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Farrugia BL, Melrose J. The Glycosaminoglycan Side Chains and Modular Core Proteins of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and the Varied Ways They Provide Tissue Protection by Regulating Physiological Processes and Cellular Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14101. [PMID: 37762403 PMCID: PMC10531531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the roles of HS-proteoglycans (HS-PGs) in general, and, in particular, perlecan and syndecan as representative examples and their interactive ligands, which regulate physiological processes and cellular behavior in health and disease. HS-PGs are essential for the functional properties of tissues both in development and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that occurs in response to trauma or disease. HS-PGs interact with a biodiverse range of chemokines, chemokine receptors, protease inhibitors, and growth factors in immune regulation, inflammation, ECM stabilization, and tissue protection. Some cell regulatory proteoglycan receptors are dually modified hybrid HS/CS proteoglycans (betaglycan, CD47). Neurexins provide synaptic stabilization, plasticity, and specificity of interaction, promoting neurotransduction, neurogenesis, and differentiation. Ternary complexes of glypican-1 and Robbo-Slit neuroregulatory proteins direct axonogenesis and neural network formation. Specific neurexin-neuroligin complexes stabilize synaptic interactions and neural activity. Disruption in these interactions leads to neurological deficits in disorders of functional cognitive decline. Interactions with HS-PGs also promote or inhibit tumor development. Thus, HS-PGs have complex and diverse regulatory roles in the physiological processes that regulate cellular behavior and the functional properties of normal and pathological tissues. Specialized HS-PGs, such as the neurexins, pikachurin, and Eyes-shut, provide synaptic stabilization and specificity of neural transduction and also stabilize the axenome primary cilium of phototoreceptors and ribbon synapse interactions with bipolar neurons of retinal neural networks, which are essential in ocular vision. Pikachurin and Eyes-Shut interactions with an α-dystroglycan stabilize the photoreceptor synapse. Novel regulatory roles for HS-PGs controlling cell behavior and tissue function are expected to continue to be uncovered in this fascinating class of proteoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Raymond Purves Laboratory of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School (Northern), University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Hogwood J, Mulloy B, Lever R, Gray E, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs: An Update. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:328-379. [PMID: 36792365 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100 years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence, which potentiates the inhibitory action of antithrombin, a major inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. More recently it has been elucidated that heparin exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via interference of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and this may also contribute to heparin's antithrombotic activity. This illustrates that heparin interacts with a broad range of biomolecules, exerting both anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant actions. Since our previous review, there has been an increased interest in these nonanticoagulant effects of heparin, with the beneficial role in patients infected with SARS2-coronavirus a highly topical example. This article provides an update on our previous review with more recent developments and observations made for these novel uses of heparin and an overview of the development status of heparin-based drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This state-of-the-art review covers recent developments in the use of heparin and heparin-like materials as anticoagulant, now including immunothrombosis observations, and as nonanticoagulant including a role in the treatment of SARS-coronavirus and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebeca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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HS, an Ancient Molecular Recognition and Information Storage Glycosaminoglycan, Equips HS-Proteoglycans with Diverse Matrix and Cell-Interactive Properties Operative in Tissue Development and Tissue Function in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021148. [PMID: 36674659 PMCID: PMC9867265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a ubiquitous, variably sulfated interactive glycosaminoglycan that consists of repeating disaccharides of glucuronic acid and glucosamine that are subject to a number of modifications (acetylation, de-acetylation, epimerization, sulfation). Variable heparan sulfate chain lengths and sequences within the heparan sulfate chains provide structural diversity generating interactive oligosaccharide binding motifs with a diverse range of extracellular ligands and cellular receptors providing instructional cues over cellular behaviour and tissue homeostasis through the regulation of essential physiological processes in development, health, and disease. heparan sulfate and heparan sulfate-PGs are integral components of the specialized glycocalyx surrounding cells. Heparan sulfate is the most heterogeneous glycosaminoglycan, in terms of its sequence and biosynthetic modifications making it a difficult molecule to fully characterize, multiple ligands also make an elucidation of heparan sulfate functional properties complicated. Spatio-temporal presentation of heparan sulfate sulfate groups is an important functional determinant in tissue development and in cellular control of wound healing and extracellular remodelling in pathological tissues. The regulatory properties of heparan sulfate are mediated via interactions with chemokines, chemokine receptors, growth factors and morphogens in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, tissue remodelling, wound healing, immune regulation, inflammation, and tumour development. A greater understanding of these HS interactive processes will improve therapeutic procedures and prognoses. Advances in glycosaminoglycan synthesis and sequencing, computational analytical carbohydrate algorithms and advanced software for the evaluation of molecular docking of heparan sulfate with its molecular partners are now available. These advanced analytic techniques and artificial intelligence offer predictive capability in the elucidation of heparan sulfate conformational effects on heparan sulfate-ligand interactions significantly aiding heparan sulfate therapeutics development.
