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Song H, Wang B, Zhao G, Lu S, Zhang D, Kong J, Li J, Zhang X, Lyu Y, Liu L. Discovery and biochemical characterization of two hexokinases from Crassostrea gigas. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106408. [PMID: 38008389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinases (HKs) play a vital role in glucose metabolism, which controls the first committed step catalyzing the production of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose. Two HKs (CGIHK1 and CGIHK2) from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea giga were cloned and characterized. CGIHK1 and CGIHK2 were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and successfully purified by the Ni-NTA column. The optimum pH of the two enzymes was pH 8.0 and 8.5, respectively. The optimum temperature of the two enzymes was 42 °C and 50 °C, respectively. Both enzymes showed a clear requirement for divalent magnesium and were strongly inhibited by SDS. CGIHK1 exhibited highly strict substrate specificity to glucose, while CGIHK2 could also catalyze other 11 monosaccharide substrates. This is the first report on the in vitro biosynthesis of glucose-6-phosphate by the hexokinases from Crassostrea gigas. The facile expression and purification procedures combined with different substrate specificities make CGIHK1 and CGIHK2 candidates for the biosynthesis of glucose-6-phosphate and other sugar-phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Song
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (College of Tree Peony), Heze University, Heze, 274015, China; Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (College of Tree Peony), Heze University, Heze, 274015, China
| | - Guihong Zhao
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (College of Tree Peony), Heze University, Heze, 274015, China.
| | - Shihai Lu
- Shandong Bigtree Dreyfus Special Meals Food Co., Ltd, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Dahu Zhang
- Shandong Bigtree Dreyfus Special Meals Food Co., Ltd, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Jianbiao Kong
- Heze Product Inspection and Testing Research Institute, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- Heze Institute for Food and Drug Control. Heze, 274000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Yongmei Lyu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Morton KS, Hartman JH, Heffernan N, Ryde IT, Kenny-Ganzert IW, Meng L, Sherwood DR, Meyer JN. Chronic high-sugar diet in adulthood protects Caenorhabditis elegans from 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. BMC Biol 2023; 21:252. [PMID: 37950228 PMCID: PMC10636816 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets high in saturated fat and sugar, termed "Western diets," have been associated with several negative health outcomes, including increased risk for neurodegenerative disease. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. We build upon previous work characterizing the impact of high-sugar diets in Caenorhabditis elegans to mechanistically evaluate the relationship between high-sugar diets and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. RESULTS Adult high-glucose and high-fructose diets, or exposure from day 1 to 5 of adulthood, led to increased lipid content, shorter lifespan, and decreased reproduction. However, in contrast to previous reports, we found that adult chronic high-glucose and high-fructose diets did not induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration alone and were protective from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced degeneration. Neither sugar altered baseline electron transport chain function and both increased vulnerability to organism-wide ATP depletion when the electron transport chain was inhibited, arguing against energetic rescue as a basis for neuroprotection. The induction of oxidative stress by 6-OHDA is hypothesized to contribute to its pathology, and high-sugar diets prevented this increase in the soma of the dopaminergic neurons. However, we did not find increased expression of antioxidant enzymes or glutathione levels. Instead, we found evidence suggesting downregulation of the dopamine reuptake transporter dat-1 that could result in decreased 6-OHDA uptake. CONCLUSIONS Our work uncovers a neuroprotective role for high-sugar diets, despite concomitant decreases in lifespan and reproduction. Our results support the broader finding that ATP depletion alone is insufficient to induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration, whereas increased neuronal oxidative stress may drive degeneration. Finally, our work highlights the importance of evaluating lifestyle by toxicant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | | | - Ian T Ryde
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | | | - Lingfeng Meng
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | | | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA.
