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Avila LP, Sweeney KM, Evans CR, White DL, Kim WK, Regmi P, Williams SM, Nicholds J, Wilson JL. Body composition, gastrointestinal, and reproductive differences between broiler breeders fed using everyday or skip-a-day rearing programs. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102853. [PMID: 37423014 PMCID: PMC10344816 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler breeder feed restriction practices have intensified as broiler feed efficiency has been improved. Skip-a-day (SAD) rearing regimen has controlled breeder growth, although this practice has become questionable for the modern breeder. We compared everyday (ED) and SAD programs and evaluated their impact on pullet growth performance, body composition, gastrointestinal tract development, and reproduction. At d 0, Ross 708 (Aviagen) pullet chicks (n = 1,778) were randomly assigned to 7 floor pens. Three pens were fed using the ED and 4 pens with SAD program through wk 21 using a chain-feeder system. ED and SAD grower diets were formulated to be isonutritious, with the only difference that ED diets had more crude fiber. Pullets (n = 44 per pen) were moved to 16 hen pens by treatment at wk 21 with 3 YP males (Aviagen) in each pen. All birds were fed common laying diets. In addition to BW data, sampled pullets and hens were scanned using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to obtain body bone density and composition. Hen performance and hatchery metrics were recorded through wk 60. ED birds were heavier with similar nutrient intake from wk 10 to 45 (P ≤ 0.013). Pullet uniformity was unaffected by feeding method (P ≥ 0.443). SAD pullets had less body fat at wk 19 (P = 0.034) compared to ED pullets, likely as a metabolic consequence of intermittent feeding. SAD birds had lower bone density at wk 7, 15, and 19 (P ≤ 0.026). At 4 wk of age, SAD pullets had less intestinal villi goblet cells compared to ED pullets (P ≤ 0.050), possibly explained by the effect that feed removal has on cell migration rates. Overall egg-specific gravity (P = 0.057) and hatch of fertile % (P = 0.088) tended to be higher in eggs from ED hens. Altogether, ED feeding increased young pullet intestinal goblet cells and increased both bone density and body fat at wk 19. ED program improved pullet feed conversion (2.6% less feed) and increased eggshell quality and hatch of fertile.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Avila
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - K M Sweeney
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C R Evans
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D L White
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - P Regmi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J Nicholds
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J L Wilson
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Mesa C, Gómez-Osorio LM, López-Osorio S, Williams SM, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. Survey of coccidia on commercial broiler farms in Colombia: frequency of Eimeria species, anticoccidial sensitivity, and histopathology. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101239. [PMID: 34214749 PMCID: PMC8255230 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis continues to be one of the costliest diseases of commercial poultry. Understanding the epidemiology of Eimeria species in poultry flocks and the resistance profile to common anticoccidials is important to design effective disease prevention and control strategies. This study examined litter samples to estimate the prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species among broiler farms in 4 geographic regions of Colombia. A total of 245 litter samples were collected from 194 broiler farms across representative regions of poultry production between March and August 2019. The litter samples were processed for oocysts enumeration and speciation after sporulation. End-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was conducted to confirm the presence of Eimeria species. Anticoccidial sensitivity was determined with 160 Ross AP males in 5 treatment groups: noninfected, nonmedicated control (NNC), infected, nonmedicated control (INC), infected salinomycin treated (SAL, dose: 66 ppm), infected diclazuril treated (DIC, dose: 1 ppm), and infected methylbenzocuate-Clopidol treated (MET.CLO, dose: 100 ppm), All birds were orally inoculated with 1 × 106 sporulated oocysts using a 1 mL syringe, except for the NNC- group who received 1ml of water.Eimeria spp. were found in 236 (96.3%) out of 245 individual houses, representing 180 (92.8%) out of 194 farms. Eimeria acervulina was the most prevalent species (35.0%) followed by Eimeria tenella (30.9%), Eimeria maxima (20.4%), and other Eimeria spp. (13.6%). However, mixed species infections were common, with the most prevalent combination being mixtures of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, and other species in 31.4% of the Eimeria-positive samples. PCR analysis identified E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria mitis, and Eimeria praecox with variable prevalence across farms and regions. Anticoccidial sensitivity testing of strains of Eimeria isolated from 1 region, no treatment difference (P > 0.05) was observed in final weight (BW), weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion (FCR). For the global resistance index (GI) classified SAL and MET.CLO as good efficacy (85.79 and 85.49, respectively) and DIC as limited efficacy (74.52%). These results demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of Eimeria spp. and identifies the current state of sensitivity to commonly used anticoccidials in a region of poultry importance for Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mesa
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Nutri-Solla Research Group, Solla S.A. Carrera 42 No. 33-80, Itagüí, Colombia
| | - L M Gómez-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Alura Animal Health and Nutrition, Carrera 129 # 22b-57 Int. 23, Bogotá Colombia
| | - S López-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J J Chaparro-Gutiérrez
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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Nicholds JF, McQuain C, Hofacre CL, Mathis GF, Fuller AL, Telg BE, Montoya AF, Williams SM, Berghaus RD, Jones MK. The Effect of Different Species of Eimeria with Clostridium perfringens on Performance Parameters and Induction of Clinical Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2020; 65:132-137. [PMID: 34339132 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a common disease that causes great economic loss to the broiler industry due to mortality and reduced performance. Although Clostridium perfringens (CP) is a necessary component of this disease, coccidia species are a well-defined predisposing factor that exacerbates the condition. Different Eimeria species have been reported to influence NE to different degrees. In a pair of experiments, six different Eimeria species were evaluated in the presence and absence of C. perfringens. Male broiler chicks were housed in battery cages for the duration of both experiments. Feed conversion, body weight gain, and NE mortality were reported in both experiments. Experiment 1 challenged birds with E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. tenella, E. necatrix, and