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Zhou L, Chen J, Mu G, Lu Z, Li W, Deng Y. Heparin-binding protein (HBP) worsens the severity of pancreatic necrosis via up-regulated M1 macrophages activation in acute pancreatitis mouse models. Bioengineered 2021; 12:11978-11986. [PMID: 34895060 PMCID: PMC8810113 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2011018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most widespread clinical emergencies. Macrophages are the most common immune cells in AP pancreatic tissue and are closely associated with pancreatic necrosis and recovery. The level of heparin-binding protein (HBP) is closely linked to inflammation. In this study, we assessed the effect of HBP on AP tissue necrosis severity and whether HBP is associated with M1 macrophages in pancreatic necrosis. We observed the dynamic changes of HBP levels in the pancreas during acute inflammation in the caerulein-induced AP mice model. We used hematoxylin-eosin staining to evaluate pancreatic edema and necrosis, and to detect infiltration of macrophages by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, expressions of the maker and cytokines of macrophages, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and arginase 1 (Arg-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA, were detected by real-time polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR). High levels of HBP in the pancreas were detected at 48 h, and heparin inhibited HBP expression in AP pancreatic tissue. Inhibiting HBP expression by injecting heparin before AP can alleviate pancreatic necrosis and inhibit F4/80 labeled M1 macrophage infiltration and IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS mRNA expression. Clodronate liposome (CLDL) intraperitoneally treated mice showed no change in pancreatic HBP levels, but pancreatic macrophage-specific antigen F4/80 and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA levels decreased after CLDL treatment. HBP is critical for pancreatic necrosis response in acute pancreatitis by increasing the infiltration of M1 macrophages and promoting the secretion of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, which can be reduced by heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School/The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School/The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Genhua Mu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School/The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongqian Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School/The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School/The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yijun Deng
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School/The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
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Shu W, Wan J, Yang X, Chen J, Yang Q, Liu F, Xia L. Heparin-Binding Protein Levels at Admission and Within 24 h Are Associated with Persistent Organ Failure in Acute Pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:3597-3603. [PMID: 33094452 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of patients at risk for persistent organ failure (POF) early in the course of acute pancreatitis (AP) is critical for early intervention. Heparin-binding protein (HBP) levels are closely related to inflammation. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between HBP levels and POF in patients with AP. METHODS This observational cohort study analyzed 66 patients with AP and 14 healthy volunteers between June 2019 and December 2019. Baseline characteristics, laboratory data, and severity scores of patients with different degrees of AP were compared. Levels of HBP were measured by ELISA. Serum HBP levels were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curves to identify POF in AP. RESULTS Concentrations of serum HBP in healthy volunteers, MAP, MSAP, and SAP groups were 3.9 (range: 3.4-5) ng/ml, 5.2 (3.9-6.8) ng/ml, 5.9 (4.6-7.7) ng/ml, and 11 (8.0-13.8) ng/ml, respectively. The level of HBP in SAP patients was significantly elevated compared to the other groups (P < 0.01). HBP levels ≥ 7 ng/ml showed a specificity of 74%, a sensitivity of 90%, and an AUC of 0.82 for predicting POF. CONCLUSIONS HBP levels in patients with POF were significantly elevated. HBP is a useful marker for predicting severe AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinyu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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What Are the Potential Roles of Nuclear Perlecan and Other Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans in the Normal and Malignant Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094415. [PMID: 33922532 PMCID: PMC8122901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of nuclear and perinuclear perlecan in annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells and its known matrix stabilizing properties in tissues introduces the possibility that perlecan may also have intracellular stabilizing or regulatory roles through interactions with nuclear envelope or cytoskeletal proteins or roles in nucleosomal-chromatin organization that may regulate transcriptional factors and modulate gene expression. The nucleus is a mechano-sensor organelle, and sophisticated dynamic mechanoresponsive cytoskeletal and nuclear envelope components support and protect the nucleus, allowing it to perceive and respond to mechano-stimulation. This review speculates on the potential roles of perlecan in the nucleus based on what is already known about nuclear heparan sulphate proteoglycans. Perlecan is frequently found in the nuclei of tumour cells; however, its specific role in these diseased tissues is largely unknown. The aim of this review is to highlight probable roles for this intriguing interactive regulatory proteoglycan in the nucleus of normal and malignant cell types.
