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de Aquino LM, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Trindade ASN, Leal LLLL, E Sousa LJMP, Vale FL, Zapa DMB, Ferreira LL, Soares VE, Cruz BC, Borges FDA, Monteiro CMDO, Costa-Junior LM, Lopes WDZ. Annual number of generations and biology of non-parasitic phase of Rhipicephalus microplus in irrigated and non-irrigated pasture in a tropical region. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110278. [PMID: 39116548 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the number of R. microplus annual generations in irrigated and non-irrigated pastures compared to the constant ideal environment. It also sought to evaluate the biology of the non-parasitic phase of this tick for each generation in these different areas of pasture; assess the larvae population dynamics in the pasture of each tick generation, and evaluate the R. microplus population dynamics parasitizing cattle in non-irrigated pasture. In the field experiment, two sub-areas were subjected to artificial irrigation (IRRI-A and IRRI-B) with artesian water, while the other two remained non-irrigated (NIRRI-A and NIRRIG-B). When more than 75 % of the total surviving engorged females from all 90 repetitions of each area (irrigated or non-irrigated) produced mature larvae within one tick generation, two cattle were infested with approximately 10,000 R. microplus larvae from the tick colony used in this study. On the 22nd day post-infestation, a new tick generation was started by releasing these females in different areas (IRRI-B and NIRRIG-B). This procedure was repeated successively, and each year was analyzed independently. In both the non-irrigated and irrigated areas, there were five generations of R. microplus per year. It can be observed that there the number of annual generations of ticks in this region has increased when compared to 30 years ago. Under the constant ideal temperature and humidity conditions (B.O.D. chamber), R. microplus completed an average of 6.59 generations. In the environment, the longest generation was the first (July to October), while the 2nd, 3rd and 4th (December to March) were the most similar to B.O.D. conditions. Although the number of generations was the same in the different areas, the population density of R. microplus larvae was higher in the irrigated area, probably because the irrigation provided milder temperatures, higher relative humidity and lower saturation deficit values during about eight hours per day. Between the 3rd and 5th generation of ticks, there was an overlap of larvae in the pastures, belonging to different generations, and at each peak of infestation observed in cattle between these generations, there were up to 30 % of larvae from the previous generation, and consequently up to 70 % of larvae from the new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Mendes de Aquino
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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2
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Sarli M, Miró MV, Rossner MV, Gómez V, Torrents J, Nava S, Lifschitz A. Relationship between pharmacokinetics of fluazuron and its efficacy for controlling Rhipicephalus microplus: A comprehensive evaluation of tick drug uptake. Res Vet Sci 2024; 180:105402. [PMID: 39260103 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Relationship between fluazuron (FZN) concentrations in cattle plasma and ticks and its therapeutic efficacy percentage (EP) against Rhipicephalus microplus was analyzed. The extent of FZN uptake by ticks after its topical administration was also evaluated. Heifers, naturally infested with R. microplus, were divided in treated and no treated groups. Blood and tick samples were taken to measure FZN concentrations and female ticks were counted to evaluate the EP of the treatment from day 0 to 45 post-treatment (PT). Ticks exposed (TE) and not exposed (TNE) to topical contact with the drug were collected at 12 and 24 h PT. Artificial feeding (AF) of ticks was also performed with blood from a treated heifer. The EP on days 21, 28, 35, 42 and 45 PT was 99.1, 92.3, 81.2, 74.7 and 76.5 %, respectively. Fluazuron disposition within ticks during the first 2 days post-treatment did not mirror the corresponding FZN levels in the bovine plasma, but a statistically significant positive correlation was evident from day 3. Mean FZN concentrations in TE at 12 h and 24 h PT were significantly higher than in TNE. The FZN concentrations in AF ticks were significantly lower than those in TE but comparable to the levels in TNE. The efficacy and pharmacokinetics analysis suggest that maintaining a threshold FZN plasma concentration above 20-25 ng/mL is crucial to prevent the development of larvae into engorged females. The results also indicate that direct absorption of FZN through the tick's integument occurs in the initial days after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Sarli
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María Victoria Miró
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, CP 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Rossner
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Colonia Benítez (INTA E.E.A. Colonia Benítez), Colonia Benítez, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Viviana Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Colonia Benítez (INTA E.E.A. Colonia Benítez), Colonia Benítez, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Torrents