E. brunetti at day 13 and subsequently inoculated birds with CP on days 18, 19, and 20. In the second experiment, E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. tenella, and E. praecox were inoculated on day 15 and challenged with CP on days 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 of the experiment. In the first experiment, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, and E. necatrix with the addition of CP all stimulated necrotic enteritis mortality. In the second experiment, E. praecox had minimal impact on performance during the challenge (14-23 days) while E. maxima + CP decreased body weight gain and increased mortality compared to the CP alone control. Eimeria maxima had the highest mortality (21.9%) in this experiment followed by E. acervulina (6.3%). The remaining Eimeria with added CP in the second experiment did not induce NE mortality. While the challenge with CP alone did not induce mortality, feed conversion was increased compared to the unchallenged control group. When using isolated Eimeria species in these experiments, disturbances created by E. brunetti and E. maxima resulted in the most-severe challenges. These experiments highlight the NE risk of these species of Eimeria and give insight into how other species interact with the host in a controlled CP challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Nicholds
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - C McQuain
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - C L Hofacre
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Watkinsville, GA 30677
| | - G F Mathis
- Southern Poultry Research, Inc., Athens, GA 30607
| | - A L Fuller
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Services, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - B E Telg
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - A F Montoya
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - R D Berghaus
- Food Animal Health and Management, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - M K Jones
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Watkinsville, GA 30677,
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Krunkosky M, García M, Beltran G, Williams SM, Hurley DJ, Gogal RM. Ocular exposure to infectious laryngotracheitis virus alters leukocyte subsets in the head-associated lymphoid tissues and trachea of 6-week-old White Leghorn chickens. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:404-417. [PMID: 32301627 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1757036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), an alphaherpesvirus, causes acute respiratory disease primarily infecting the upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva. Administration of live attenuated ILTV vaccines via eye drop, drinking water, or by coarse spray elicits protective mucosal immunity in the head-associated lymphoid tissues (HALT), of which conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and the Harderian gland (HG) are important tissue components. The trachea, a non-lymphoid tissue, also receives significant influx of inflammatory cells that dictate the outcome of ILTV infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate leukocyte cellular and phenotypic changes in the CALT, HG and trachea following ocular infection with a virulent ILTV strain. At 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days post-infection, CALT, HG, and trachea of 6-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens ocularly-exposed to vehicle or virulent ILTV strain 63140 were dissociated, the cells enumerated and then phenotyped using flow cytometry. The CALT had the highest viral genomic load, which peaked on day 3. In ILTV-infected birds, the CALT had a decreased percentage of leukocytes. This was reflected by decreased numbers of MHCI+MHCII-, MHCI+MHCIIlow+, and CD4+ cells, while IgM+ and MHCI+MHCIIHigh+ expressing cell populations increased. In the HG, the most notable change in cells from ILTV-infected birds was a decrease in IgM expressing cells and histologically, an increase in Mott cells. In summary, an acute, ocular exposure to ILTV strain 63140 in young birds shifts subsets of lymphocyte populations in the CALT and HG with minimal impact on the trachea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krunkosky
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - G Beltran
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - D J Hurley
- Food Animal Health and Management, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - R M Gogal
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Thiex NJ, Larson R, Ahmed MS, Albert K, Babin Y, Campbell H, Campbell M, DeAtley A, Eigen S, Elson K, Farrow M, Firman M, Jamieson J, Jobin D, Kibbey J, Kirby P, Larson R, Marshall D, Mathis J, McManus K, Menefee L, Olson L, Panagiotis S, Raines J, Rowe D, Sabbatini JZ, Singh D, Smith C, Stenske MA, van Rhijn H, Williams SM. Determination of Oxytetracycline/Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride in Animal Feed, Fish Feed, and Veterinary Medicinal Products by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/92.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A method for determining oxytetracycline (OTC) in animal feed, fish feed, and veterinary medicinal products at medicated use and contamination levels was collaboratively studied. The method is applicable to the analysis of animal feeds and mineral premixes containing levels 2 mg/kg, and fish feed containing levels 10 mg/kg. Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC.HCl) is extracted from ground feed material in acidmethanol solution using mechanical agitation. After centrifugation for 5 min at 1230 g, an aliquot of the extract is diluted with water and/or acidmethanol so that the concentration of OTC.HCl is approximately the same as that in the working standard, and the solutions contain at least 50 water. Injectable veterinary medicinal materials (also called animal remedy materials) are diluted with water and/or extractant to reach the target concentration. The extracts are filtered and analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection with excitation at 390 nm and emission at 512 nm. Twenty-eight test samples of medicated feeds, supplements, and drug premixes, including 4 test samples for trace-level analysis, were sent to 17 collaborators in Canada, The Netherlands, and the United States. Results were received from 11 laboratories. The RSDr values (within-laboratory repeatability) ranged from 1.26 to 9.21; RSDR values (among-laboratory reproducibility) ranged from 2.14 to 12.9, and HorRat values ranged from 0.54 to 3.02. It is recommended that this method be adopted AOAC Official First Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Thiex
- South Dakota State University, Veterinary Science Department, Oscar E. Olson Biochemistry Laboratories, Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Richard Larson
- South Dakota State University, Veterinary Science Department, Oscar E. Olson Biochemistry Laboratories, Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007