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Wan J, Ren Y, Yang X, Li X, Xia L, Lu N. The Role of Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Acute Pancreatitis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:565758. [PMID: 33553136 PMCID: PMC7859271 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.565758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte invasion (neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages) is closely related to the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) and plays an important role in the systemic inflammatory response and other organ injuries secondary to AP. Increased and sustained activation of neutrophils are major determinants of pancreatic injury and inflammation. After the onset of AP, the arrival of the first wave of neutrophils occurs due to a variety of triggers and is critical for the exacerbation of inflammation. In this review, we summarize the functional characteristics of neutrophils, elastase, and heparin-binding proteins in granules, the mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment and the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuping Ren
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xueyang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nonghua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Heparin-Binding Protein: A Novel Biomarker Linking Four Different Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:9575373. [PMID: 32612856 PMCID: PMC7312699 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9575373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are an important group of diseases that seriously affect quality of life. Thus, their treatment warrants further study. Heparin-binding protein (HBP) is a granulocyte protein derived from neutrophils. When an infection occurs, neutrophils release HBP, which can lead to elevated HBP levels in the blood. Therefore, HBP family members are said to be important indicators of infection. However, basic evidence is still lacking to confirm the possible relationship between HBP and cardiovascular diseases. Using bioinformatics methods, we investigated the role of the HBP network in normal hearts and hearts from patients with cardiovascular disease. First, we used the Open Targets database to obtain a list of HBP-encoding mRNAs related to atherosclerosis, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia. Then, we constructed an HBP gene interaction network map using STRING. Clustering coefficients were calculated using Cytoscape, and MCODE was used for subnet analysis. Finally, the proposed interstitial network of HBPs was established and analyzed by Metascape enrichment analysis of the relevant signaling pathways. The aggregation coefficient of the HBP interaction network was higher among hearts with the four cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis (0.496), myocarditis (0.631), myocardial infarction (0.532), and myocardial ischemia (0.551), than in normal hearts. Metascape analysis showed that "NABA_MATRISOME_ASSOCIATED" was a typical pathway with the highest p value associated with epithelialization in all four diseases. Moreover, a large number of important HBPs were identified that may be significant for the treatment of these diseases. Therefore, HBPs do have a highly atopic connectivity network in cardiovascular diseases, and specific HBPs or signaling pathways may be used as targets for the development of new treatments for cardiovascular diseases.