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Morton KS, Hartman JS, Heffernan N, Ryde I, Kenny-Ganzert IW, Meng L, Sherwood DR, Meyer JN. Chronic high-sugar diet in adulthood protects Caenorhabditis elegans from 6-OHDA induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542737. [PMID: 37398434 PMCID: PMC10312447 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets high in saturated fat and sugar, termed western diets, have been associated with several negative health outcomes, including increased risk for neurodegenerative disease. Parkinson s Disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. We build upon previous work characterizing the impact of high sugar diets in Caenorhabditis elegans to mechanistically evaluate the relationship between high sugar diets and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. RESULTS Non-developmental high glucose and fructose diets led to increased lipid content and shorter lifespan and decreased reproduction. However, in contrast to previous reports, we found that non-developmental chronic high-glucose and high-fructose diets did not induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration alone and were protective from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced degeneration. Neither sugar altered baseline electron transport chain function, and both increased vulnerability to organism-wide ATP depletion when the electron transport chain was inhibited, arguing against energetic rescue as a basis for neuroprotection. The induction of oxidative stress by 6-OHDA is hypothesized to contribute to its pathology, and high sugar diets prevented this increase in the soma of the dopaminergic neurons. However, we did not find increased expression of antioxidant enzymes or glutathione levels. Instead, we found evidence suggesting alterations to dopamine transmission that could result in decreased 6-OHDA uptake. CONCLUSION Our work uncovers a neuroprotective role for high sugar diets, despite concomitant decreases in lifespan and reproduction. Our results support the broader finding that ATP depletion alone is insufficient to induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration, whereas increased neuronal oxidative stress may drive degeneration. Finally, our work highlights the importance of evaluating lifestyle by toxicant interactions.
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Wang D, Li R, Wu YX, Fan XY, Liu XY, Yang F, Zhang TT, Ma JY, Hu YH. Molecular characterization of hexokinase (HK) in Haemaphysalis longicornis and evaluation of HK protein- and DNA-based vaccines against adult ticks. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1721-1730. [PMID: 36606406 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemaphysalis longicornis is an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite, which transmits various pathogens to humans, livestock and wild animals. Hexokinase (HK) is a key regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway in the organisms. However, little is known about hexokinase and its functions in ticks. RESULTS The open reading frame of the H. longicornis HK (HlHK) gene was 1425 bp and encoded a protein of 474 amino acids, containing conserved domains for glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and adenosine triphosphate. The expression of HlHK gene was detected at different developmental stages and in different tissues of unfed female ticks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that both HK protein- and DNA-based vaccines increased the antibody levels of the immunized animals. A vaccination trail on rabbits against H. longicornis infestation indicated that the rHlHK protein and HlHK DNA vaccines reduced the number of attached female ticks by 9% and 12%, egg mass weight by 36% and 34%, and egg hatching rate by 41% and 17%, respectively. Overall, protein vaccination conferred 65.6% protection against adult female ticks, whereas the DNA vaccine conferred 51.8% protection. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the molecular characterization of the HK protein and sequencing of the HK gene from H. longicornis. Positive results from vaccination trials on rabbits of the recombinant HK protein and HK DNA suggest that these novel anti-tick vaccines potentially can be used as viable tick control tools for the management of the Asian longhorned tick. Additionally, inhibition of glucose metabolism may be a new strategy for tick control. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ru Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ya-Xue Wu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiang-Yuan Fan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- Institute of Paleontology, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing-Yi Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong-Hong Hu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Stryiński R, Mateos J, Carrera M, Jastrzębski JP, Bogacka I, Łopieńska-Biernat E. Tandem Mass Tagging (TMT) Reveals Tissue-Specific Proteome of L4 Larvae of Anisakis simplex s. s.: Enzymes of Energy and/or Carbohydrate Metabolism as Potential Drug Targets in Anisakiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084336. [PMID: 35457153 PMCID: PMC9027741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakis simplex s. s. is a parasitic nematode of marine mammals and causative agent of anisakiasis in humans. The cuticle and intestine of the larvae are the tissues most responsible for direct and indirect contact, respectively, of the parasite with the host. At the L4 larval stage, tissues, such as the cuticle and intestine, are fully developed and functional, in contrast to the L3 stage. As such, this work provides for the first time the tissue-specific proteome of A. simplex s. s. larvae in the L4 stage. Statistical analysis (FC ≥ 2; p-value ≤ 0.01) showed that 107 proteins were differentially regulated (DRPs) between the cuticle and the rest of the larval body. In the comparison between the intestine and the rest of the larval body at the L4 stage, 123 proteins were identified as DRPs. Comparison of the individual tissues examined revealed a total of 272 DRPs, with 133 proteins more abundant in the cuticle and 139 proteins more abundant in the intestine. Detailed functional analysis of the identified proteins was performed using bioinformatics tools. Glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were the most enriched metabolic pathways by cuticular and intestinal proteins, respectively, in the L4 stage of A. simplex s. s. The presence of two proteins, folliculin (FLCN) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), was confirmed by Western blot, and their tertiary structure was predicted and compared with other species. In addition, host–pathogen interactions were identified, and potential new allergens were predicted. The result of this manuscript shows the largest number of protein identifications to our knowledge using proteomics tools for different tissues of L4 larvae of A. simplex s. s. The identified tissue-specific proteins could serve as targets for new drugs against anisakiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stryiński
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (M.C.); (E.Ł.-B.)