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, CP 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zapa DMB, de Aquino LM, Couto LFM, Heller LM, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Trindade ASN, de Freitas Paula WV, de Lima NJ, Ferreira LL, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Soares VE, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, da Silva Krawczak F, Lopes WDZ. Enzootic stability of tick fever in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region, subjected to strategic cattle tick control with fluralaner. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:120. [PMID: 38461304 PMCID: PMC10924980 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2022, fluralaner was launched on the market for use in the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus after showing 100% efficacy in registration trials against the causative agents of cattle tick fever (TFAs). The aim of the present study was to determine whether a strategic control regimen against R. microplus using fluralaner (FLU) in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region would alter the enzootic stability status of cattle tick fever, triggering outbreaks in these animals up to 22 months age. METHODS In this study, a group of calves treated with FLU was compared with a control group treated with the regimen currently being used on the farm, which consisted of the fipronil + fluazuron formulation (FIFLUA). In the first experiment, the efficacy of the FIFLUA pour-on formulation was evaluated in a field study. In the second experiment, which lasted 550 days, two experimental groups (n = 30/group) of Holstein calves naturally infested with R. microplus were analyzed. Calves aged 4 to 10 months received either a specific treatment regimen with FLU (experimental group) or FIFLUA (control group). During this period, tick counts, animal weight measurement, feces collection (to determine eggs and oocysts per gram of feces), tick fever monitoring, blood smears (to ascertain enzootic stability of the herd), PCR testing for TFAs and serology (indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [iELISA]) were performed. All calves were evaluated for signs of tick fever between ages 11 and 22 months. RESULTS FIFLUA showed an acaricidal efficacy of > 90% from post-treatment days 14 to 35. Regarding treatments against the TFAs, the average number of treatments was similar between groups, but animals treated with FLU had a smaller reduction in packed cell volume on some of the evaluation dates of the second and third treatment against TFAs. In calves aged 10 months in the FLU group, B. bovis was not detected by PCR (0/15 samples), 40% of the samples had antibody titers and 33% (10/30) of the samples had positive blood smears. Regarding B. bigemina, > 86% of the samples in both groups tested positive for B. bigemina DNA and antibodies; there was no difference in the antibody titers between the groups. There were no clinical cases of cattle tick fever in calves aged 11 to 22 months. CONCLUSIONS In comparison with the control treatment, the strategic control regimen against R. microplus with FLU that was implemented in the present study did not negatively affect the enzootic stability status of A. marginale and B. bigemina in the herd up to 22 months of age. The enzootic stability status of B. bovis was not reached by either group. These results likely represent a characteristic of the local tick population, so further studies should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maria Beltran Zapa
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lidia Mendes de Aquino
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Monteiro Couto
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ferreira Salvador
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins Leal
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Artur Siqueira Nunes Trindade
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Warley Vieira de Freitas Paula
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Jalowitzki de Lima
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- MSD Animal Health, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Isando, Kempton Park, 1619, South Africa
| | | | | | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Felipe da Silva Krawczak
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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de Aquino LM, Zapa DMB, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Ferreira LL, Barufi F, de Amaral HOA, de Borges FDA, Gallina T, de Mendonça RP, Soares VE, Monteiro CMO, Lopes WDZ. Two protocols using fluralaner for Rhipicephalus microplus strategic control on taurine cattle in a tropical region. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:15. [PMID: 38191412 PMCID: PMC10775593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different treatment strategies using a new commercial formulation containing pour-on fluralaner on Rhipicephalus microplus infestation in cattle and in pastures in a tropical climate region where up to five generations of this tick species can occur per year. METHODS Forty-five naturally infested cattle were divided into three experimental groups: T01, treated with fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) pour-on every 42 days; T02, the cattle received the first treatment with fluralaner on Day 0 but the next treatment involved a weekly visual evaluation; T03, control, received palliative treatment with a spray formulation when the group mean was ≥ 30 ticks. Counts of female R. microplus were performed weekly until day 343, and larval counts on pasture were performed on Days 0, 30, and 60 and every 30 days until Day 330. RESULTS Using fluralaner, six