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Nunes QM, Su D, Brownridge PJ, Simpson DM, Sun C, Li Y, Bui TP, Zhang X, Huang W, Rigden DJ, Beynon RJ, Sutton R, Fernig DG. The heparin-binding proteome in normal pancreas and murine experimental acute pancreatitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217633. [PMID: 31211768 PMCID: PMC6581253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is acute inflammation of the pancreas, mainly caused by gallstones and alcohol, driven by changes in communication between cells. Heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) play a central role in health and diseases. Therefore, we used heparin affinity proteomics to identify extracellular HBPs in pancreas and plasma of normal mice and in a caerulein mouse model of AP. Many new extracellular HBPs (360) were discovered in the pancreas, taking the total number of HBPs known to 786. Extracellular pancreas HBPs form highly interconnected protein-protein interaction networks in both normal pancreas (NP) and AP. Thus, HBPs represent an important set of extracellular proteins with significant regulatory potential in the pancreas. HBPs in NP are associated with biological functions such as molecular transport and cellular movement that underlie pancreatic homeostasis. However, in AP HBPs are associated with additional inflammatory processes such as acute phase response signalling, complement activation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which has a central role in the development of AP. Plasma HBPs in AP included known AP biomarkers such as serum amyloid A, as well as emerging targets such as histone H2A. Other HBPs such as alpha 2-HS glycoprotein (AHSG) and histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) need further investigation for potential applications in the management of AP. Pancreas HBPs are extracellular and so easily accessible and are potential drug targets in AP, whereas plasma HBPs represent potential biomarkers for AP. Thus, their identification paves the way to determine which HBPs may have potential applications in the management of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M. Nunes
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Dunhao Su
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Brownridge
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah M. Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Changye Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wen Zhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Thao P. Bui
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Huang
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel J. Rigden
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Beynon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Sutton
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Fernig
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Karamanos NK, Piperigkou Z, Theocharis AD, Watanabe H, Franchi M, Baud S, Brézillon S, Götte M, Passi A, Vigetti D, Ricard-Blum S, Sanderson RD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan Chemical Diversity Drives Multifunctional Cell Regulation and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9152-9232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini 47100, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire SiRMa, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
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Rudd TR, Preston MD, Yates EA. The nature of the conserved basic amino acid sequences found among 437 heparin binding proteins determined by network analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:852-865. [PMID: 28317949 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, a large number of proteins interact with the polyanionic polysaccharides heparan sulphate (HS) and heparin. These interactions are usually assumed to be dominated by charge-charge interactions between the anionic carboxylate and/or sulfate groups of the polysaccharide and cationic amino acids of the protein. A major question is whether there exist conserved amino acid sequences for HS/heparin binding among these diverse proteins. Potentially conserved HS/heparin binding sequences were sought amongst 437 HS/heparin binding proteins. Amino acid sequences were extracted and compared using a Levenshtein distance metric. The resultant similarity matrices were visualised as graphs, enabling extraction of strongly conserved sequences from highly variable primary sequences while excluding short, core regions. This approach did not reveal extensive, conserved HS/heparin binding sequences, rather a number of shorter, more widely spaced sequences that may work in unison to form heparin-binding sites on protein surfaces, arguing for convergent evolution. Thus, it is the three-dimensional arrangement of these conserved motifs on the protein surface, rather than the primary sequence per se, which are the evolutionary elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rudd
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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Abstract
Heparin, the widely used anticoagulant drug, is unusual among major pharmaceutical agents being neither single chemical entity nor a defined mixture of compounds. Its composition, while conforming to approximate average disaccharide composition or sulfation levels, exhibits heterogeneity and variability depending on the source, as well as its geographical origin. Furthermore, individual polysaccharide chains, whose physico-chemical properties are extremely similar, cannot be separated with current state-of-the-art techniques, presenting a challenge to those interested in the quality control of heparin, in ensuring its provenance and safety, and those with an interest in investigating the relationships between its structure and biological activity. The review consists of two main sections: The first is the Introduction, comprising (i) The History, Occurrence and Use of Heparin and (ii) Approaches to Structure-Activity Relationships. The second section is Improved Techniques for Structural Analysis, comprising; (i) Separation and Identification, (ii) Spectroscopic Methods, (iii) Enzymatic Approaches and (iv) Other Physico-Chemical Approaches. The ~60 references cover recent technological advances in the study of heparin structural analysis, largely since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZBUK.
