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Bispo MT, Calado M, Maurício IL, Ferreira PM, Belo S. Zoonotic Threats: The (Re)emergence of Cercarial Dermatitis, Its Dynamics, and Impact in Europe. Pathogens 2024; 13:282. [PMID: 38668237 PMCID: PMC11053805 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cercarial dermatitis (CD), or "Swimmer's itch" as it is also known, is a waterborne illness caused by a blood fluke from the family Schistosomatidae. It occurs when cercariae of trematode species that do not have humans as their definitive host accidentally penetrate human skin (in an aquatic environment) and trigger allergic symptoms at the site of contact. It is an emerging zoonosis that occurs through water and is often overlooked during differential diagnosis. Some of the factors contributing to the emergence of diseases like CD are related to global warming, which brings about climate change, water eutrophication, the colonization of ponds by snails susceptible to the parasite, and sunlight exposure in the summer, associated with migratory bird routes. Therefore, with the increase in tourism, especially at fluvial beaches, it is relevant to analyze the current epidemiological scenario of CD in European countries and the potential regions at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Bispo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.C.); (I.L.M.); (P.M.F.)
| | | | | | | | - Silvana Belo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.C.); (I.L.M.); (P.M.F.)
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2
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Davis NE, Blair D, Brant SV. Diversity of Trichobilharzia in New Zealand with a new species and a redescription, and their likely contribution to cercarial dermatitis. Parasitology 2022; 149:380-395. [PMID: 35264267 PMCID: PMC8928001 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In response to annual outbreaks of human cercarial dermatitis (HCD) in Lake Wanaka, New Zealand, ducks and snails were collected and screened for avian schistosomes. During the survey from 2009 to 2017, four species of Trichobilharzia were recovered. Specimens were examined both morphologically and genetically. Trichobilharzia querquedulae, a species known from four continents, was found in the visceral veins of the duck Spatula rhynchotis but the snail host remains unknown. Cercaria longicauda [i.e. Trichobilharzia longicauda (Macfarlane, 1944) Davis, 2006], considered the major aetiological agent of HCD in Lake Wanaka, was discovered, and redescribed from adults in the visceral veins of the duck Aythya novaeseelandiae and cercariae from the snail Austropeplea tomentosa. Recovered from the nasal mucosa of Ay. novaeseelandiae is a new species of Trichobilharzia that was also found to cycle naturally through Au. tomentosa. Cercariae of a fourth species of Trichobilharzia were found in Au. tomentosa but the species remains unidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Blair
- James Cook University, College of Science and Engineering, Townsville, Australia
| | - Sara V. Brant
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico Museum of Southwestern Biology Division of Parasites, Albuquerque, New Mexico87111, USA
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3
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Lorenti E, Brant SV, Gilardoni C, Diaz JI, Cremonte F. Two new genera and species of avian schistosomes from Argentina with proposed recommendations and discussion of the polyphyletic genus Gigantobilharzia (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae). Parasitology 2022:1-59. [PMID: 35115068 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gigantobilharzia Odhner, 1910 (Schistosomatidae) includes species that parasitize several orders of birds and families of gastropods from both freshwater and marine environments worldwide. Due to their delicate bodies, most of the species descriptions are incomplete, and lumped in the genus Gigantobilharzia, in some cases despite major morphological variability. Only three of those species have molecular sequence data but then lack a robust morphological description, making species differentiation very difficult. For this reason, several authors consider that many of the species of Gigantobilharzia should be reassigned to new genera. The aim of this paper is to describe two new genera and two new species of schistosomes using morphological and molecular characterization. We described Marinabilharzia patagonense n. g., n. sp. parasitizing Larus dominicanus from north Patagonian coast, and Riverabilharzia ensenadense n. g., n. sp. parasitizing L. dominicanus, Chroicocephalus maculipennis and Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus from freshwater Río de La Plata, in South America, Argentina. We then analysed and discussed the combinations of characters defining species of Gigantobilharzia and, based on that and on the available molecular data, we propose at least four possible new genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Lorenti
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE, CCT-La Plata, UNLP) Calle 120 s/n, entre Av. 60 y calle 64, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sara V Brant
- University of New Mexico, Museum of Southwestern Biology Division of Parasites MSC03 2020 Department of Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, USA
| | - Carmen Gilardoni
- Laboratorio de Parasitología (LAPA), Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (CCT CONICET-CENPAT), Bdv. Brown 2915, U9120ACD Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Julia I Diaz
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE, CCT-La Plata, UNLP) Calle 120 s/n, entre Av. 60 y calle 64, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Cremonte
- Laboratorio de Parasitología (LAPA), Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (CCT CONICET-CENPAT), Bdv. Brown 2915, U9120ACD Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
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4