applications were performed in Group T01, and four were performed in Group T02. In the control group (T03), it was necessary to perform eight palliative acaricide treatments with the spray formulation. The animals in T01 and T02 showed lower mean tick counts (p ≤ 0.05) than the control group (T03) on 28 and 27 of the 49 evaluated dates, respectively. In the paddock where the animals were kept as controls, the R. microplus larvae counts increased to 1458. In the paddocks where the animals were treated with fluralaner, the number was ≤ 19 per paddock during the study. CONCLUSIONS The different strategic treatment protocols performed with pour-on fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) over a year in taurine cattle in a tropical region with a history of up to five annual generations of cattle ticks were effective, maintaining levels of R. microplus infestations in animals and in pastures close to zero in most of the study. Depending on the retreatment criterion adopted, the number of applications per year may be lower, resulting in a reduction in the mean cost of acaricide treatment per year and lower exposure of R. microplus populations to the active ingredient, resulting in lower resistance and selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Mendes de Aquino
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Dina Maria Beltran Zapa
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- MSD Animal Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Isando, Kempton Park, 1619, South Africa
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando de Almeida de Borges
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vando Edésio Soares
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- University of Brazil, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio Oliveira Monteiro
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Zapa DMB, Heller LM, de Aquino LM, Couto LFM, Gomes LVC, Ferreira LL, Vettorato LF, Barufi F, de Oliveira Arriero Amaral H, Chiummo RM, Sonada RB, de Castro Rodrigues D, Sakamoto CAM, Soares VE, da Costa AJ, Lopes WDZ. Toltrazuril + fenbendazole for cattle: Pharmacokinetics and efficacy against Eimeria spp. and gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100968. [PMID: 38199704 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The present work evaluated the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the association of 15cmg/kg toltrazuril +5cmg/kg fenbendazole against Eimeria spp. and gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in calves of different regions of Brazil (Center-West, Southeast, and South). A total of seven experiments were carried out, five of which determined formulation efficacy against Eimeria spp., considering the following aspects: therapeutic, preventive, metaphylactic, and residual efficacy. Therapeutic efficacy experiments for GINs were carried out by parasitological necropsy. The toltrazuril + fenbendazole association demonstrated ≥95% efficacy against Eimeria spp. for 21 days post-treatment (DPT). When used preventively and metaphylatically, the same association demonstrated ≥97% efficacy against E. zuernii, E. ellipsoidalis, E. cylindrica, E. bovis, E. wyomingensis and E. auburnensis. Toltrazuril + fenbendazole administered seven days before challenge was 100% effective against all these Eimeria species. Results of therapeutic, preventive, metaphylactic and residual efficacies can be related to the pharmacokinetic results, especially considering toltrazuril sulfone, which was detected in animal plasma for a longer period than the parent compound. Toltrazuril + fenbendazole achieved 100% anthelminthic efficacy against the GINs Haemonchus placei (L4), Cooperia pectinata and Oesophagostomum radiatum; 99.94% against adult H. placei; and 99.98% against C. puntacta. The association of toltrazuril + fenbendazole, associated with other measures, is an important and suitable tool for the control and treatment of Eimeria spp. and GINs in young cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maria Beltrán Zapa
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lídia Mendes de Aquino
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Alessandro M Sakamoto
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR. Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Larsen K, Ichinose P, Fernández-San Juan R, Lifschitz A, Virkel G. Effects of acaricides on the activities of monooxygenases in bovine liver microsomes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:375-384. [PMID: 37231529 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs), pyrethrins and fipronil, are acaricides commonly used in cattle, mainly as pour on formulations. Scant information is available on their potential interactions with hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. This work aimed to evaluate in vitro the potential inhibitory effects of widely employed acaricides on catalytic activities mediated by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin-monooxygenase (FMO) enzymes in cattle. Bovine (n = 4) liver microsomes were incubated in the absence (control assays) and in presence of different OPs (fenthion, chlorpyrifos, ethion, diazinon and dichlorvos), fipronil and cypermethrin at 0.1-100 μm. Five oxidative enzyme activities were assayed by spectrofluorimetric or HPLC methods: 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (for CYP1A1), methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (for CYP1A2), benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase (for CYP2B), testosterone 6-beta hydroxylase (for CYP3A) and benzydamine N-oxidase (for FMO). All acaricides, particularly phosphorothionate-containing OPs, inhibited to some extent more than one enzyme activity. The most frequent inhibitor was fenthion, which inhibited (p < .05) all enzyme activities tested (from 22% at 1 μm to 72% at 100 μm). However, low inhibitory potencies (IC50s higher than 7 μm) of all acaricides studied were observed against the catalytic activities assayed. Therefore, the risk of in vivo metabolic interactions due to inhibition of monooxygenases would be low under common husbandry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Larsen