| | - Jesús Mateos
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15-706 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36-208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (M.C.); (E.Ł.-B.)
| | - Jan Paweł Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Iwona Bogacka
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (M.C.); (E.Ł.-B.)
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Xin Q, Yuan M, Lv W, Li H, Song X, Lu J, Jing T. Molecular characterization and serodiagnostic potential of Echinococcus granulosus hexokinase. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:105. [PMID: 33557934 PMCID: PMC7869421 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto), is a life-threatening but neglected zoonosis. Glycolytic enzymes are crucial molecules for the survival and development of E. granulosus. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular characterization, immunogenicity, tissue distribution and serodiagnostic potential of E. granulosus hexokinase (EgHK), the first key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. Methods EgHK was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Specific serum antibodies were evaluated in mice immunized with recombinant EgHK (rEgHK). The location of EgHK in the larval stage of E. granulosus was determined using fluorescence immunohistochemistry, and the potential of rEgHK as a diagnostic antigen was investigated in patients with CE using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Recombinant EgHK could be identified in the sera of patients with CE and in mouse anti-rEgHK sera. High titers of specific immunoglobulin G were induced in mice after immunization with rEgHK. EgHK was mainly located in the tegument, suckers and hooklets of protoscoleces and in the germinal layer and laminated layer of the cyst wall. The sensitivity and specificity of the rEgHK-ELISA reached 91.3% (42/46) and 87.8% (43/49), respectively. Conclusions We have characterized the sequence, structure and location of EgHK and investigated the immunoreactivity, immunogenicity and serodiagnostic potential of rEgHK. Our results suggest that EgHK may be a promising candidate for the development of vaccines against E. granulosus and an effective antigen for the diagnosis of human CE.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xin
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Yuan
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.,The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lv
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanping Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Song
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jing
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Gaur N, Kumar K, Gupta CL, Saxena JK. Molecular characterization of recombinant arginase of Leishmania donovani. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 159:1-9. [PMID: 30831225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arginase catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of polyamines that enable cell growth and hence potential drug target for the treatment of leishmaniasis. The arginase from Leishmania donovani (LdARG) was cloned, overexpressed and characterized. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of LdARG with homologous enzyme from other trypanosomatids arginases identified a non-conserved 12 residues long segment VWGLIERTFLSA from position 161-172. This counter segment in L. mexicana arginase exhibits a different conformation compared with human arginase I. The pH and temperature optima of LdARG were 9.0 and 37 °C, respectively. Biochemical studies revealed that the KM for the substrate L-arginine was 24.76 ± 0.06 mM. Molecular modeling of LdARG studies revealed that the glutamic acid residue at position 288 plays a role in substrate binding. The importance of this glutamic acid residue was validated by constructing a mutant variant of LdARG (E288Q-LdARG) by replacing glutamic acid with glutamine through site-directed mutagenesis. The KM value of mutant variant for L-arginine was found to be 107 ± 0.18 mM. The increase in KM value of E288Q-LdARG as compared to LdARG suggested that substrate binding was significantly affected which could be exploited further. Studies on biochemical and structural characterization of recombinant LdARG will help in evaluating this enzyme as a potential drug target for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gaur
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kishore Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Bhadrak, 756100, Odisha, India
| | - Chhedi Lal Gupta
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Saxena
