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KABIR MHB, KATO K. Examining the molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Eimeria species in Japan: a comprehensive review. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:563-574. [PMID: 38556324 PMCID: PMC11144535 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, animals and humans suffer from diarrheal illnesses due to protozoan parasites such as Giardia and Eimeria species. The molecular epidemiology of these parasites in Japan is summarized in this review. In humans, researchers found only one main species of Giardia, which is most referred to as G. lamblia, but it's also known by different names like G. duodenalis or G. intestinalis. However, within this species, six assemblages (A, B, C, D, E, and F) were found in animals, and assemblage B was frequently recorded in human and monkey populations, whereas assemblages A and E were predominant in calves. Assemblage A was found in sika deer and assemblages A, C, D, and F were predominant in dogs, cats, and ferret. Eimeria bovis, E. zuernii, and other species found in animals made up the group of species known as Eimeria spp., with E. bovis and E. zuernii being the most common in cattle. Our review highlighted a notable lack of data investigations regarding these two pathogens in water and environmental sources. Giardia cysts were found in the few studies that have been done on water sources, suggesting that water may play a significant role in the transmission of Giardia species. Our review suggests that further research is necessary to fully comprehend the molecular diversity and dynamics of transmission of Giardia spp. and Eimeria spp. in humans, animals, and environmental sources in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hazzaz Bin KABIR
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kentaro KATO
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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García-Álvarez MI, Navarro-Ruiz JL, González-Obando J, López-Osorio S, Rojas-Arbeláez CA, Chaparro-Gutierrez JJ. Occurrence of Eimeria spp. in Wayúu goat herds in the Municipality of Maicao, La Guajira, Colombia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100914. [PMID: 37652633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The department of La Guajira is considered the region with the largest goat population in Colombia. The disease caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria can result in significant economic losses in goat production, threatening the region's food security. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of coccidiosis produced by Eimeria spp. in pools of fecal samples of young and adult goats belonging to 12 indigenous communities in the municipality of Maicao, La Guajira. The results showed the presence of eight different species of Eimeria spp. (E. alijevi, E. ninakohlyakimovae, E. hirci, E. arloingi, E. jolchijevi, E. caprovina, E. aspheronica and E. christenseni) differentiated by their morphological characteristics, in addition to the estimation of the parasite load in each fecal pool. In conclusion, this study is the first to report the occurrence of different species of Eimeria spp. in goats located in the department of La Guajira, Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel García-Álvarez
- EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Research Group, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Juliana González-Obando
- EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Research Group, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara López-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Rojas-Arbeláez
- EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Research Group, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jenny J Chaparro-Gutierrez
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
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Olivares-Muñoz A, Alonso-Díaz MA, Romero-Salas D, Cruz-Romero A, Barrientos-Morales M, Pinos-Rodríguez JM. Prevalence and risk factors of coccidiosis in calves from Veracruz, México. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e005622. [PMID: 35946612 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were: (1) to determine the prevalence of Eimeria spp. sporulated oocysts in calves from 26 Municipalities in the Central Zone of the State of Veracruz, Mexico, (2) to identify the Eimeria spp. infecting calves, and (3) to identify the risk factors associated with the presence of Eimeria spp. in tropical cattle. A total of 930 individual fecal samples were analyzed by using the McMaster technique; then, oocysts were maintained in 2.5% potassium dichromate to allow sporulation. The general prevalence of calves with Eimeria spp. oocysts was 39.7% (370/930). Of a total of 10 identified species, Eimeria canadensis was the most observed, followed by Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii. The statistical analysis showed an association between the age of the calves (5 to 9 months), the presence of other animals, the physiographic regions and the restricted type of husbandry with the presence of Eimeria spp. in calves (P<0.05). Protective risk factors, such as: routine coprological analysis was also associated with a decrease in infection. These data demonstrate the presence of coccidia in cattle from the State of Veracruz, additionally to the necessary measures that must be taken to control this parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Angel Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz, México
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Anabel Cruz-Romero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
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Transcending Dimensions in Apicomplexan Research: from Two-Dimensional to Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cultures. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0002522. [PMID: 35412359 PMCID: PMC9199416 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00025-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites belonging to the Apicomplexa phylum are among the most successful pathogens known in nature. They can infect a wide range of hosts, often remain undetected by the immune system, and cause acute and chronic illness. In this phylum, we can find parasites of human and veterinary health relevance, such as Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, and Eimeria. There are still many unknowns about the biology of these pathogens due to the ethical and practical issues of performing research in their natural hosts. Animal models are often difficult or nonexistent, and as a result, there are apicomplexan life cycle stages that have not been studied. One recent alternative has been the use of three-dimensional (3D) systems such as organoids, 3D scaffolds with different matrices, microfluidic devices, organs-on-a-chip, and other tissue culture models. These 3D systems have facilitated and expanded the research of apicomplexans, allowing us to explore life stages that were previously out of reach and experimental procedures that were practically impossible to perform in animal models. Human- and animal-derived 3D systems can be obtained from different organs, allowing us to model host-pathogen interactions for diagnostic methods and vaccine development, drug testing, exploratory biology, and other applications. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the use of 3D systems applied to apicomplexans. We show the wide array of strategies that have been successfully used so far and apply them to explore other organisms that have been less studied.