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Ichinose
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Fernández-San Juan
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Virkel
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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da Costa AJ, de Souza Martins JR, de Almeida Borges F, Vettorato LF, Barufi FB, de Oliveira Arriero Amaral H, Abujamra LC, de Castro Rodrigues D, Zanetti Lopes WD. First report of the efficacy of a fluralaner-based pour-on product (Exzolt® 5%) against ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:336. [PMID: 37752574 PMCID: PMC10523720 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the effectiveness of a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient, fluralaner (isoxazoline class), against important ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. METHODS A total of 13 studies involving a 5% fluralaner-based pour-on formulation (Exzolt 5%; further referred to as Exzolt) were conducted. Specifically, the effectiveness of this formulation was studied against Rhipicephalus microplus (6 studies), Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae (4 studies), Dermatobia hominis larvae (1 study) and Haematobia irritans flies (2 studies). RESULTS The therapeutic efficacy of Exzolt was found to exceed 98% at 4 days post treatment (DPT), while persistent efficacy (> 90% efficacy) against repeated infestations of R. microplus was observed for up to 79 DPT. In field studies, ≥ 98% therapeutic efficacy was demonstrated at all study sites by 7 DPT, and a persistent efficacy (> 90% efficacy) was observed for 42, 49 or 56 DPT. Exzolt prevented C. hominivorax eggs from developing to the larval stage, thus mitigating the development of myiasis in cattle naturally and artificially infested with this screworm. The efficacy of Exzolt against D. hominis larvae was 98% at 3 DPT, while persistent efficacy (> 90% effectiveness) was found to last for up to 70 DPT. Against H. irritans, Exzolt showed therapeutic efficacy (≥ 90%) within the first day of treatment at both study sites, while persistent efficacy (≥ 90%) was observed for 7 DPT at one site and for 21 DPT at the other site. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results from these studies confirm that Exzolt is therapeutically efficacious against the most important ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. The novel active pharmaceutical ingredient, fluralaner, provides a new treatment option for farmers to control cattle ectoparasites, especially where there is resistance to other chemical classes. In addition, an effective control of ectoparasites will improve overall cattle health and well-being as well as production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- MSD Saúde Animal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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8
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Nicaretta JE, de Melo Junior RD, Naves RB, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Teixeira ALC, Ferreira LL, Klafke GM, Monteiro CMDO, Borges FDA, Costa Junior LM, Rodrigues DS, Lopes WDZ. Selective versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle: A comparative analysis of efficacy, animal health, productivity, cost, and resistance management. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109999. [PMID: 37556962 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study compared selective control versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, under conditions of a real dairy farm. Strategic control requires that all animals be treated with acaricide at regular pre-determined intervals. Selective control only requires treatment of infested animals and only when they are at or above a pre-determined threshold. Tick counts on animals and in pasture were performed and the susceptibility of tick populations to the different treatment methods was evaluated at the beginning and end of the study using the Larval Packet Test, Larval Immersion Test, and Adult Immersion Test. Over the four years of the study strategic control was more advantageous than the selective control as the group experienced lower tick burden on animals and in pasture, absence of skin lesions and myiases, lower operating costs, treatments concentrated in fewer months of the year and lower resistance pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Raphaela Barbosa Naves
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Sobreira Rodrigues
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Campo Experimental Santa Rita, Prudente de Morais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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9