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Verma P, Doharey PK, Yadav S, Omer A, Singh P, Saxena JK. Molecular cloning and characterization of protein disulfide isomerase of Brugia malayi, a human lymphatic filarial parasite. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:824-839. [PMID: 28827998 PMCID: PMC5547380 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis results in an altered lymphatic system and the abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, serious disability and social stigma. Effective vaccines are still not available nowadays, drugs against the disease is required. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an essential catalyst of the endoplasmic reticulum which is involved in folding and chaperone activities in different biological systems. Here, we report the enzymatic characterization of a Brugia malayi Protein disulfide isomerase (BmPDI), which was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Western blotting analysis showed the recombinant BmPDI could be recognized by anti-BmPDI Rabbit serum. The rBmPDI exhibited an optimum activity at pH 8 and 40 °C. The enzyme was inhibited by aurin and PDI inhibitor. Recombinant BmPDI showed interaction with recombinant Brugia malayi calreticulin (rBmCRT). The three-dimensional model for BmPDI and BmCRT was generated by homology modelling. A total of 25 hydrogen bonds were found to be formed between two interfaces. There are 259 non-bonded contacts present in the BmPDI-BmCRT complex and 12 salt bridges were formed in the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Verma
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Doharey
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankur Omer
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Singh
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Saxena
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Hexokinase from the Oriental River Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense in Response to Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061256. [PMID: 28608798 PMCID: PMC5486078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adjustment to hypoxia in Macrobrachium nipponense (oriental river prawn) implies a shift to anaerobic metabolism. Hexokinase (HK) is a key glycolytic enzyme in prawns. The involvement of HK in the hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) pathway is unclear in prawns. In this study, the full-length cDNA for HK (MnHK) was obtained from M. nipponense, and its properties were characterized. The full-length cDNA (2385 bp) with an open reading frame of 1350 bp, encoded a 450-amino acid protein. MnHK contained highly conserved amino acids in the glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, ATP, and Mg+2 binding sites. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR assays revealed the tissue-specific expression pattern of MnHK, with abundant expression in the muscle, and gills. Kinetic studies validated the hexokinase activity of recombinant HK. Silencing of HIF-1α or HIF-1β subunit genes blocked the induction of HK and its enzyme activities during hypoxia in muscles. The results suggested that MnHK is a key factor that increases the anaerobic rate, and is probably involved in the HIF-1 pathway related to highly active metabolism during hypoxia.
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Sun M, Liao S, Zhang L, Wu C, Qi N, Lv M, Li J, Lin X, Zhang J, Xie M, Zhu G, Cai J. Molecular and biochemical characterization of Eimeria tenella hexokinase. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3425-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hou J, Diao Y, Li W, Yang Z, Zhang L, Chen Z, Wu Y. RGD peptide conjugation results in enhanced antitumor activity of PD0325901 against glioblastoma by both tumor-targeting delivery and combination therapy. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:329-40. [PMID: 27085642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor type in the central nervous system. Both tumor-targeting drug delivery and combination therapy of multiple therapeutic agents with distinct mechanisms are important for GBM treatment. We combined these two strategies and developed a new platform of peptide-drug conjugate (RGD-PEG-Suc-PD0325901, W22) for tumor-targeting delivery using a combination of PD0325901 (a MEK1/2 inhibitor) and RGD peptide. In the present study, the combination of PD0325901 and RGD peptide strongly inhibited U87MG model in vitro and in vivo. This inhibition contributed to synergistic suppression of cell proliferation by blocking ERK pathway activity and cell migration. Modified by conjugation strategy, their conjugate W22 enhanced PD0325901 delivery to GBM cells by receptor mediated cellular internalization. W22 showed great superiority in targeting to U87MG xenografted tumors and strong anti-tumor efficacy based on ERK pathway inhibition and tumor-targeted delivery in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, W22 was stable in serum and able to release PD0325901 in the enzymatic environment. These data indicated that the RGD-PEG-Suc-PD0325901 conjugate provided a strategy for effective delivery of PD0325901 and RGD peptide into the GBM cells and inhibition of tumor growth in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yiping Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zili Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China.