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Sanchez AA, Campbell HM, Ahmed MS, Albert K, Applegate C, Bekele E, Cruz C, Dalgleish J, Dudiková L, Elson C. Focht K, Genouel C, Joubert M, Kirby P, Le Bouquin R, Lerch R, McManus K, Menefee L, Moura S, Murley V, Petrova J, Rues MC, Siegel VS, Stephens B, Warrick D, Williams SM. Determination of Decoquinate in Animal Feeds by Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/91.4.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The performance characteristics of a liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the analysis of decoquinate (DEC) in supplements, premixes, and complete animal feeds at medicating and trace levels were collaboratively studied. DEC is extracted from ground feed samples with 1 calcium chloridemethanol solution using mechanical agitation for 90 min. After centrifugation for 5 min and dilution (if necessary), an aliquot of the extract is diluted with water. The diluted extracts are filtered and analyzed by reversed-phase LC with fluorescence detection. Suspect positive trace-level samples are confirmed by using an alternate excitation wavelength. Fourteen test samples of medicated feeds, supplement, and medicated premix, along with 8 test samples for trace-level analysis, were sent to 13 collaborators (one in Canada, 4 in Europe, and 8 in the United States). Test samples were analyzed as blind duplicates. Acceptable results were received from 12 laboratories for the medicated test samples and from 13 laboratories for the trace-level samples. Repeatability relative standard deviation estimates ranged from 1.3 to 5.6. Reproducibility relative standard deviations estimates ranged from 2.8 to 6.1, and HorRat values ranged from 0.22 to 0.74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anivis A Sanchez
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), 960 Carling Ave, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6
| | - Harold M Campbell
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), 960 Carling Ave, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6
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Liu JD, Lumpkins B, Mathis G, Williams SM, Fowler J. Evaluation of encapsulated sodium butyrate with varying releasing times on growth performance and necrotic enteritis mitigation in broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3240-3245. [PMID: 30789214 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an encapsulated sodium butyrate (Na-B) with targeted releasing times on growth performance and mitigating the impact of necrotic enteritis in broilers. Two Na-B (30% of Na-B content) products, CMA (2 h releasing time) and CMP (3 to 4 h releasing time), were evaluated in a necrotic enteritis challenge model. The experiment consisted of 4 Na-B treatments (500 and 1,000 ppm of each product) plus 2 control (non-challenged and challenged). A total of 336 Cobb-Cobb male broilers were placed 8 birds per pen into 7 replicate battery cages. On day 14, birds from challenged treatments were orally gavaged with ∼5,000 oocysts of Eimeria maxima. On day 19, 20, and 21, the challenged birds received 1 mL of 108 cfu/mL Clostridium perfringens. Total pen body weight (BW) and feed weight were assessed on day 14, 21, and 28 for BW gain and mortality-adjusted feed conversion ratio (FCR). On day 21, 3 birds were randomly selected per pen and scored for intestinal lesions. The duodenum and jejunum tissue were collected on day 21 and 28 for quantifying intestinal histology. Results revealed that adding CMA at 500 ppm showed significantly higher cumulative BW gain (P < 0.05) compared to the challenged control from day 1 to 21. Adding CMA at 500 ppm also showed the equivalent cumulative FCR that was comparable to the non-challenged control on day 21. The CMA treatments and CMP at 1,000 ppm treatment showed equivalent BW gain compared to the non-challenge control after an additional 7 d post-challenge on day 28. Both products at 500 or 1,000 ppm had the significantly (P < 0.05) lower intestinal lesion scores compared to the challenged control. However, there was no difference in lesion scores among the Na-B treatments. The Na-B product targeted to release in the anterior intestinal tract shows the beneficial effects on BW gain and feed utilization efficiency in current challenge model. Adding encapsulated Na-B product has the potential to mitigate the impact of necrotic enteritis in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - B Lumpkins
- Southern Poultry Research, Inc., 96 Roquemore Road, Athens, GA 30607
| | - G Mathis
- Southern Poultry Research, Inc., 96 Roquemore Road, Athens, GA 30607
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J Fowler
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Dawson AM, Brown DA, Williams SM, Taylor BJ, Ross J, Taylor RW. Parental reactions to weight screening in young children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:639-646. [PMID: 27863185 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental inability to recognize child overweight and physician reluctance to instigate discussion prevents behaviour change. OBJECTIVE To evaluate parental acceptance of child overweight status following screening. METHODS Interviewers used motivational interviewing or best practice care to discuss overweight status of 271 young children (BMI ≥ 85th ) with parents using simple traffic-light BMI charts. Follow-up sessions two weeks later (n = 251, 93%) were coded qualitatively to assess parental reactions to the information (overweight diagnosis) and how it was presented (feedback condition). RESULTS Eight-two percent of parents rated the charts positively with few (8-10%) feeling judged. Motivational interviewing parents viewed feedback as more empathetic (relative risk, 95% CI: 4.07, 1.64-10.09), but more uncomfortable (12.2, 1.48-100.1) than best practice care parents. Overall, 65.2% of parents accepted their child was overweight, 22.1% were ambivalent and 12.7% rejected the information. Although motivational interviewing parents were less likely to accept it (OR, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.37-0.64) and more likely to be ambivalent (2.01, 1.17-3.47), the most important predictor of acceptance was a positive experience of feedback (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Simple traffic-light charts facilitate discussion of child overweight status with parents. Style of feedback is less relevant than ensuring a positive experience for parents to increase acceptance of the weight information.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dawson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D A Brown
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - S M Williams
- Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - B J Taylor
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J Ross
- General Practice, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R W Taylor