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Cattle tick and gastrointestinal nematodes strategic control in dairy 31/32 Gyr x Holstein and beef ½ Brangus: is the same way? Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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de Aquino LM, Ferreira LL, Zapa DMB, Heller LM, Trindade ASN, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Couto LFM, de Mendonça RP, Costa IS, Soares VE, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, Lopes WDZ. Number of rainy days in a week influencing screwworm navel myiasis in beef calves and efficacies of injectable and topical antiparasitics. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:698-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Borges DA, Cid YP, Magalhães VDS, Alves MCC, Ferreira TP, Bonfim IV, Lima EAS, de Freitas JP, Scott FB. Fluazuron orally administered to guinea pigs: pharmacokinetic and efficacy against Amblyomma sculptum. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:198. [PMID: 35689268 PMCID: PMC9188223 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), the most lethal tick-borne disease in the Western Hemisphere, is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by the bite of Amblyomma sculptum. Capybaras are considered primary hosts of this tick and amplifier hosts of R. rickettsii, generating new infected lineages of A. sculptum in BSF-endemic areas. To define a possible treatment regimen for controlling the tick A. sculptum in capybaras, the aim of this study was to establish an effective fluazuron (FLU) dose to control A. sculptum larvae in artificially infested guinea pigs. Methods In Study I (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis), 24 guinea pigs were divided into four equal groups: control group (CG; untreated) and treated groups receiving FLU administered by gavage in three doses: G1—1 mg/kg, G2—5 mg/kg and G3—10 mg/kg, once a day for 15 days (d0 to d + 14). Blood samples were collected from the animals of the treated groups before and at d + 1, + 2, + 4, + 7, + 15 and + 21. The guinea pigs were artificially infested at d + 7 with A. sculptum larvae, and specimens were recovered at d + 11 to d + 14 and kept in a climatized chamber for 14 days. In Study II (evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters), one group of eight animals received FLU administered by gavage in a single dose of 10 mg/kg, and blood samples were collected before and on day 0 (8 h after treatment), + 1, + 4, + 7, + 15, + 21 and + 28 after single FLU administration. FLU was analyzed in plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Results FLU plasma concentrations increased quickly, indicating rapid absorption, and decreased slowly. Some larvae from all treated groups exhibited morphological and behavioral changes. FLU interfered in molting, and the efficacy obtained was 100% for all treated groups. Conclusions The results offer promising perspectives for the development of a palatable feed cube containing FLU for free-living capybaras to control A. sculptum and also to prevent BSF in areas where capybaras have been shown to play a primary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Azevedo Borges
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Yara Peluso Cid
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Health and Biological Science Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Sousa Magalhães
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Melina Cardilo Campos Alves
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thais Paes Ferreira
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Vilela Bonfim
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emily Andressa Santos Lima
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira de Freitas
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio Barbour Scott
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Effect of the formulation with fipronil and fluazuron on the reproductive biology and ovaries histopathology of Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:839-849. [PMID: 35118512 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a commercial formulation containing fipronil and fluazuron on the reproductive biology and the morphology of ovaries from Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females. To carry out the study, three calves were artificially infested every 3 days with approximately 5000 larvae. On day 0, the animals were treated with a commercial formulation containing fipronil (1.25 mg/kg) + fluazuron (2.5 mg/kg). Before the application of the acaricide, engorged females of R. microplus were collected to constitute the control group (10 for biology analyses and 20 for histology analyses). After applying the commercial formulation, naturally detached engorged females were recovered on days + 5, + 10, and + 20 (10 engorged females/day) to evaluate their reproductive biology, and on days + 4, + 12, and + 20 (20 engorged females/day) for histological evaluation of the ovaries. Females from the treated groups produced smaller amounts of eggs, exhibiting lower viability when compared to eggs from the control group (p < 0.05). The ovaries of females from all treated groups (+ 4, + 12, and + 20) showed morphological changes, including: cytoplasmic disorganization, cytoplasmic degradation, irregular shape of the oocyte and germinal vesicle, reduction and vacuolization of yolk granules and oocyte disruption. Oocytes were observed in smaller numbers in all stages of development (I, II, III, IV, and V) and greater numbers of indeterminate oocytes were verified in the ovaries of the treated groups when compared to the control group. Therefore, results showed that the commercial formulation containing fipronil and fluazuron affected the reproductive biology, caused morphological changes in the ovaries, and reduced the number of oocytes in R. microplus engorged females.