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZBUK; National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
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13
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Meneghetti MCZ, Hughes AJ, Rudd TR, Nader HB, Powell AK, Yates EA, Lima MA. Heparan sulfate and heparin interactions with proteins. J R Soc Interface 2016; 12:0589. [PMID: 26289657 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides are ubiquitous components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix of all multicellular animals, whereas heparin is present within mast cells and can be viewed as a more sulfated, tissue-specific, HS variant. HS and heparin regulate biological processes through interactions with a large repertoire of proteins. Owing to these interactions and diverse effects observed during in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments, manifold biological/pharmacological activities have been attributed to them. The properties that have been thought to bestow protein binding and biological activity upon HS and heparin vary from high levels of sequence specificity to a dependence on charge. In contrast to these opposing opinions, we will argue that the evidence supports both a level of redundancy and a degree of selectivity in the structure-activity relationship. The relationship between this apparent redundancy, the multi-dentate nature of heparin and HS polysaccharide chains, their involvement in protein networks and the multiple binding sites on proteins, each possessing different properties, will also be considered. Finally, the role of cations in modulating HS/heparin activity will be reviewed and some of the implications for structure-activity relationships and regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Z Meneghetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Ashley J Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QC, UK Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Helena B Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Andrew K Powell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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14
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Lackey B, Nunes QM, Higham SM, Fernig DG, Valappil SP. In silico analyses of heparin binding proteins expression in human periodontal tissues. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:53. [PMID: 26821679 PMCID: PMC4731997 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is described as a group of inflammatory diseases of the gingiva and supporting structures of the periodontium. The accumulation of plaque bacteria, which include putative periodontal pathogens, is known to initiate the disease but the host immune response is the major contributing factor for destruction of periodontal tissues. Proteins that bind to heparin heparin-binding protein (HBPs) play important roles in health and disease and interact with each other via networks known as 'heparin interactomes'. This study aimed at evaluating published datasets of HBPs and its role in periodontitis. METHODS To elucidate the role of HBPs in periodontitis, bioinformatics analyses of published data was used. In silico analyses of published datasets were used to construct a putative HBPs interactome using an online database resource, 'STRING' (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes). RESULTS PubMed searches identified 249 genes that were up regulated and 146 genes that were down regulated in periodontal disease, compared with periodontal disease-free gingival samples. In silico analyses using published datasets revealed 25 up-regulated and 23 down-regulated HBPs in periodontitis. Of these HBPs; chemokines, such as CXCL12 was up regulated where as some of the matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs; MMP-2 and MMP9) were up-regulated while MMP-14 was down regulated. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that HBP analyses will provide multiple targets for the biological mechanisms underlying periodontal disease (such as MMPs, cytokines and chemokines) that will have important clinical implications in the future drug design and management of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Lackey
- Department of Health Services Research and School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GN, UK.
| | - Quentin M Nunes
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
| | - Susan M Higham
- Department of Health Services Research and School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GN, UK.
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Sabeel P Valappil
- Department of Health Services Research and School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GN, UK.
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15
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Heparin/Heparan sulfate proteoglycans glycomic interactome in angiogenesis: biological implications and therapeutical use. Molecules 2015; 20:6342-88. [PMID: 25867824 PMCID: PMC6272510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessel from pre-existing ones, is involved in various intertwined pathological processes including virus infection, inflammation and oncogenesis, making it a promising target for the development of novel strategies for various interventions. To induce angiogenesis, angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) must interact with pro-angiogenic receptors to induce proliferation, protease production and migration of endothelial cells (ECs). The action of AGFs is counteracted by antiangiogenic modulators whose main mechanism of action is to bind (thus sequestering or masking) AGFs or their receptors. Many sugars, either free or associated to proteins, are involved in these interactions, thus exerting a tight regulation of the neovascularization process. Heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans undoubtedly play a pivotal role in this context since they bind to almost all the known AGFs, to several pro-angiogenic receptors and even to angiogenic inhibitors, originating an intricate network of interaction, the so called "angiogenesis glycomic interactome". The decoding of the angiogenesis glycomic interactome, achievable by a systematic study of the interactions occurring among angiogenic modulators and sugars, may help to design novel antiangiogenic therapies with implications in the cure of angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
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