| | - Yun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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Sashidhara KV, Avula SR, Doharey PK, Singh LR, Balaramnavar VM, Gupta J, Misra-Bhattacharya S, Rathaur S, Saxena AK, Saxena JK. Designing, synthesis of selective and high-affinity chalcone-benzothiazole hybrids as Brugia malayi thymidylate kinase inhibitors: In vitro validation and docking studies. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:418-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Advanced enzymology, expression profile and immune response of Clonorchis sinensis hexokinase show its application potential for prevention and control of clonorchiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003641. [PMID: 25799453 PMCID: PMC4370448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 35 million people are infected with Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) globally, of whom 15 million are in China. Glycolytic enzymes are recognized as crucial molecules for trematode survival and have been targeted for vaccine and drug development. Hexokinase of C. sinensis (CsHK), as the first key regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, was investigated in the current study. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS There were differences in spatial structure and affinities for hexoses and phosphate donors between CsHK and HKs from humans or rats, the definitive hosts of C. sinensis. Effectors (AMP, PEP, and citrate) and a small molecular inhibitor regulated the enzymatic activity of rCsHK, and various allosteric systems were detected. CsHK was distributed in the worm extensively as well as in liver tissue and serum from C. sinensis infected rats. Furthermore, high-level specific IgG1 and IgG2a were induced in rats by immunization with rCsHK. The enzymatic activity of CsHK was suppressed by the antibody in vitro. Additionally, the survival of C. sinensis was inhibited by the antibody in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Due to differences in putative spatial structure and enzymology between CsHK and HK from the host, its extensive distribution in adult worms, and its expression profile as a component of excretory/secretory products, together with its good immunogenicity and immunoreactivity, as a key glycolytic enzyme, CsHK shows potential as a vaccine and as a promising drug target for Clonorchiasis.
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Pan-PI-3 kinase inhibitor SF1126 shows antitumor and antiangiogenic activity in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:595-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Singh AR, Joshi S, George E, Durden DL. Anti-tumor effect of a novel PI3-kinase inhibitor, SF1126, in (12) V-Ha-Ras transgenic mouse glioma model. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:105. [PMID: 25425962 PMCID: PMC4243316 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growth factor mediated activation of RAS-MAP-kinase and PI3-kinase-AKT pathways are critical for the pathogenesis of glioblastoma. The attenuation of PI3-kinase/AKT signaling will be effective in regulating the tumorigenic phenotypes of the glioma cells. Methods Glioma cells derived from the brain of the 12 V-Ha-Ras transgenic mice were used to study the effect of PI-3 kinase inhibitor SF1126 on activation of AKT and ERK signaling, proliferation, vitronectin mediated migration and changes in the distribution of cortical actin on vitronectin in the glioma cells in vitro. The anti-tumor effects of SF1126 were also tested in vivo using pre-established tumors (subcutaneous injection of the glioma cells from 12 V-Ha-Ras transgenic mice) in a mouse xenograft model. Results Our results demonstrate that treatment of LacZ+, GFAP + and PCNA + 12 V-Ras Tg transformed astrocytes with SF1126 and LY294002 blocked the activation of AKT as well as EGF-induced phospho-ERK. Most notably, treatment of SF1126 blocked integrin-dependent migration in transwell and scratch assays and caused a significant change in the organization and distribution of cortical actin on vitronectin in the glioma cells. Moreover, SF1126 treatment inhibited in vitro proliferation of these cells and in vivo growth of pre-established subcutaneous tumors in a xenograft model. Conclusion The present study validate the potent anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activity of SF1126, in a V12 Ras oncogene driven glioma model and suggest that this effect is mediated potentially through a combined attenuation of PI3-kinase and MAP-kinase signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok R Singh
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Shweta Joshi
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | | | - Donald L Durden
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093 USA ; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, UCSD Rady Children's Hospital, La Jolla, CA USA