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Gomes LVC, Teixeira WFP, Maciel WG, Felippelli G, Buzzulini C, Soares VE, de Melo DP, Cruz BC, Rodrigues DDC, Ferreira LL, Monteiro CMDO, Lopes WDZ, da Costa AJ. Strategic control of cattle co-parasitized by tick, fly and gastrointestinal nematodes: Is it better to use ecto + endoparasiticide or just endectocide formulations? Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109622. [PMID: 34861577 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ticks, flies, and gastrointestinal helminths (GINs) significantly affect cattle productivity; thus, ectoparasiticide, endoparasiticide, and endectocide drugs have commonly been used for their control. The study aimed to compare the technical (parasites counts), productive, and financial effects of a treatment protocol comprising ecto- + endoparasiticides formulations (T01: fluazuron 2.5 mg/kg + fipronil 1.25 mg/kg and fenbendazole 5 mg/kg; n = 15) to a treatment with one formulation of endectocide (T02: ivermectin 450 μg/kg + abamectin 250 μg/kg; n = 15) over 308 days under field conditions in crossbred cattle co-parasitized by Rhipicephalus microplus, Haematobia irritans, and GINs. Bovine weight gain and return on investment (ROI) were also evaluated. Bovines from T01 received four treatments against the cattle tick and two against two GINs. For T02, four treatments were performed. Animals from T01 gained 15.4 kg more than T02 and provided a comparative ROI of 15.8. In cattle co-parasitized with R. microplus, H. irritans, and GINs, the treatment protocol used in this study with ecto- + endoparasiticidal action formulations showed better technical results regarding parasite counts and productive and financial data than the strategic treatment protocol using only an endectocide formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gustavo Felippelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buzzulini
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vando Edésio Soares
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Brasil, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pacheco de Melo
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayero Cruz
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Makhanthisa TI, Braack L, Lutermann H. The effect of cattle-administered ivermectin and fipronil on the mortality and fecundity of Anopheles arabiensis Patton. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:349. [PMID: 34215295 PMCID: PMC8254271 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria control primarily depends on two vector control strategies: indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs). Both IRS and LLIN target indoor-biting mosquitoes. However, some of the most important malaria vectors have developed resistance against the chemical compounds used in IRS and LLINs. Insecticide-induced behavioural changes in vectors, such as increased outdoor feeding on cattle and other animals, also limit the effectiveness of these strategies. Novel vector control strategies must therefore be found to complement IRS and LLINs. A promising tool is the use of cattle-applied endectocides. Endectocides are broad-spectrum systemic drugs that are effective against a range of internal nematodes parasites and blood-feeding arthropods. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two endectocide drugs, injectable ivermectin and topical fipronil, on the survival and fecundity of zoophilic Anopheles arabiensis. Methods Laboratory-reared mosquitoes were allowed to feed on cattle treated with either injectable ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg), topical fipronil (1.0 mg/kg) or saline (control) on days 0, 1, 4, 7, 13, 21 and 25 post-treatment, and mortality and egg production were recorded daily. Results Compared to controls, the mortality of An. arabiensis increased by 3.52- and 2.43-fold with injectable ivermectin and topical fipronil, respectively. The overall fecundity of mosquitoes that fed on both ivermectin- and fipronil-treated cattle was significantly reduced by up to 90 and 60%, respectively, compared to the control group. The effects of both drugs attenuated over a period of 3 weeks. Injectable ivermectin was more effective than topical fipronil and increased mosquito mortality by a risk factor of 1.51 higher than fipronil. Similarly, both drugs significantly reduced the fecundity of An. arabiensis. Conclusions This study demonstrates that injectable ivermectin and topical fipronil are able to suppress An. arabiensis density and could help to reduce outdoor malaria transmission. Data from the present study as well as from other similar studies suggest that current-generation endectocides have a limited duration of action and are expensive. However, new-generation, sustained-release formulations of ivermectin have a multi-week, high mortality impact on vector populations, thus holding promise of an effective reduction of outdoor malaria transmission. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Takalani I Makhanthisa
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Leo Braack
- UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Malaria Consortium, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Heike Lutermann