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Villeda CJ, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Williams SM, Hervás J, Wilkinson PJ, Viñuela E. The Role of Fibrinolysis in the Pathogenesis of the Haemorrhagic Syndrome Produced by Virulent Isolates of African Swine Fever Virus. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1653734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe activity of several proteins involved in fibrinolysis and the morphological changes in the blood vessel walls of pigs infected with highly virulent (Malawi’83) and moderately virulent (Dominican Republic ‘78-DR’78) ASF virus isolates were determined. Pigs infected with the Malawi’83 virus developed an increased fibrinolytic activity due to high plasma levels of tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) of 71.3 ± 22.8 IU/ml (mean ± SD), which correlated well with an increased activation of interstitial capillary endothelial cells and high levels of 1150 ± 73.6 nM of fibrin monomer in the circulation. Animals infected with DR’78 virus, in contrast, showed an inhibition of fibrinolysis in the late stages of disease with almost a 5-fold increase of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity of 196.0 AU/ml. These results suggest that activation of the fibrinolytic system in pigs infected with the Malawi’83 virus is probably due to increased formation and deposition of fibrin in the circulation, contributing to an increased bleeding tendency and higher mortality. On the contrary, animals infected with DR’78 virus developed an inhibition of fibrinolysis and thus a reduction in bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Villeda
- The Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC-UAM), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Gómez-Villamandos
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - S M Williams
- The Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - J Hervás
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - P J Wilkinson
- The Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - E Viñuela
- The Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC-UAM), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Jospe MR, Brown RC, Williams SM, Roy M, Meredith‐Jones KA, Taylor RW. Self-monitoring has no adverse effect on disordered eating in adults seeking treatment for obesity. Obes Sci Pract 2018; 4:283-288. [PMID: 29951219 PMCID: PMC6010018 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although monitoring is considered a key component of effective behaviour change, the development of apps has allowed consumers to constantly evaluate their own diet, with little examination of what this might mean for eating behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate whether self-monitoring of diet using the app MyFitnessPal or daily self-weighing increases the reported occurrence of eating disorders in adults with overweight/obesity following a weight loss programme. METHODS Two hundred fifty adults with body mass index ≥ 27 kg/m2 received diet and exercise advice and were randomized to one of four monitoring strategies (daily self-weighing, MyFitnessPal, brief monthly consults or self-monitoring hunger) or control for 12 months. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 was used to assess eating disorder symptoms and behaviours for the previous 28 d at 0 and 12 months. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the global Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire score or the subscales between those in the four monitoring groups and the control at 12 months (all p ≥ 0.164), nor were there differences in binge eating, self-induced vomiting, laxative misuse or excessive exercise at 12 months (p ≥ 0.202). The overall prevalence of one or more episodes of binge eating was 53.6% at baseline and 50.6% at 12 months, with no change over time (p = 0.662). CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence that self-monitoring, including using diet apps like MyFitnessPal or daily self-weighing, increases the reported occurrence of eating disorder behaviours in adults with overweight/obesity who are trying to lose weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Jospe
- Department of Human NutritionUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - R. C. Brown
- Department of Human NutritionUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - S. M. Williams
- Department of Preventive and Social MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - M. Roy
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | | | - R. W. Taylor
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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Liu JD, Bayir HO, Cosby DE, Cox NA, Williams SM, Fowler J. Evaluation of encapsulated sodium butyrate on growth performance, energy digestibility, gut development, and Salmonella colonization in broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3638-3644. [PMID: 28938774 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of an encapsulated sodium butyrate (Na-B) with targeted releasing times on broiler performance, energy digestibility, intestinal morphology, and ceca Salmonella colonization. In experiment 1, 3 different Na-B products (CMA, CMP, and CMS) were evaluated following a challenge with a nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium (STNAR). Cobb-Cobb male birds were placed 8 per pen into 6 replicates for each treatment. Treatments included 6 Na-B treatments (500 and 1,000 ppm of each product) plus 2 control (non-challenged and challenged). Birds were orally gavaged with 0.1 mL of 107 cfu/mL STNAR on d 4. Ceca and ileal samples were collected on d 11. In experiment 2, CMA and CMP products were evaluated for a full grow-out period without an external challenge. Cobb-Cobb male birds were distributed among 45 floor pens with 24 birds per pen. Treatments included 4 product treatments (500 and 1,000 ppm of each product) plus one control. Feed intake and pen weight were obtained on d 14, 28, and 42. Experiment 1 showed that CMP at 1,000 ppm had the highest value for BW and BWG on d 4 (P = 0.07). Adding CMA and CMP at 500 ppm increased ileal digestibility energy (IDE) compared to the challenged control (P ≤ 0.05). The Salmonella recovery data indicated that the challenge had a significant but mild impact, since it did not affect the performance variables but did result in a significant increase in log10 cfu/g cecal material between the non-challenged and challenged control (1.42 vs 3.72). Experiment 2 showed that both products improved the villus height in the duodenum on d 21 (P = 0.08) and IDE on d 42, relative to the control (P ≤ 0.05). This study demonstrates that Na-B has the potential to improve growth in broilers at an early age. The beneficial effects on intestinal morphology and IDE are affected not only by dosage level, but also by the product's releasing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602
| | - H O Bayir
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602
| | - D E Cosby
- USDA-ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - N A Cox
- USDA-ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602
| | - J Fowler
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602
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Abstract
Abstract:The level of under-reporting of injury events which resulted in medical treatment was determined for a group of 631 thirteen-year olds. Two-year recall data was compared with the medical records of an accident and emergency department. Thirty-nine percent of all visits to the accident and emergency department were not recalled. Recall was shown to be related to the number of injury events, time elapsed since an injury event, type and severity of injury but not to whether the victim was hospitalized. Logistic regression analysis suggested that the recall of injury events depended on the type of injury sustained, time elapsed since the injury event, the number of injury events, and an interaction effect between the time and the number of injuries.
