini MC, Santarcangelo EL, Motie Nasrabadi A. Hypnotizability-Related Effects of Pain Expectation on the Later Modulation of Cortical Connectivity. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2020; 68:306-326. [PMID: 32510271 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2020.1762196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined hypnotizability-related modulation of the cortical network following expected and nonexpected nociceptive stimulation. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded in 9 high (highs) and 8 low (lows) hypnotizable participants receiving nociceptive stimulation with (W1) and without (noW) a visual warning preceding the stimulation by 1 second. W1 and noW were compared to baseline conditions to assess the presence of any later effect and between each other to assess the effects of expectation. The studied EEG variables measured local and global features of the cortical connectivity. With respect to lows, highs exhibited scarce differences between experimental conditions. The hypnotizability-related differences in the later processing of nociceptive information could be relevant to the development of pain-related individual traits. Present findings suggest a lower impact of nociceptive stimulation in highs than in lows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Briscese
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Simone Capitani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Bruno Rossi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Maria C Carboncini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Enrica L Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa , Italy
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Wikström L, Nilsson M, Eriksson K. The association of patients' daily summarized self-rated "real-time" pain scores with physical recovery after major surgery - A repeated measurement design. Nurs Open 2020; 7:307-318. [PMID: 31871715 PMCID: PMC6917937 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To determine the associations of patients' documented self-rated pain with self-rated early postoperative physical recovery. Design Observational with repeated measures. Methods General and orthopaedic inpatients (N = 479) were during the period 2012-2015 screened for pain. Individual daily median pain scores at rest and during activity were based on 4-9 self-ratings on postoperative days 1 and 2, using the Numeric Rating Scale. Nine items reflecting physical recovery from the "Postoperative Recovery Profile" were used in a questionnaire. Results Associations between median pain scores on postoperative day 1 and physical recovery (fatigue, sleeping difficulties, bladder function, mobilization, muscle weakness and personal hygiene) the same day were found. Additionally, associations were found between median pain scores on day 1 and physical recovery (fatigue, sleeping difficulties, mobilization and muscle weakness) on day 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Wikström
- School of Health and WelfareJönköping UniversityJönköpingSweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive CareRyhov County HospitalJönköpingSweden
| | | | - Kerstin Eriksson
- School of Health and WelfareJönköping UniversityJönköpingSweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive CareRyhov County HospitalJönköpingSweden
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Wikström L, Nilsson M, Broström A, Eriksson K. Patients’ self‐reported nausea: Validation of the Numerical Rating Scale and of a daily summary of repeated Numerical Rating Scale scores. J Clin Nurs 2018; 28:959-968. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Wikström
- School of Health and WelfareJönköping University Jönköping Sweden
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive CareRyhov County Hospital Jönköping Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- FuturumAcademy for Health and Care Region Jönköping County Sweden
| | - Anders Broström
- School of Health and WelfareJönköping University Jönköping Sweden
- Sweden Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity Hospital Linköping Sweden
| | - Kerstin Eriksson
- School of Health and WelfareJönköping University Jönköping Sweden
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive CareRyhov County Hospital Jönköping Sweden
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Abstract
The dynamics of noxious sensation shapes pain perception, yet the memory of the temporal dimension of pain remains almost completely unexplored. Here, brain activity during the memory of pain duration was contrasted with that associated with the memory of pain intensity using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a delayed reproduction task. Participants encoded, maintained during a short delay, and reproduced (1) the "duration" of pain (ie, onset-to-offset), (2) the "dynamics" of pain (ie, evolution of pain over time), or (3) the intensity of pain (ie, control with no explicit temporal processing required). Results show that the inferior frontal gyrus/insula and adjacent striatal structures as well as the supramarginal and middle temporal gyri are activated in the duration task compared to the control intensity task. Specific examination of the memory delay of the duration task further revealed activation in the supramarginal gyrus extending to the parietal operculum (possibly SII) and primary somatosensory cortex (SI). In contrast, the memory delay of the dynamic task involved the bilateral supplementary motor area and the frontoparietal attentional network. Although SI, SII, and insula may contribute to the memory trace of pain sensation, other areas less commonly reported in pain studies are associated with time processing and may therefore contribute to the processing of temporal aspects of pain. Results further suggest a differential role of core timing regions of the brain depending on specific task instructions and attentional allocations to the single dimension of time, as compared to the joint processing of both time and intensity.