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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15
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Nicaretta JE, Couto LFM, Heller LM, Ferreira LL, Cavalcante ASDA, Zapa DMB, Cruvinel LB, Júnior RDDM, Gontijo LMDA, Soares VE, Mello IAS, Monteiro CMDO, Lopes WDZ. Evaluation of different strategic control protocols for Rhipicephalus microplus on cattle according to tick burden. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101737. [PMID: 33984596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of a strategic protocol is fundamental to the control of Rhipicephalus microplus. The efficacy of different strategic tick control protocols (Day 1 to Day 119) using commercial acaricides according to R. microplus burden on bovines was evaluated. Female ticks (4.5-8 mm in length) were initially counted on cattle to form four groups of bovines with low and high tick burdens (treated and control), with 10 animals each. The animals were then (Day 0) kept in different paddocks, and the bovines from the two treated groups received their first treatment. The main difference in the protocols was the use of a spray formulation on animals with high tick burden. Additionally, the criterion for animal re-treatment (treatment interval) during the proposed strategic protocol was evaluated according to tick length by visual inspection - if 30% of the bovines of a group presented ticks < 4 mm between their legs and dewlap, the treatment was applied, which could change the originally proposed intervals. The number of days for which animals from the treated groups remained without acaricide administration (palliative control, ≥30 tick females < 4 mm) after the end of the strategic tick control protocol was recorded. Tick counts and visual inspection were done weekly until days 203 and 119, respectively. The results showed that the adopted protocol was successful based on calculated efficacy. Mean efficacies from Day 7 to Day 119 were 86.1% and 96.1% for treated groups with low and high tick burdens, respectively, and mean tick count did not differ between them (P > 0.05) but did differ from their respectively controls (P = <0.0001). The use of spray formulation at the beginning of the protocol for animals with a high tick burden helped to avoid harmful tick infestations. Visual analysis of tick length anticipated the proposed treatment intervals. Treated groups remained without palliative treatment for 70 days, while control groups needed treatment every 28 days. It was concluded that strategic control protocols must be developed according to tick burden, and tick length can be used to indicate when treatment needs to be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Dina María Beltrán Zapa
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rubens Dias de Melo Júnior
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lidia Mendes de Aquino Gontijo
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Ingo Aron Sousa Mello
- Veterinarian, Specialist in General and Autonomic Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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16
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Do rainfall and tick burden affect the efficacy of pour-on formulations against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus? Prev Vet Med 2020; 177:104950. [PMID: 32203813 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most important livestock tick, causing economical losses especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Pour-on formulations using synthetic chemicals, remain the most farmer friendly conventional form of tick control method. Misuse of acaricides can lead to the emergence of resistance, residual chemicals in animal products, the poisoning of vertebrates and environment contamination. Despite the increase in the use of pour-on formulations, little is known regarding the therapeutic and residual efficacy of these products after the treated animals are exposed to rainfall. Moreover, information is scanty on whether efficacy is modulated by different levels of tick burden. Three studies were conducted. In the two first experiments, we evaluated the therapeutic and residual efficacies of commercial pour-on products (fluazuron 2.5 mg/kg and fipronil 1.0 mg/kg, respectively) on cattle naturally infested with R. (B.) microplus under the condition of simulated rainfall. In the third study, we investigated whether tick burden affects the efficacy of the drugs used a chemical control method involving three different formulations (Day 0: cypermethrin 5.0 mg/kg + chlorpyrifos 7.0 mg/kg + citronellal 0.5 mg/kg; Day 7: fluazuron 3.0 mg/kg + abamectin 0.5 mg/kg and Day 56: fipronil 1.0 mg/kg + fluazuron 3.0 mg/kg). Tick counts were performed on different days to assess efficacy. It was observed that the residual efficacy of the commercial formulations was lower on animals that received simulated rain. In addition, therapeutic and residual efficacies of the products were reduced in the group of animals with a high tick burden of R. (B.) microplus. In conclusion, rainfall decreases the efficacy of acaricides. Also, the tick burden must be considered when selecting a pour-on formulation.