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Vandendoren M, O'Toole D, Gigley J, Zhang R, Bangoura B. Establishment of a cell culture-qPCR system to quantify early developmental stages of Eimeria zuernii. Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109621. [PMID: 34844139 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine coccidiosis is caused by apicomplexans of the genus Eimeria and results in significant economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Numerous anticoccidial drugs are available for the treatment of bovine Eimeria infections. However, many compounds have been on the market for decades, and multidrug resistance is commonly observed in avian Eimeria. Recent reports of anticoccidial resistance in ovine Eimeria indicate the need for a rapid and inexpensive in vitro method to assess drug efficacy against ruminant Eimeria. Currently, no such assay exists for bovine Eimeria. The aim of this study was to develop a Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell culture-qPCR model to support the development of Eimeria (E.) zuernii in laboratory settings. The established in vitro assay was applied on three field strains of E. zuernii from the western United States to identify its general suitability for a variety of field strains. Infected cells were observed microscopically and analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) at 48 and 192 h post infection (hpi). Light microscopy observations demonstrated E. zuernii sporozoite invasion as early as 24 hpi, while confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed early meront formation by 48 hpi. Gene copy numbers displayed variations in parasite copy numbers directly after infection and over the observation period over 192 h. Based on these findings, this assay is suitable for detecting E. zuernii gene copies in MDBK cells over an experimental period of 192 h. Though total gene copy numbers did not increase over time, we conclude that this assay is a suitable for sustaining the growth and development of E. zuernii stages in vitro. This testing system will allow for further investigations of bovine Eimeria while reducing the use of animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Vandendoren
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA.
| | - Donal O'Toole
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA.
| | - Jason Gigley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Runhui Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA.
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Thiosemicarbazone Copper Chelator BLT-1 Blocks Apicomplexan Parasite Replication by Selective Inhibition of Scavenger Receptor B Type 1 (SR-BI). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112372. [PMID: 34835496 PMCID: PMC8622581 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidian parasites are obligate intracellular pathogens that affect humans and animals. Apicomplexans are defective in de novo synthesis of cholesterol, which is required for membrane biosynthesis and offspring formation. In consequence, cholesterol has to be scavenged from host cells. It is mainly taken up from extracellular sources via LDL particles; however, little is known on the role of HDL and its receptor SR-BI in this process. Here, we studied effects of the SR-BI-specific blocker BLT-1 on the development of different fast (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Besnoitia besnoiti) and slow (Eimeria bovis and Eimeria arloingi) replicating coccidian species. Overall, development of all these parasites was significantly inhibited by BLT-1 treatment indicating a common SR-BI-related key mechanism in the replication process. However, SR-BI gene transcription was not affected by T. gondii, N. caninum and B. besnoiti infections. Interestingly, BLT-1 treatment of infective stages reduced invasive capacities of all fast replicating parasites paralleled by a sustained increase in cytoplasmic Ca++ levels. Moreover, BLT1-mediated blockage of SR-BI led to enhanced host cell lipid droplet abundance and neutral lipid content, thereby confirming the importance of this receptor in general lipid metabolism. Finally, the current data suggest a conserved role of SR-BI for successful coccidian infections.