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McPhail BA, Rudko SP, Turnbull A, Gordy MA, Reimink RL, Clyde D, Froelich K, Brant SV, Hanington PC. Evidence of a Putative Novel Species of Avian Schistosome Infecting Planorbella trivolvis. J Parasitol 2021; 107:89-97. [PMID: 33556182 DOI: 10.1645/20-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater gastropods of the genera Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799, Physa Draparnaud, 1801, Gyraulus Charpentier, 1837, Radix Montfort, 1810, and Stagnicola Jeffreys, 1830 are considered suitable intermediate hosts for avian schistosomes. A large trematode biodiversity survey performed across 3 yr on 6 lakes in Alberta confirmed 3 already-reported snail hosts for 7 North American avian schistosomes; however, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) nucleotide sequence from 1 cercarial sample (from a single specimen of Planorbella trivolvis) was distinct from all other COI schistosome sequences. As part of a simultaneous, comparable study of P. trivolvis by us in Michigan, we collected another cercarial type from 6 lakes that was 99% similar (COI) to the aforementioned cercarial type. Phylogenetic analyses of the COI and 28S rDNA genes recovered the former cercaria in a clade of avian schistosomes. In Michigan, the feces of a Canada goose (Branta canadensis Linnaeus, 1758) had a miracidium with an identical COI nucleotide sequence. Preliminary swimmer's itch and cercarial emergence studies were performed to determine if the cercariae could cause swimmer's itch and to study the emergence pattern as compared with species of Trichobilharzia Skrjabin and Zakharow, 1920.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A McPhail
- 357 South Academic Building, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85th Avenue, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Sydney P Rudko
- 357 South Academic Building, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85th Avenue, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Alyssa Turnbull
- 357 South Academic Building, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85th Avenue, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Michelle A Gordy
- 357 South Academic Building, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85th Avenue, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Ronald L Reimink
- Office of Campus Ministries, 110 E. 12th Street, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423.,Freshwater Solutions LLC, 6906 48th Avenue, Hudsonville, Michigan 49426
| | - Daniel Clyde
- Office of Campus Ministries, 110 E. 12th Street, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423
| | - Kelsey Froelich
- Saint Joseph High School, 2521 Stadium Drive, Saint Joseph, Michigan 49085
| | - Sara V Brant
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Parasites, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Patrick C Hanington
- 357 South Academic Building, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85th Avenue, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
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Mazigo HD, Uisso C, Kazyoba P, Nshala A, Mwingira UJ. Prevalence, infection intensity and geographical distribution of schistosomiasis among pre-school and school aged children in villages surrounding Lake Nyasa, Tanzania. Sci Rep 2021; 11:295. [PMID: 33432079 PMCID: PMC7801377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Planning and implementation of schistosomiasis control activities requires an understanding of the prevalence, intensity of infection and geographical distribution of the disease in different epidemiological settings. Although, Tanzania is known to be highly endemic to schistosomiasis, there is paucity of data on the geographical distribution of schistosomiasis in potential large water bodies in the country. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence, infection intensities and geographical distribution of schistosomiasis along villages located on the shoreline of Lake Nyasa, southern Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1560 children aged 1–13 years old living in villages located along the shoreline of Lake Nyasa. A single urine and stool sample was obtained from each participating child and screened for S.mansoni using Kato Katz (KK) technique to detect eggs and using point-of-care circulating Cathodic Antigen (POC-CCA) test to detect antigen in urine. Urine filtration technique was used to screen for S.haematobium eggs in urine samples. Villages/primary school were mapped using geographical information system and prevalence map was generated using ArcView GIS software. The overall prevalence of S.mansoni based on KK technique and POC-CCA test was 15.1% (95%CI: 13.4–16.9) and 21.8% (95%CI: 18.5–25.3) respectively. The prevalence S.haematobium was 0.83% (95%CI: 0.5–1.4) and that of haematuria was 0.9%. The arithmetic mean egg intensities for S.haematobium and S.mansoni were 18.5 mean eggs/10 ml (95%CI: 5.9–57.6) of urine and 34.7 mean epg (95%CI: 27.7–41.7) respectively. Villages located on the southern end of the lake had significantly high prevalence of S.mansoni than those located on the northern part (χ2 = 178.7838, P = 0.001). Cases of S.haematobium were detected only in three villages. Both S.mansoni and S.haematobium infections occur in villages located along the shoreline of Lake Nyasa at varying prevalence. These finding provide insights that can provide guidance in planning and implementation of MDA approach and other recommended measures such as improvement in sanitation, provision of clean water and behaviour changes through public health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey Deogratias Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Cecilia Uisso
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Paul Kazyoba
- National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Andreas Nshala
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Upendo J Mwingira
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania.,National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania.,RTI International, 701 13th Street NW, Washington DC, 20005, USA
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6