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Costa-Júnior LM, Chaves DP, Brito DRB, Santos VAFD, Costa-Júnior HN, Barros ATM. A review on the occurrence of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:548-562. [PMID: 31483031 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858), the New World screwworm, causes primary myiasis in wild and domestic animals in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil. Although this species is considered to occur throughout the country, organized information about its recorded distribution has not been available until now. This article aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the historical and current data published on both immature (myiasis) and adult stages of C. hominivorax in Brazil. A total of 174 articles were found; of these, 141 articles reported myiasis cases in cattle (146 records), humans (68 records), and other mammalian hosts (40 records), and captures of adult flies were reported in 33 articles. C. hominivorax is widespread in Brazil, having been recorded in 208 municipalities in all major biomes of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Laboratório de Controle de Parasitos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Daniel Praseres Chaves
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | | | - Vitor Augusto Ferreira Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Controle de Parasitos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Henrique Nelson Costa-Júnior
- Laboratório de Controle de Parasitos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
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Junquera P, Hosking B, Gameiro M, Macdonald A. Benzoylphenyl ureas as veterinary antiparasitics. An overview and outlook with emphasis on efficacy, usage and resistance. Parasite 2019; 26:26. [PMID: 31041897 PMCID: PMC6492539 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Six benzoylphenyl ureas are currently used in formulations approved as veterinary medicines: diflubenzuron for fly control mainly on cattle, lice and blowfly strike control on sheep, and lice control on farmed salmonids; lufenuron for flea control on dogs and cats and for lice control on farmed salmonids; triflumuron for lice and blowfly strike control on sheep; fluazuron for tick control on cattle; teflubenzuron for lice control on farmed salmon; and novaluron for fly and tick control on cattle and for flea control on dogs. Resistance to diflubenzuron and triflumuron has already been reported for sheep body lice and blowflies, and to fluazuron in cattle ticks. These and other minor veterinary usages, as well as the current status of resistance, are reviewed and perspectives for future opportunities are discussed based on unexplored potentials and threats posed by future resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry Hosking
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Elanco Australasia Pty. Limited Kemps Creek 2178
NSW Australia
| | - Marta Gameiro
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Elanco Canada Limited 150 Research Lane, Suite 120 Guelph ON
N1G 4T2 Canada
| | - Alicia Macdonald
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Elanco Canada Limited 150 Research Lane, Suite 120 Guelph ON
N1G 4T2 Canada
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Cruz BC, Gomes LVC, Maciel WG, Felippelli G, Santos IBD, Cruvinel LB, Couto LFM, Bastos TSA, Cavalcante ASDA, Nicaretta JE, Soares VE, Costa AJD, Lopes WDZ. In vivo effect of diflubenzuron, administered via mineral salt supplementation, against Haematobia irritans and Rhipicephalus microplus parasitizing cattle. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2018; 27:545-554. [PMID: 30517423 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study involved two field trials with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of diflubenzuron, via mineral supplementation, against Haematobia irritans parasitizing cattle. Concomitantly with the main trial, a stall test was conducted to ascertain the effects of a different formulation with the same active ingredient against Rhipicephalus microplus, along with the action of diflubenzuron on the reproductive parameters of R. microplusfemales that had naturally detached from cattle. Against H. irritans, it was observed that the efficacy indexes fordiflubenzuron were low (≤ 31.3% or 44.6%) or null (0.0%) throughout the study. The anti- R. microplus efficacy of diflubenzuron, at weekly intervals, ranged from 0.0 to 13.7% over the entire experimental period. Null efficacy (0.0%) was registered for diflubenzuron in relation to the reproductive parameters of R. microplusfemales that had naturally detached from cattle. The different diflubenzuron formulations, administered via mineral salt supplementation, did not show satisfactory efficacy indexes against H. irritans and R. microplus parasitizing cattle, within the experimental design of the present study. In addition, this agent did not present any deleterious effects on the reproductive parameters of R. microplus females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- Centro de Pesquisas em Sanidade Animal - CPPAR, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Lucas Vinicius Costa Gomes
- Centro de Pesquisas em Sanidade Animal - CPPAR, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Willian Giquelin Maciel
- Centro de Pesquisas em Sanidade Animal - CPPAR, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Felippelli
- Centro de Pesquisas em Sanidade Animal - CPPAR, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Isabella Barbosa Dos Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas em Sanidade Animal - CPPAR, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Alliny Souza de Assis Cavalcante
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | - Alvimar José da Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas em Sanidade Animal - CPPAR, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública - IPTSP, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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