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Dill JA, Williams SM, Leary JH, Ng TFF, Camus AC. Investigation of epizootic papillomatosis in bluegill Lepomis macrochirus (Rafinesque 1810) using next-generation sequencing. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:947-952. [PMID: 27696444 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Dill
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J H Leary
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - T F F Ng
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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14
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Farmer VL, Williams SM, Mann JI, Schofield G, McPhee JC, Taylor RW. The effect of increasing risk and challenge in the school playground on physical activity and weight in children: a cluster randomised controlled trial (PLAY). Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:793-800. [PMID: 28186099 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate whether changing the play environment in primary schools to one that includes greater risk and challenge increases physical activity and reduces body mass index (BMI). SUBJECTS/METHODS A 2-year cluster randomised controlled trial was undertaken in 16 New Zealand schools (years 1-8). Intervention schools (n=8) redesigned their play environments to encourage imaginative and independent free play by increasing opportunities for risk and challenge (for example, rough-and-tumble play), reducing rules and adding new playground components (for example, loose parts). Control schools (n=8) were asked to not change their play environment. A qualified playworker rated all school play environments at baseline and 1 year. Primary outcomes were moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (7-day accelerometry) and BMI z-score, collected in 840 children at baseline, 1 and 2 years. Data were analysed using generalised estimating equations. RESULTS Multiple changes were made to the school play environments resulting in a significant difference in overall play evaluation score between intervention and control schools of 4.50 (95% confidence interval: 1.82 to 7.18, P=0.005), which represents a substantial improvement from baseline values of 19.0 (s.d. 3.2). Overall, schools liked the intervention and reported many benefits, including increased physical activity. However, these beliefs did not translate into significant differences in objectively measured physical activity, either as counts per minute (for example, 35 (-51 to 120) during lunch break) or as minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (0.4, -1.1 to 2.0). Similarly, no significant differences were observed for BMI, BMI z-score or waist circumference at 1 or 2 years (all P>0.321). CONCLUSIONS Altering the school play environment to one that promoted greater risk and challenge for children did not increase physical activity, nor subsequently alter body weight. Although schools embraced the concept of adding risk and challenge in the playground, our findings suggest that children may have been involved in different, rather than additional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Farmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J I Mann
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - G Schofield
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J C McPhee
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R W Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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15
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Milne TJ, Coates DE, Leichter JW, Soo L, Williams SM, Seymour GJ, Cullinan MP. Periodontopathogen levels following the use of an Er:YAG laser in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Aust Dent J 2016; 61:35-44. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- TJ Milne
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - DE Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - JW Leichter
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - L Soo
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - SM Williams
- Preventive and Social Medicine; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - GJ Seymour
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - MP Cullinan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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16
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Meredith-Jones KA, Williams SM, Taylor RW. Bioelectrical impedance as a measure of change in body composition in young children. Pediatr Obes 2015; 10:252-9. [PMID: 25291012 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The ability of bioelectrical impedance (BIA) to measure change in body composition in children has rarely been examined. METHODS Body composition was estimated by BIA (Tanita BC-418) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 187 children aged 4-8 years at baseline and at 12 months. Change in body composition was compared between the two methods using mixed models. RESULTS Estimates of change in fat mass did not differ between BIA and DXA for overweight girls (mean difference between methods, 95% confidence interval: 0.04 kg, -0.19 to 0.28) or boys (0.07 kg, -0.14 to 0.27). BIA was also able to accurately detect change in fat-free mass, with no significant differences between methods (-0.14 kg, -0.10 to 0.38 in girls and -0.07 kg, -0.35 to -0.20 in boys). Change in percentage fat produced similar estimates in both genders (0.18%, -0.82 to 0.46 in girls and 0.38%, -0.37 to 1.13 in boys). BIA/DXA comparisons in normal weight children were also not significantly different, with the exception of percentage fat in girls, where BIA slightly underestimated change compared with DXA (0.7%, 0.02-0.37). CONCLUSION BIA performed well as a measure of change in body composition, providing confidence for its use as an outcome measure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R W Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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17
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Paulk CB, Mckinny LJ, Hancock JD, Williams SM, Issa S, Gugle TL. Effects of diet mix time and ractopamine hydrochloride on finishing pig growth and carcass performance. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:1689-94. [PMID: 26020190 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were completed to determine the effects of diet mix uniformity and ractopamine HCl on finishing pig performance. In Exp. 1, a total of 200 pigs (BW = 90 kg) were used in a 33-d growth assay arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 pigs/pen and 8 pens/treatment. Treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control diet mixed for 360 s or the mixed control diet with 10 mg/kg ractopamine added before additional mixing for 0, 30, 120, or 360 s. Chromium was added to the diet and analyzed to determine mix uniformity of the ractopamine. Therefore, this experiment was designed to determine the effects of nutrient utilization from a thoroughly mixed diet with a potentially nonuniform distribution of ractopamine. Pigs fed diets with ractopamine had greater (P < 0.05) ADG, G:F, final BW, HCW, dressing percentage, loin depth, and percentage carcass lean with lower (P = 0.005) 10th rib backfat thickness. Increasing mix time from 0 to 360 s decreased (quadratic, P = 0.001) CV for Cr from 67 to 12% but had no