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Gulyás K, Soldánová M, Orosová M, Oros M. Confirmation of the presence of zoonotic Trichobilharzia franki following a human cercarial dermatitis outbreak in recreational water in Slovakia. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2531-2537. [PMID: 32562067 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human cercarial dermatitis is a parasitic disease that causes an allergic reaction in the skin (swimmer's itch) as a consequence of contact with cercariae of bird schistosomes present in water, mainly of the genus Trichobilharzia Skrjabin et Zakarow, 1920. The main objective of the study was to confirm the presence of the zoonotic disease agent following reports of human infections in recreational water in Slovakia. We identified two species of freshwater snails at Košice Lake, Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758) and Physa acuta (Draparnaud, 1805). Trematode infections were observed only in R. auricularia. Of the 62 snails collected, 11 (17.7%) were infected with 5 different species of larval stages of trematodes. The blood fluke Trichobilharzia franki was found in 2 (3.2%) of the examined snails. The present record provides the first evidence that T. franki from the pulmonate snail R. auricularia represents a source of human cercarial dermatitis in recreational water in Slovakia. Our finding complements the easternmost records of both swimmer's itch and the confirmed occurrence of a bird schistosome in a waterbody in Europe. The present work suggests that the health risks associated with trichobilharziasis need to be further studied by detailed monitoring of the occurrence of the major causative agent of human cercarial dermatitis, T. franki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristián Gulyás
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Soldánová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Orosová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mikuláš Oros
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia.
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Macháček T, Turjanicová L, Bulantová J, Hrdý J, Horák P, Mikeš L. Cercarial dermatitis: a systematic follow-up study of human cases with implications for diagnostics. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3881-3895. [PMID: 30302587 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cercarial dermatitis (CD) is an allergic skin disease that rises in consequence of infection by invasive stages (cercariae) of trematodes of the family Schistosomatidae. CD has been considered a re-emerging disease, human cases have been reported from all continents, and tourism-threatening outbreaks occur even in frequented recreational areas. Although the symptoms of CD are generally known, the data on immune response in human patients are sporadic and incomprehensive. In the present study, we attempted to correlate the symptoms, personal history, and time course of CD in human patients with differential cell counts, dynamics of selected cytokines, and dynamics and quality of antibody response. By a systematic follow-up, we obtained a uniquely complex dataset from ten persons accidentally and concurrently infected by the same parasite species in the same locality. The onset of CD was significantly faster, and the symptoms were heavier in participants with a history of CD if compared to naive ones, who, however, also developed some of the symptoms. The repeatedly infected persons had elevated proportion of eosinophils 1 week post exposure (p.e.) and a stronger specific IgG but not IgM response, whereas specific IgE response was not observed. Increased serum levels of IL-4 occurred 1 and 3 week(s) p.e. in all participants. There was high variability in individual immunoblot patterns of IgG response, and no antigen with a universal diagnostic potential was confirmed. The presented analyses suggested that a complex approach can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of CD, but component data should be interpreted carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Macháček
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Libuše Turjanicová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Schwelm J, Soldánová M, Vyhlídalová T, Sures B, Selbach C. Small but diverse: larval trematode communities in the small freshwater planorbids Gyraulus albus and Segmentina nitida (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the Ruhr River, Germany. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:241-255. [PMID: 29222665 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the well-studied trematode fauna of lymnaeid snails, only little is known about the role of small planorbid snails as first intermediate hosts for trematodes in temperate freshwater systems. This study aims at closing this gap by assessing the diversity and composition of larval trematode communities in Gyraulus albus and Segmentina nitida in a Central European reservoir system, and by providing an updated comprehensive review of the published trematode records of these snail hosts. A total of 3691 planorbid snails (3270 G. albus; 421 S. nitida) was collected in three consecutive years from four reservoirs of the River Ruhr catchment area in Germany. Gyraulus albus showed a higher overall trematode prevalence (11.7%) and more diverse trematode fauna (12 species) compared to S. nitida, which harboured three species and showed a lower trematode prevalence (1.7%). Altogether, 13 trematode species belonging to four families were identified in both hosts. Seven trematode species encountered in this study represent novel records for these hosts, and/or constitute first records of these larval stages from Germany. Trematode component communities in G. albus were stable across seasons and years, indicating excellent conditions for trematodes in this snail host and the continuous presence of the final hosts of the most dominant trematode species. Overall, this study reveals the importance of small planorbid snails, in particular G. albus, as first intermediate hosts for a species-rich trematode fauna in European freshwater systems, and highlights the parasites' contribution to the ecosystem's biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schwelm
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany. .,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - M Soldánová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - T Vyhlídalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - B Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.,Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, 2006, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C Selbach