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Sequence analysis and molecular characterization of Clonorchis sinensis hexokinase, an unusual trimeric 50-kDa glucose-6-phosphate-sensitive allosteric enzyme. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107940. [PMID: 25232723 PMCID: PMC4169440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchiasis, which is induced by the infection of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), is highly associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Because the available examination, treatment and interrupting transmission provide limited opportunities to prevent infection, it is urgent to develop integrated strategies to prevent and control clonorchiasis. Glycolytic enzymes are crucial molecules for trematode survival and have been targeted for drug development. Hexokinase of C. sinensis (CsHK), the first key regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, was characterized in this study. The calculated molecular mass (Mr) of CsHK was 50.0 kDa. The obtained recombinant CsHK (rCsHK) was a homotrimer with an Mr of approximately 164 kDa, as determined using native PAGE and gel filtration. The highest activity was obtained with 50 mM glycine-NaOH at pH 10 and 100 mM Tris-HCl at pH 8.5 and 10. The kinetics of rCsHK has a moderate thermal stability. Compared to that of the corresponding negative control, the enzymatic activity was significantly inhibited by praziquantel (PZQ) and anti-rCsHK serum. rCsHK was homotropically and allosterically activated by its substrates, including glucose, mannose, fructose, and ATP. ADP exhibited mixed allosteric effect on rCsHK with respect to ATP, while inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) displayed net allosteric activation with various allosteric systems. Fructose behaved as a dose-dependent V activator with the substrate glucose. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) displayed net allosteric inhibition on rCsHK with respect to ATP or glucose with various allosteric systems in a dose-independent manner. There were differences in both mRNA and protein levels of CsHK among the life stages of adult worm, metacercaria, excysted metacercaria and egg of C. sinensis, suggesting different energy requirements during different development stages. Our study furthers the understanding of the biological functions of CsHK and supports the need to screen for small molecule inhibitors of CsHK to interfere with glycolysis in C. sinensis.
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Purification and characterization of guanylate kinase, a nucleoside monophosphate kinase of Brugia malayi. Parasitology 2014; 141:1341-52. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYGuanylate kinase, a nucleoside monophosphate kinase of Brugia malayi which is involved in reversible transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to GMP, was cloned, expressed and characterized. The native molecular mass of BmGK was found to be 45 kDa as determined by size exclusion chromatography and glutaraldehyde cross-linking which revealed that the protein is homodimer in nature. This is a unique characteristic among known eukaryotic GKs. GMP and ATP served as the most effective phosphate acceptor and donor, respectively. Recombinant BmGK utilized both GMP and dGMP, as substrates showing Km values of 30 and 38 μm, respectively. Free Mg+2 (un-complexed to ATP) and GTP play a regulatory role in catalysis of BmGK. The enzyme showed higher catalytic efficiency as compared with human GK and showed ternary complex (BmGK-GMP-ATP) formation with sequential substrate binding. The secondary structure of BmGK consisted of 45% α-helices, 18% β-sheets as revealed by CD analysis. Homology modelling and docking with GMP revealed conserved substrate binding residues with slight differences. Differences in kinetic properties and oligomerization of BmGK compared with human GK can provide the way for design of parasite-specific inhibitors.
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Doharey PK, Suthar MK, Verma A, Kumar V, Yadav S, Balaramnavar VM, Rathaur S, Saxena AK, Siddiqi MI, Saxena JK. Molecular cloning and characterization of Brugia malayi thymidylate kinase. Acta Trop 2014; 133:83-92. [PMID: 24556140 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate kinase (TMK) is a potential chemotherapeutic target because it is directly involved in the synthesis of deoxythymidine triphosphate, which is an essential component for DNA synthesis. The gene encoding thymidylate kinase of Brugia malayi was amplified by PCR and expressed in Escherichia coli. The native molecular weight of recombinant B. malayi thymidylate kinase (rBmTMK) was estimated to be ∼52kDa by gel filtration chromatography, suggesting a homodimeric structure. rBmTMK activity required divalent cation and Mg(2+) was found to be the most effective cation. The enzyme was sensitive to pH and temperature, it showed maximum activity at pH 7.4 and 37°C. The Km values for dTMP and ATP were 17 and 66μM, respectively. The turnover number kcat was found to be 38.09s(-1), a value indicating the higher catalytic efficiency of the filarial enzyme. The nucleoside analogues 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (5-BrdU), 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (5-CldU) and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) showed specific inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity and these effects were in good association with binding interactions and the scoring functions as compared to human TMK. Differences in kinetic properties and structural differences in the substrate binding site of BmTMK model with respect to human TMK can serve as basis for designing specific inhibitors against parasitic enzyme.