effect on the response to ractopamine for any growth or carcass measurements. In Exp. 2, a total of 160 pigs (BW = 93 kg) were used in a 27-d growth assay arranged in a completely randomized design with 2 pigs/pen and 16 pens/treatment. Treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control diet mixed for 360 s or the control diet with 10 mg/kg ractopamine mixed for 0, 30, 120, or 360 s. Diet mix uniformity was determined by measuring Cr and using Quantab Cl titrators (low range 0.005 to 0.1% as NaCl; Environmental Test Systems Inc., Elkhart, IN) to measure the concentration of salt. This experiment was designed to determine the combined effects of potentially nonuniform distribution of both nutrients and ractopamine. The use of ractopamine increased (P < 0.05) ADG, G:F, final BW, HCW, dressing percentage, percentage lean, and loin depth. Increasing mix times from 0 to 360 s decreased (quadratic, P = 0.050) CV for salt and Cr from 51 to 12% and 51 to 15%, respectively, with no effect on ADG, ADFI, final BW CV, HCW, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, loin depth, or percentage carcass lean; however, G:F tended to increase (linear, P = 0.07) as mix time increased from 0 to 360 s. In conclusion, increasing mix time of diets from 0 to 360 s did not affect the response of finishing pigs to ractopamine
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19
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Majeed K, Hamer AW, White SC, Pegg TJ, Wilkins GT, Williams SM, Chen YH, Williams MJA. Prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients referred for transthoracic echocardiography. Intern Med J 2015; 45:32-9. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Majeed
- Department of Cardiology; Dunedin Hospital; Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of Medicine; Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - A. W. Hamer
- Department of Cardiology; Nelson Hospital; Nelson New Zealand
| | - S. C. White
- Department of Cardiology; Nelson Hospital; Nelson New Zealand
| | - T. J. Pegg
- Department of Cardiology; Nelson Hospital; Nelson New Zealand
| | - G. T. Wilkins
- Department of Cardiology; Dunedin Hospital; Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of Medicine; Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - S. M. Williams
- Department of Medicine; Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Y. H. Chen
- Department of Medicine; Nelson Hospital; Nelson New Zealand
| | - M. J. A. Williams
- Department of Cardiology; Dunedin Hospital; Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of Medicine; Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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20
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White MJ, Tacconelli A, Chen JS, Wejse C, Hill PC, Gomes VF, Velez-Edwards DR, Østergaard LJ, Hu T, Moore JH, Novelli G, Scott WK, Williams SM, Sirugo G. Epiregulin (EREG) and human V-ATPase (TCIRG1): genetic variation, ethnicity and pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility in Guinea-Bissau and The Gambia. Genes Immun 2014; 15:370-7. [PMID: 24898387 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed two West African samples (Guinea-Bissau: n=289 cases and 322 controls; The Gambia: n=240 cases and 248 controls) to evaluate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Epiregulin (EREG) and V-ATPase (T-cell immune regulator 1 (TCIRG1)) using single and multilocus analyses to determine whether previously described associations with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Vietnamese and Italians would replicate in African populations. We did not detect any significant single locus or haplotype associations in either sample. We also performed exploratory pairwise interaction analyses using Visualization of Statistical Epistasis Networks (ViSEN), a novel method to detect only interactions among multiple variables, to elucidate possible interaction effects between SNPs and demographic factors. Although we found no strong evidence of marginal effects, there were several significant pairwise interactions that were identified in either the Guinea-Bissau or the Gambian samples, two of which replicated across populations. Our results indicate that the effects of EREG and TCIRG1 variants on PTB susceptibility, to the extent that they exist, are dependent on gene-gene interactions in West African populations as detected with ViSEN. In addition, epistatic effects are likely to be influenced by inter- and intra-population differences in genetic or environmental context and/or the mycobacterial lineages causing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J White
- 1] Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA [2] Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - A Tacconelli
- Centro di Ricerca, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy
| | - J S Chen
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - C Wejse
- 1] Bandim Health Project, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre and Statens Serum Institute, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark [3] Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Skejby, Denmark
| | - P C Hill
- 1] Centre for International Health, University of Otago School of Medicine, Dunedin, New Zealand [2] MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - V F Gomes
- Bandim Health Project, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre and Statens Serum Institute, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - D R Velez-Edwards
- 1] Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA [2] Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA [3] Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA [4] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L J Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - T Hu
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - J H Moore
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - G Novelli
- 1] Centro di Ricerca, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy [2] Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Sezione di Genetica, Università di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - W K Scott
- Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - G Sirugo
- Centro di Ricerca, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy
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Nisanian M, Holladay SD, Karpuzoglu E, Kerr RP, Williams SM, Stabler L, McArthur JV, Tuckfield RC, Gogal RM. Exposure of juvenile Leghorn chickens to lead acetate enhances antibiotic resistance in enteric bacterial flora. Poult Sci 2014; 93:891-7. [PMID: 24706966 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals have been implicated for their ability to increase antibiotic resistance in bacteria collected from polluted waters, independent of antibiotic exposure. Specific-pathogen-free Leghorn chickens were therefore given Pb acetate in the drinking water to expose the enteric bacteria to Pb and to determine if antibiotic resistance changed in these bacteria. Concentrations of Pb used were 0.0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 mM; birds given the highest 2 concentrations showed signs of moribundity and dehydration and were removed from the study. Vent culture samples were collected for bacterial cultures on d 0 before Pb exposure, d 7 and 14, and then birds were euthanized by CO2 gas for necropsy on d 14, at which time intestinal contents were also collected for bacterial cultures. Fecal swabs but not intestinal samples from Pb-exposed birds contained isolates that had significantly elevated antibiotic resistance. Some of the isolates contained bacteria that were resistant to up to 20 antibiotics. These results suggest the need for repeated studies in chickens infected with zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nisanian