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The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16202. [PMID: 34376718 PMCID: PMC8355357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis are complex parasites responsible for the condition of coccidiosis, that invade the animal gastrointestinal intestinal mucosa causing severe diarrhoea, loss of appetite or abortions, with devastating impacts on the farming industry. The negative impacts of these parasitic infections are enhanced by their role in promoting the colonisation of the gut by common foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to test the anti-Eimeria efficacy of maltodextrin, sodium chloride, citric acid, sodium citrate, silica, malic acid, citrus extract, and olive extract individually, in vitro and in combination, in vivo. Firstly, in vitro infection models demonstrated that antimicrobials reduced (p < 0.05), both singly and in combination (AG), the ability of E. tenella and E. bovis to infect MDBK and CLEC-213 epithelial cells, and the virulence reduction was similar to that of the anti-coccidial drug Robenidine. Secondly, using an in vivo broiler infection model, we demonstrated that AG reduced (p = 0.001) E. tenella levels in the caeca and excreted faeces, reduced inflammatory oxidative stress, improved the immune response through reduced ROS, increased Mn-SOD and SCFA levels. Levels of IgA and IgM were significantly increased in caecal tissues of broilers that received 0.5% AG and were associated with improved (p < 0.0001) tissue lesion scores. A prophylactic approach increased the anti-parasitic effect in vivo, and results indicated that administration from day 0, 5 and 10 post-hatch reduced tissue lesion scores (p < 0.0001) and parasite excretion levels (p = 0.002). Conclusively, our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the natural antimicrobial mixture (AG) reduced parasitic infections through mechanisms that reduced pathogen virulence and attenuated host inflammatory events.
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Li DL, Gong QL, Ge GY, Wang Q, Sheng CY, Ma BY, Chen ZY, Yang Y, Li JM, Shi K, Leng X, Du R. Prevalence and infection risk factors of bovine Eimeria in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite 2021; 28:61. [PMID: 34374643 PMCID: PMC8354008 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria spp. cause the disease coccidiosis, which results in chronic wasting of livestock and can lead to the death of the animal. The disease, common worldwide, has caused huge economic losses to the cattle industry in particular. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of bovine Eimeria in China. Our search of five databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP, and Wan Fang for articles published up to February 29, 2020 on the prevalence of Eimeria in cattle in mainland China yielded 46 articles, in which the prevalence of cattle ranged from 4.6% to 87.5%. The rate of bovine Eimeria infection has been decreasing year by year, from 57.9% before 2000 to 25.0% after 2015, but it is still high. We also analyzed the region, sampling years, detection methods, feeding model, seasons, and species of bovine Eimeria. We recommend that prevention strategies should focus on strengthening detection of Eimeria in calves in the intensive farming model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Li Li
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College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
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College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
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College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Gui-Yang Ge
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College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Qi Wang
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College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Sheng
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College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Bao-Yi Ma
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College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Zi-Yang Chen
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College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Yang Yang
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College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
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College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Kun Shi
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College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Xue Leng
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College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
| | - Rui Du
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Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun Jilin Province
130118 PR China
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Mesa C, Gómez-Osorio LM, López-Osorio S, Williams SM, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. Survey of coccidia on commercial broiler farms in Colombia: frequency of Eimeria species, anticoccidial sensitivity, and histopathology. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101239. [PMID: 34214749 PMCID: PMC8255230 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis continues to be one of the costliest diseases of commercial poultry. Understanding the epidemiology of Eimeria species in poultry flocks and the resistance profile to common anticoccidials is important to design effective disease prevention and control strategies. This study examined litter samples to estimate the prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species among broiler farms in 4 geographic regions of Colombia. A total of 245 litter samples were collected from 194 broiler farms across representative regions of poultry production between March and August 2019. The litter samples were processed for oocysts enumeration and speciation after sporulation. End-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was conducted to confirm the presence of Eimeria species. Anticoccidial sensitivity was determined with 160 Ross AP males in 5 treatment groups: noninfected, nonmedicated control (NNC), infected, nonmedicated control (INC), infected salinomycin treated (SAL, dose: 66 ppm), infected diclazuril treated (DIC, dose: 1 ppm), and infected methylbenzocuate-Clopidol treated (MET.CLO, dose: 100 ppm), All birds were orally inoculated with 1 × 106 sporulated oocysts using a 1 mL syringe, except for the NNC- group who received 1ml of water.Eimeria spp. were found in 236 (96.3%) out of 245 individual houses, representing 180 (92.8%) out of 194 farms. Eimeria acervulina was the most prevalent species (35.0%) followed by Eimeria tenella (30.9%), Eimeria maxima (20.4%), and other Eimeria spp. (13.6%). However, mixed species infections were common, with the most prevalent combination being mixtures of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, and other species in 31.4% of the Eimeria-positive samples. PCR analysis identified E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria mitis, and Eimeria praecox with variable prevalence across farms and regions. Anticoccidial sensitivity testing of strains of Eimeria isolated from 1 region, no treatment difference (P > 0.05) was observed in final weight (BW), weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion (FCR). For the global resistance index (GI) classified SAL and MET.CLO as good efficacy (85.79 and 85.49, respectively) and DIC as limited efficacy (74.52%). These results demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of Eimeria spp. and identifies the current state of sensitivity to commonly used anticoccidials in a region of poultry importance for Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mesa
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Nutri-Solla Research Group, Solla S.A. Carrera 42 No. 33-80, Itagüí, Colombia
| | - L M Gómez-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Alura Animal Health and Nutrition, Carrera 129 # 22b-57 Int. 23, Bogotá Colombia
| | - S López-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J J Chaparro-Gutiérrez
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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Muñoz-Caro T, Gibson AJ, Conejeros I, Werling D, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. The Role of TLR2 and TLR4 in Recognition and Uptake of the Apicomplexan Parasite Eimeria bovis and Their Effects on NET Formation. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020118. [PMID: 33498871 PMCID: PMC7912269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) constitutively express the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2 and TLR4 and have been shown to generate Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) upon exposure to Eimeria bovis. The present work investigated the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in the recognition and uptake of E. bovis sporozoites, IL-8 production and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. METHODS TLR expression was performed by flow cytometric analysis on PMN exposed to live carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-stained sporozoites. Supernatants of PMN exposed to different E. bovis sporozoite preparations and antigens in the absence or presence of TLR antibodies were assessed for IL-8 secretion. Cells were exposed to sporozoite preparations and assessed for the activation of transcription factor NF-κB using a luciferase reporter assay. Immunofluorescence analysis was done to investigate TLR2 and TLR4 surface expression and NET formation on bovine PMN exposed to vital sporozoites. RESULTS we observed significantly increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression with a mean increase in expression that was greater for TLR2 than TLR4. This upregulation neither inhibited nor promoted sporozoite phagocytosis by bovine PMN. Live sporozoites together with anti-TLR2 mAb resulted in a significant enhancement of IL-8 production. NF-κB activation was more strongly induced in TLR2-HEK cells than in TLR4/MD2-HEK cells exposed to heat-killed sporozoites and antigens. Immunofluorescence analysis showed TLR-positive signals on the surface of PMN and concomitant NET formation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on E. bovis-induced concomitant TLR2 and TLR4 expression during bovine PMN-derived NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Muñoz-Caro
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Amanda J. Gibson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (A.J.G.); (D.W.)
- Centre of Excellence in Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Wales SY23 3FD, UK
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (A.J.G.); (D.W.)
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
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López-Osorio S, Silva LMR, Chaparro-Gutierréz JJ, Velásquez ZD, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Optimized excystation protocol for ruminant Eimeria bovis- and Eimeria arloingi-sporulated oocysts and first 3D holotomographic microscopy analysis of differing sporozoite egress. Parasitol Int 2020; 76:102068. [PMID: 32006675 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Successful excystation of sporulated Eimeria spp. oocysts is an important step to acquire large numbers of viable sporozoites for molecular, biochemical, immunological and in vitro experiments for detailed studies on complex host cell-parasite interactions. An improved method for excystation of sporulated oocysts and collection of infective E. bovis- and E. arloingi-sporozoites is here described. Eimeria spp. oocysts were treated for at least 20 h with sterile 0.02 M L-cysteine HCl/0.2 M NaHCO3 solution at 37 °C in 100% CO2 atmosphere. The last oocyst treatment was performed with a 0.4% trypsin 8% sterile bovine bile excystation