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Hewitson JP, Rückerl D, Harcus Y, Murray J, Webb LM, Babayan SA, Allen JE, Kurniawan A, Maizels RM. The secreted triose phosphate isomerase of Brugia malayi is required to sustain microfilaria production in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003930. [PMID: 24586152 PMCID: PMC3937304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lymphatic filariasis is a major tropical disease transmitted through mosquito vectors which take up microfilarial larvae from the blood of infected subjects. Microfilariae are produced by long-lived adult parasites, which also release a suite of excretory-secretory products that have recently been subject to in-depth proteomic analysis. Surprisingly, the most abundant secreted protein of adult Brugia malayi is triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), a glycolytic enzyme usually associated with the cytosol. We now show that while TPI is a prominent target of the antibody response to infection, there is little antibody-mediated inhibition of catalytic activity by polyclonal sera. We generated a panel of twenty-three anti-TPI monoclonal antibodies and found only two were able to block TPI enzymatic activity. Immunisation of jirds with B. malayi TPI, or mice with the homologous protein from the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis, failed to induce neutralising antibodies or protective immunity. In contrast, passive transfer of neutralising monoclonal antibody to mice prior to implantation with adult B. malayi resulted in 60–70% reductions in microfilarial levels in vivo and both oocyte and microfilarial production by individual adult females. The loss of fecundity was accompanied by reduced IFNγ expression by CD4+ T cells and a higher proportion of macrophages at the site of infection. Thus, enzymatically active TPI plays an important role in the transmission cycle of B. malayi filarial parasites and is identified as a potential target for immunological and pharmacological intervention against filarial infections. Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) is a ubiquitous and highly conserved enzyme in intracellular glucose metabolism. Surprisingly, the human lymphatic filariai nematode parasite Brugia malayi, releases TPI into the extracellular environment, suggesting a role in helminth survival in the mammalian host. We first established that B. malayi-infected humans and rodents generate TPI-specific serum antibody responses, confirming presentation of this protein to the host immune system. However, immunisation of rodents with B. malayi TPI did not induce protection against infection. Furthermore, TPI from a related parasite, Litomosoides sigmodontis, did not induce protective immunity in mice. Notably, antibodies from infected hosts did not neutralise the enzymatic activity of TPI. We then generated twenty-three anti-TPI monoclonal antibodies, of which only two inhibited enzymatic activity. Transfer of neutralising antibody to mice prior to B. malayi infection effected a 69.5% reduction in microfilarial levels in vivo and a 60% reduction in microfilariae produced by individual adult female parasites. Corresponding shifts in the host immune response included reduced Th1 cytokine production and enhanced macrophage numbers. Enzymatically active TPI therefore promotes production of the transmission stage of B. malayi filarial parasites and represents a rational target for new vaccine and drug development to protect against filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Hewitson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Janice Murray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M. Webb
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Babayan
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E. Allen
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes Kurniawan
- Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Molecular cloning and characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Brugia malayi. Parasitology 2013; 140:897-906. [PMID: 23506961 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a regulatory enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway from Brugia malayi, was cloned, expressed and biochemically characterized. The Km values for glucose-6-phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) were 0.25 and 0.014 mm respectively. The rBmG6PD exhibited an optimum pH of 8.5 and temperature, 40 °C. Adenosine 5' [γ-thio] triphosphate (ATP-γ-S), adenosine 5' [β,γ-imido] triphosphate (ATP-β,γ-NH), adenosine 5' [β-thio] diphosphate (ADP-β-S), Na+, K+, Li+ and Cu++ ions were found to be strong inhibitors of rBmG6PD. The rBmG6PD, a tetramer with subunit molecular weight of 75 kDa contains 0.02 mol of SH group per mol of monomer. Blocking the SH group with SH-inhibitors, led to activation of rBmG6PD activity by N-ethylmaleimide. CD analysis indicated that rBmG6PD is composed of 37% α-helices and 26% β-sheets. The unfolding equilibrium of rBmG6PD with GdmCl/urea showed the triphasic unfolding pattern along with the highly stable intermediate obtained by GdmCl.
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Tuteja R, Ansari A, Anita, Suthar MK, Saxena JK. Genome wide computational analysis of Brugia malayi helicases: A comparison with human host. Gene X 2012; 499:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Guanidine hydrochloride and urea-induced unfolding of Brugia malayi hexokinase. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2009; 39:289-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-009-0539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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