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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22
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Bugg WG, Andreou AK, Biswas D, Toms AP, Williams SM. The prognostic significance of MRI-detected extramural venous invasion in rectal carcinoma. Clin Radiol 2014; 69:619-23. [PMID: 24581964 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess whether there is a significant difference in the incidence of patients with metastases of rectal carcinoma at 1 year follow-up between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected extramural venous invasion (EMVI) and those without. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search of our institution's cancer registry revealed 788 patients with rectal carcinoma between January 2007 and April 2012. Those who were initially staged using MRI and computed tomography (CT) chest/abdomen/pelvis, and followed-up with a CT chest/abdomen/pelvis examination at 1 year were included in this retrospective study. Patients with synchronous metastases were excluded, leaving a cohort of 202 cases. Two consultant radiologists reviewed all MRI images and gave a consensus opinion regarding EMVI grade and vessel size involved. All CT images were reviewed for metastases. Results were analysed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS There were 53 cases (26.2%) of EMVI-positive rectal carcinoma. Of the patients with EMVI, 24.5% developed metastases at 1 year follow-up, compared to 6.7% of those without. There is a significant difference in prognosis between those patients with and those without MRI-detected EMVI (χ(2) = 12.29, p < 0·001). Those with EMVI have a 3.7 times increased relative risk of developing metachronous metastases within 1 year of diagnosis. CONCLUSION MRI-detected EMVI-positive rectal carcinomas are associated with an increased risk of metachronous metastases within 1 year of diagnosis. Currently, EMVI status does not directly influence the initial management of rectal carcinoma. This available and potentially prognostic feature could be used to guide treatment pathways to increase disease-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Bugg
- Department of Radiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - A K Andreou
- Department of Radiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - D Biswas
- Department of Oncology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - A P Toms
- Department of Radiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Radiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the role of biomarker interactions as predictors of spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis. With MDR, a nonparametric, unsupervised, model-free approach, we tested for biomarker interactions within maternal-fetal compartments in 2 racial groups: African Americans (AA) and Caucasians (C). STUDY DESIGN A total of 36 biomarkers from maternal plasma (MP), cord plasma (CP), and amniotic fluid (AF) were analyzed from 191 patients. The MDR combined attribute selection, construction, and classification to detect biomarker interactions that were assessed for generality and significance using 10× cross-validation and permutation testing. Selected significant interactive models were replicated with additional samples. RESULTS The interactive model containing interleukin (IL)-2, angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT-2), and IL-6 receptor was significant in AA MP. In AA CP, the IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 model was significant. In AA AF, the ANGPT-2 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha model was significant. Replication of the AA MP model using 54 additional AA MP samples confirmed predictability of these biomarkers. In C AF, interaction was observed between ANGPT-2, monocyte chemotactic protein 3, and TNF-α, but no other interactions were significant in C. CONCLUSIONS Using MDR, we identified biomarker interactions that are predictors of PTB even in the absence of a main effect with a single biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bhat
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Perinatal Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Manning PJ, Sutherland WHF, Williams SM, Walker RJ, Berry EA, De Jong SA, Ryalls AR. The effect of lipoic acid and vitamin E therapies in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:543-549. [PMID: 22402059 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is associated with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, increased oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory activity that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of treatment with the antioxidant α-lipoic acid (ALA) with or without vitamin E supplementation, on markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation and plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, subjects with the metabolic syndrome received ALA (600 mg/day, n = 34), vitamin E (100 IU/day, n = 36), both ALA and vitamin E (n = 41), or matching placebo (n = 40) for 1 year. Fasting circulating concentrations of glucose and insulin were measure every 3 months and NEFA, markers of inflammation, adiponectin and vitamin E were measured at 6 monthly intervals. Plasma NEFA concentrations decreased [-10 (-18, 0)%] at a marginal level of significance (p = 0.05) in those who received ALA alone compared with placebo and decreased [-8 (-14, -1)% (95% CI)] significantly (P = 0.02) in participants who were randomised to ALA with and without vitamin E compared with those who did not receive ALA. Fasting glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, adiponectin, and markers of inflammation did not change significantly during the study. These data suggest that prolonged treatment with ALA may modestly reduce plasma NEFA concentrations but does not alter insulin or glucose levels in individuals with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Manning
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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25
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Abstract
AIMS Diabetes rates are especially high in China. Risk of Type 2 diabetes increases with high intakes of white rice, a staple food of Chinese people. Ethnic differences in postprandial glycaemia have been reported. We compared glycaemic responses to glucose and five rice varieties in people of European and Chinese ethnicity and examined possible determinants of ethnic differences in postprandial glycaemia. METHODS Self-identified Chinese (n = 32) and European (n = 31) healthy volunteers attended on eight occasions for studies following ingestion of glucose and jasmine, basmati, brown, Doongara(®) and parboiled rice. In addition to measuring glycaemic response, we investigated physical activity levels, extent of chewing of rice and salivary α-amylase activity to determine whether these measures explained any differences in postprandial glycaemia. RESULTS Glycaemic response, measured by incremental area under the glucose curve, was over 60% greater for the five rice varieties (P < 0.001) and 39% greater for glucose (P < 0.004) amongst Chinese compared with Europeans. The calculated glycaemic index was approximately 20% greater for rice varieties other than basmati (P = 0.01 to 0.05). Ethnicity [adjusted risk ratio 1.4 (1.2-1.8) P < 0.001] and rice variety were the only important determinants of incremental area under the glucose curve. CONCLUSIONS Glycaemic responses following ingestion of glucose and several rice varieties are appreciably greater in Chinese compared with Europeans, suggesting the need to review recommendations regarding dietary carbohydrate amongst rice-eating populations at high risk of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kataoka