solution, which disrupted oocyst walls with consequent activation of sporozoites within oocyst circumplasm, thereby releasing up to 90% of sporozoites in approximately 2 h of incubation (37 °C) with a 1:3 (oocysts:sporozoites) ratio. Free-released sporozoites were filtered in order to remove rests of oocysts, sporocysts and non-sporulated oocysts. Furthermore, live cell imaging 3D holotomographic microscopy (Nanolive®) analysis allowed visualization of differing sporozoite egress strategies. Sporozoites of both species were up to 99% viable, highly motile, capable of active host cell invasion and further development into trophozoite- as well as macroment-development in primary bovine umbilical vein endothelial cells (BUVEC). Sporozoites obtained by this new excystation protocol were cleaner at the time point of exposure of BUVEC monolayers and thus benefiting from the non-activation status of these highly immunocompetent cells through debris. Alongside, this protocol improved former described methods by being is less expensive, faster, accessible for all labs with minimum equipment, and without requirement of neither expensive buffer solutions nor sophisticated instruments such as ultracentrifuges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara López-Osorio
- Veterinary Medicine School, CIBAV Investigation Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050034, Colombia; Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Liliana M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jenny J Chaparro-Gutierréz
- Veterinary Medicine School, CIBAV Investigation Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050034, Colombia
| | - Zahady D Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Lopez-Osorio S, Villar D, Failing K, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Chaparro-Gutierrez JJ. Epidemiological survey and risk factor analysis on Eimeria infections in calves and young cattle up to 1 year old in Colombia. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:255-266. [PMID: 31760498 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A large-scale cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted to evaluate prevalence, species diversity, and associated risk factors of Eimeria infections in 55 cattle farms across seven states of Colombia, including subtropical and tropical regions. In total, 1333 fecal samples from young animals (< 1 year of age) were examined at a single sampling date from August 2016 to December 2016. Flotation and McMaster techniques were conducted for parasitological investigation. Excreted Eimeria oocysts were allowed to sporulate in vitro and thereafter identified to species level based on morphological and morphometric characteristics. The overall Eimeria prevalence was 75.5% (1006/1333), with no difference observed between age categories. In total, 13 different Eimeria species were identified. The most prevalent species was E. bovis (33.5%), followed by E. auburnensis (12.5%) and E. zuernii (11.9%). Analysis of extrinsic associated risk factors revealed the floor type, feeding system, watering system, and herd size as significant (p < 0.05) risk factors for Eimeria spp. infections. Based on these data, it can be assumed that bovine coccidiosis infections occur ubiquitously in the country and might play an important role especially in its subclinical form by affecting production parameters in conventional cattle management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lopez-Osorio
- Research Group CIBAV, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - D Villar
- Research Group CIBAV, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - K Failing
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - J J Chaparro-Gutierrez
- Research Group CIBAV, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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13
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Bovine coccidiosis cases of beef and dairy cattle in Indonesia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019; 17:100298. [PMID: 31303235 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The number of bovine coccidiosis cases is generally high and distributed worldwide. It can reach up to 100% in the early weeks of age in calves and has a corresponding impact on further cattle development and the economic outcome. For these reasons, this study was conducted to detect the presence of Eimeria spp. oocysts followed by morphologically species characterization in different breeds of beef and dairy cattle. These breeds were reared by rural farmers in 9 provinces in Indonesia from March to October 2017. A total of 2150 fecal samples were collected, along with farmer knowledge about coccidiosis through interviews. Results show that prevalence varied as indicated by the following regions: Riau (68.73%), South Sumatera (78.34%), Banten (63.73%), Special Region of Yogyakarta (54.69%), East Java (63.89%), Bali (83.34%), West Nusa Tenggara (78.43%), Central Kalimantan (72.46%), and South Sulawesi (85.07%). The overall prevalence of bovine coccidiosis in all provinces sampled was 72.07%. Eight species of Eimeria spp. were identified, namely, E. auburnensis (52.11%), E. bovis (81.89%), E. bukidnonensis (18.44%), E. canadensis (38.22%), E. cylindrica (31.67%), E. zuernii (60%), E. ellipsoidalis (10.11%), and E. alabamensis (11.67%). The highest prevalence was found in E. bovis compared with any other Eimerias (P ≤ .0001) followed by E. zuernii. Most of the interviewed farmers in this study did not know about coccidia, especially Eimeria spp. in cattle. They were more familiar with worm infections because of both their experience and knowledge. The distribution of cattle with ages <6 months, 6-18 months, and >18 months exhibited 97%, 81%, and 38% infection, respectively. Based on these results, the authors saw the necessity to inform farmers about bovine coccidiosis as well as the veterinarian regarding better preventive and curative treatments.
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