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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Pinto HA, Pulido-Murillo EA, de Melo AL, Brant SV. Putative new genera and species of avian schistosomes potentially involved in human cercarial dermatitis in the Americas, Europe and Africa. Acta Trop 2017; 176:415-420. [PMID: 28935554 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New larval avian schistosomes found in planorbid snails from Brazil and USA were used for morphological and molecular studies. Eggs with a distinctive long polar filament were found in ducks infected experimentally with Brazilian cercariae. Similar eggs were reported previously in wild or experimentally infected anatids from Brazil, South Africa, and the Czech Republic. Molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that the North American and European schistosomes are sister taxa, which are both sister to the Brazilian species. However, these clades do not group with any named genus. Molecular data plus egg morphology suggest that these are new putative genera and species of avian schistosomes that can cause human cercarial dermatitis in the Americas, Africa and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson A Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo A Pulido-Murillo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alan L de Melo
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Biologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sara V Brant
- University of New Mexico, Museum of Southwestern Biology Division of Parasites, Department of Biology, Albuquerque, NM 87111, USA
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Christiansen AØ, Olsen A, Buchmann K, Kania PW, Nejsum P, Vennervald BJ. Molecular diversity of avian schistosomes in Danish freshwater snails. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1027-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Flores V, Brant SV, Loker ES. Avian Schistosomes from the South American Endemic Gastropod GenusChilina(Pulmonata: Chilinidae), with a Brief Review of South American Schistosome Species. J Parasitol 2015; 101:565-76. [DOI: 10.1645/14-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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12
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Chontananarth T, Wongsawad C. Epidemiology of cercarial stage of trematodes in freshwater snails from Chiang Mai province, Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 3:237-43. [PMID: 23620846 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiological situation of cercarial trematodes infection in freshwater snails from different water resources in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. METHODS The snail specimens were collected from 13 districts of Chiang Mai province during April 2008 to February 2012. The prevalence of cercarial infection in snails was investigated using the crushing method. The drawing was done with the help of a camera lucida for the morphological study. RESULTS A total of 2 479 snail individuals were collected and classified into 7 families, 11 genera, and 14 species, Among them, 8 snails species were found to be infected with an overall prevalence of 17.27% (428/2 479), which infected with nine groups of cercariae; gymnocephalous cercaria, strigea cercaria, megalurous cercaria, monostome cercaria, parapleurolophocercous cercaria (Haplorchis cercaria), pleurolophocercous cercaria, furcocercous cercaria (Transversotrema cercaria), xiphidiocercaria, and virgulate cercaria. The parapleurolophocercous cercaria was found to be the dominant type among the cercarial infection in the snails (64.25%). CONCLUSIONS The various species of snails found in the research location act as the intermediate hosts for the high prevalence of parasitic infection of many species of mammals. This work will provide new information on both the distribution and first intermediate host of trematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thapana Chontananarth
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand
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13
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Horák P, Mikeš L, Lichtenbergová L, Skála V, Soldánová M, Brant SV. Avian schistosomes and outbreaks of cercarial dermatitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:165-90. [PMID: 25567226 PMCID: PMC4284296 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00043-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is a condition caused by infective larvae (cercariae) of a species-rich group of mammalian and avian schistosomes. Over the last decade, it has been reported in areas that previously had few or no cases of dermatitis and is thus considered an emerging disease. It is obvious that avian schistosomes are responsible for the majority of reported dermatitis outbreaks around the world, and thus they are the primary focus of this review. Although they infect humans, they do not mature and usually die in the skin. Experimental infections of avian schistosomes in mice show that in previously exposed hosts, there is a strong skin immune reaction that kills the schistosome. However, penetration of larvae into naive mice can result in temporary migration from the skin. This is of particular interest because the worms are able to migrate to different organs, for example, the lungs in the case of visceral schistosomes and the central nervous system in the case of nasal schistosomes. The risk of such migration and accompanying disorders needs to be clarified for humans and animals of interest (e.g., dogs). Herein we compiled the most comprehensive review of the diversity, immunology, and epidemiology of avian schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Lichtenbergová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Skála
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Soldánová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Vanessa Brant
- Museum Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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14
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Schistosomes in South African penguins. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:237-46. [PMID: 25339513 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During the years 2009-2012, faeces of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus L.) from South African rehabilitation centres were examined for helminths. In total, 46 out 555 samples (8.29 %), mostly belonging to adult birds, were found to contain oval schistosome eggs with a spine on one pole. Their dimensions were 153.21 ± 9.07 × 87.14 ± 8.67 μm. Selected DNA fragments (18S, 28S and ITS rDNA) were sequenced and compared to other schistosome isolates deposited in GenBank. The shape of the eggs suggests that they belong to the genus Gigantobilharzia; however, due to the insufficient stage of knowledge of the genus and limited number of species available for comparison, we were not able to assign the isolate unambiguously to this genus based on either the egg morphology or the results of molecular analysis.