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8
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Wikström L, Eriksson K, Fridlund B, Nilsson M, Årestedt K, Broström A. The clinical applicability of a daily summary of patients’ self-reported postoperative pain-A repeated measure analysis. J Clin Nurs 2017; 26:4675-4684. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Wikström
- School of Health and Welfare; Jönköping University; Jönköping Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care; Ryhov County Hospital; Jönköping Sweden
| | - Kerstin Eriksson
- School of Health and Welfare; Jönköping University; Jönköping Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care; Ryhov County Hospital; Jönköping Sweden
| | - Bengt Fridlund
- School of Health and Welfare; Jönköping University; Jönköping Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Futurum-Academy for Health and Care; Jönköping Sweden
| | - Kristofer Årestedt
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Linnaeus University; Kalmar Sweden
- Division of Nursing Science; Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Anders Broström
- School of Health and Welfare; Jönköping University; Jönköping Sweden
- Sweden Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; University Hospital; Linköping Sweden
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9
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Doggweiler R, Whitmore KE, Meijlink JM, Drake MJ, Frawley H, Nordling J, Hanno P, Fraser MO, Homma Y, Garrido G, Gomes MJ, Elneil S, van de Merwe JP, Lin ATL, Tomoe H. A standard for terminology in chronic pelvic pain syndromes: A report from the chronic pelvic pain working group of the international continence society. Neurourol Urodyn 2016; 36:984-1008. [PMID: 27564065 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Terms used in the field of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) are poorly defined and often confusing. An International Continence Society (ICS) Standard for Terminology in chronic pelvic pain syndromes (CPPS) has been developed with the aim of improving diagnosis and treatment of patients affected by chronic pelvic pain syndromes. The standard aims to facilitate research, enhance therapy development and support healthcare delivery, for healthcare providers, and patients. This document looks at the whole person and all the domains (organ systems) in a systematic way. METHODS A dedicated working group (WG) was instituted by the ICS Standardisation Steering Committee according to published procedures. The WG extracted information from existing relevant guidelines, consensus documents, and scientific publications. Medline and other databases were searched in relation to each chronic pelvic pain domain from 1980 to 2014. Existing ICS Standards for terminology were utilized where appropriate to ensure transparency, accessibility, flexibility, and evolution. Consensus was based on majority agreement. RESULTS The multidisciplinary CPPS Standard reports updated consensus terminology in nine domains; lower urinary tract, female genital, male genital, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, neurological aspects, psychological aspects, sexual aspects, and comorbidities. Each is described in terms of symptoms, signs and further evaluation. CONCLUSION The document presents preferred terms and definitions for symptoms, signs, and evaluation (diagnostic work-up) of female and male patients with chronic pelvic pain syndromes, serving as a platform for ongoing development in this field. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:984-1008, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristene E Whitmore
- Chair of Urology and Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jane M Meijlink
- International Painful Bladder Foundation, Naarden, Netherlands
| | - Marcus J Drake
- Department of Urology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Frawley
- Physiotherapy at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jørgen Nordling
- Department of Urology, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Philip Hanno
- Department of Urology, Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew O Fraser
- Department of Urology Surgery, Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gustavo Garrido
- Head of Voiding Dysfunctions and Urodynamics Section, Urology Division, Hospital de Clínicas, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario J Gomes
- Department of Urology, St. António Hospital, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Sohier Elneil
- Department of Urogynecology, University College Hospital, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, GB
| | | | - Alex T L Lin
- Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hikaru Tomoe
- Department of Urogynecology, Chair of Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery and Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Japan
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10
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Wang L, Gui P, Li L, Ku Y, Bodner M, Fan G, Zhou YD, Dong XW. Neural correlates of heat-evoked pain memory in humans. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:1596-604. [PMID: 26740529 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00126.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural processes underlying pain memory are not well understood. To explore these processes, contact heat-evoked potentials (CHEPs) were recorded in humans with electroencephalography (EEG) technique during a delayed matching-to-sample task, a working memory task involving presentations of two successive painful heat stimuli (S-1 and S-2) with different intensities separated by a 2-s interval (the memorization period). At the end of the task, the subject was required to discriminate the stimuli by indicating which (S-1 or S-2) induced more pain. A control task was used, in which no active discrimination was required between stimuli. All event-related potential (ERP) analysis was aligned to the onset of S-1. EEG activity exhibited two successive CHEPs: an N2-P2 complex (∼400 ms after onset of S-1) and an ultralate component (ULC, ∼900 ms). The amplitude of the N2-P2 at vertex, but not the ULC, was significantly correlated with stimulus intensity in these two tasks, suggesting that the N2-P2 represents neural coding of pain intensity. A late negative component (LNC) in the frontal recording region was observed only in the memory task during a 500-ms period before onset of S-2. LNC amplitude differed between stimulus intensities and exhibited significant correlations with the N2-P2 complex. These indicate that the frontal LNC is involved in maintenance of intensity of pain in working memory. Furthermore, alpha-band oscillations observed in parietal recording regions during the late delay displayed significant power differences between tasks. This study provides in the temporal domain previously unidentified neural evidence showing the neural processes involved in working memory of painful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE and STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China;
| | - Peng Gui
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE and STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE and STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE and STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark Bodner
- MIND Research Institute, Irvine, California; and
| | - Gaojie Fan
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Yong-Di Zhou
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiao-Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE and STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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11
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The delayed reproduction of long time intervals defined by innocuous thermal sensation. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1095-104. [PMID: 26724930 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of discrete events during an interval to be estimated generally causes a dilation of perceived duration (event-filling effect). Here, we investigated this phenomenon in the thermal modality using multi-seconds (19 s) innocuous cool stimuli that were either constant (continuous interval) or fluctuating to create three discrete sensory events (segmented interval). Moreover, we introduced a delay following stimulus offset, before the reproduction phase, to allow for a direct comparison with our recent study showing an underestimation of duration in a delayed reproduction task of heat pain sensations (Khoshnejad et al. in Pain 155:581-590, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.12.015 ). The event-filling effect was tested by comparing the delayed reproduction of the segmented and the continuous stimuli in experimental conditions asking participants to (1) reproduce the dynamics of the sensation (i.e., changes in sensory intensity over time) or (2) reproduce only the interval duration (i.e., sensation onset-to-offset). A perceptual (control) condition required participants to report changes in sensation concurrently with the stimulus. Results of the dynamic task confirmed the underestimation of duration in the delayed reproduction task, but this effect was only found with the continuous and not with the segmented stimulus. This implies that the dilation of duration produced by segmentation might compensate for the underestimation of duration in this delayed reproduction task. However, this temporal dilation effect was only observed when participants were required to attend and reproduce the dynamics of sensation. These results suggest that the event-filling effect can be observed in the thermal sensory modality and that attention directed toward changes in sensory intensity might contribute to this effect.
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