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15
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Schuster RK, Aldhoun JA, O'Donovan D. Gigantobilharzia melanoidis n.sp. (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) from Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in the United Arab Emirates. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:959-72. [PMID: 24322292 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delicate filamentous schistosomatids detected in the intestinal veins of experimentally infected chickens are here described as a new parasite species, Gigantobilharzia melanoidis, and details of its life cycle are given. It is the first complete description of a schistosome species that uses Melanoides tuberculata as an intermediate host. Apharyngeate ocellate brevifurcate cercariae found in 65 out of 950 M. tuberculata collected in a pond in Al Aweer, United Arab Emirates were used as infection material. The new species can be distinguished from the other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: caecal reunion in males situated anterior to seminal vesicle, a very short gynecophoric canal (gynecophoric canal length/body length ratio lower than 0.05) supported by 12-14 thickened bands. Cercariae of G. melanoidis can be distinguished from other Gigantobilharzia cercariae described in the literature based on the combination of these characters: flame cell formula 2[3 + 3 + (1)] = 14 and relatively longer tail stem in relation to body (tail stem length/body length ratio = 2). Under laboratory conditions at a temperature between 24 and 26 °C, M. tuberculata started to shed cercariae 7 weeks after exposure to miracidia. The prepatent period of G. melanoidis in experimentally infected chicken lasted between 43 and 49 days. The parasite inhabits the blood vessels mainly of the small intestine. Sections of adult worms and eggs were also found in histocuts of parenchymatous organs. Results of phylogenetic analysis corroborated that G. melanoidis is a distinct species; however, they also confirmed that the genus Gigantobilharzia is in need of revision and in future might be split into several genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf K Schuster
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates,
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16
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Brant SV, Loker ES. Discovery-based studies of schistosome diversity stimulate new hypotheses about parasite biology. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:449-59. [PMID: 23849836 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an update of ongoing efforts to expand our understanding of the diversity inherent within the Schistosomatidae, the parasites responsible for causing schistosomiasis and cercarial dermatitis. By revealing more of the species present, particularly among understudied avian schistosomes, we gain increased understanding of patterns of schistosome diversification, and their abilities to colonize new hosts and habitats. Schistosomes reveal a surprising ability to switch into new snail and vertebrate host species, into new intrahost habitats, and may adopt novel body forms in the process. Often these changes are not associated with deep splits or long branches in their phylogeny, suggesting some are of relatively recent origin. Several hypotheses prompted by the new observations are discussed, helping to focus thinking on processes influencing not only schistosome diversification but also their pathogenicity and abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Brant
- Department of Biology, COBRE Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Parasitology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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17
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Soldánová M, Selbach C, Kalbe M, Kostadinova A, Sures B. Swimmer's itch: etiology, impact, and risk factors in Europe. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:65-74. [PMID: 23305618 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge about the occurrence and distribution of swimmer's itch, with a focus on Europe. Although recent publications have reviewed the biology and systematics of bird schistosomes and their complex host-parasite interactions, the underlying ecological factors that create favorable conditions for the parasites and the way humans interact with infested water bodies require further attention. Relevant studies from the past decade were analyzed to reveal an almost complete set of ecological factors as a prerequisite for establishing the life cycle of bird schistosomes. Based on both records of the occurrence of the parasite infective agents, and epidemiological studies that investigate outbreaks of swimmer's itch, this review concentrates on the risk factors for humans engaged in recreational water activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Soldánová
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany
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