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Williams SM, Taylor RW, Taylor BJ. Secular changes in BMI and the associations between risk factors and BMI in children born 29 years apart. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8:21-30. [PMID: 23001951 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED What is already known about this subject Factors associated with children's body mass index (BMI) include parents' BMIs, birth weight, maternal smoking, sleep duration and television watching. Few studies have attempted to quantify either changes in the association between risk factors and BMI or the contribution of changes in the risk factors to increases in BMI over a generation. What this study adds The magnitude of the association between most risk factors and children's BMIs has not changed over a 29-year period. Increases in the population level of mothers' body mass index (BMI) explains ~20% of the increase in children's BMI whereas the smaller increase in fathers' BMI contributes only 6%. Maternal smoking, despite the decrease in prevalence, contributes ~17%. OBJECTIVE Using two cohorts born 29 years apart in Dunedin, New Zealand we aim to examine changes in risk factors and their associations with body mass index (BMI) at ages 3 and 7 years, and estimate their contribution to the secular changes in BMI at age 7 years. METHODS Birth weight and anthropometric measures at ages 3, 5 and 7 years were obtained for 974 participants in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS), born in 1972-1973, and 241 in the Family Lifestyle, Activity, Movement and Eating Study (FLAME), born in 2001-2002. Information about maternal age, education and smoking in pregnancy, as well as breastfeeding, children's television time and time in bed, was obtained by questionnaire. RESULTS The increase in BMI over the 29-year period was 0.84 (95% CI 0.61, 1.06) kg m(-2) at age 7. A 1-unit difference in the mother's BMI was associated with a 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) kg m(-2) difference in offspring in both studies; the 3.4 (2.8, 4.0) kg m(-2) increase in the mothers' BMIs accounts for a change of 0.19 kg m(-2) in the children's BMI. The much smaller generational increase in fathers' BMI (0.7 kg m(-2) ) correspondingly had a more limited effect on change in child BMI over time (0.06 kg m(-2) ). Although smoking in pregnancy decreased by 15% (8, 21) its association with BMI increased from 0.20 (-0.01, 0.42) in the DMHDS cohort to 1.24 (0.76, 1.71) kg m(-2) in the FLAME cohort, contributing 0.18 kg m(-2) to the increase in children's BMI. CONCLUSIONS Societal factors such as higher maternal BMI and smoking in pregnancy contribute most to the secular increase in BMI, with changes in behavioural factors, including sleep and television viewing, having little effect in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Williams
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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27
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Abstract
AIM There is increasing interest in the role that peers may play to support positive health behaviours in diabetes, but there is limited evidence to inform policy and practice. The aim of this study was to systematically review evidence of the impact and effectiveness of peer support in adults living with diabetes. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and CINHAL for the period 1966-2011, together with reference lists of articles for eligible studies. Data were synthesized in a narrative review. RESULTS Twenty-five studies, including fourteen randomized, controlled or comparative trials, met the inclusion criteria. There was considerable heterogeneity in the design, setting, outcomes and measurement tools. Peer support was associated with statistically significant improvements in glycaemic control (three out of 14 trials), blood pressure (one out of four trials), cholesterol (one out of six trials), BMI/weight (two out of seven trials), physical activity (two out of five trials), self-efficacy (two out of three trials), depression (four out of six trials) and perceived social support (two out of two trials). No consistent pattern of effect related to any model of peer support emerged. CONCLUSIONS Peer support appears to benefit some adults living with diabetes, but the evidence is too limited and inconsistent to support firm recommendations. There remains a need for further well-designed evaluations of its effectiveness and impact. Key questions remain over its suitability to the needs of particular individuals, populations and settings, how best to implement its specific components and the sustainability of its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dale
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK.
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Holladay SD, Kerr R, Holladay JP, Meldrum B, Williams SM, Gogal RM. Persistent increase of blood lead level and suppression of δ-ALAD activity in northern bobwhite quail orally dosed with even a single 2-mm spent lead shot. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2012; 63:421-428. [PMID: 22562752 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Birds that display grit ingestion behavior are potentially at risk of lead (Pb) poisoning from mistaken ingestion of spent Pb shot pellets. The majority of available studies designed to assess such risk have used unspent shot pellets rather than field-obtained spent shot, which is oxidized and otherwise changed by weathering. Available studies also often administered more or heavier shot pellets to a bird than it might be expected to ingest. The current study dosed northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) weighing 194.6 ± 23.1 g (female birds) and 199.3 ± 12.2 g (male birds) with one to three spent no. 9 Pb shot collected from a skeet range, with particular interest in the toxicity that may occur from ingestion of a single 2-mm, 50 mg shot. An 8 week post-dosing clinical observation period was employed, over which feed consumption, body weight, blood Pb levels, and a battery of blood physiological parameters were made. Weight loss occurred in the birds, including male birds dosed with one Pb pellet. Erythrocyte delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) levels were decreased for the duration of the study across exposures and to levels associated with injury in wild bird populations. Decreased ALAD was particularly severe in female birds dosed with one Pb pellet and was still 92 % decreased at 8 weeks after dosing. Together, these results suggest that inadvertent ingestion of a single no. 9 Pb shot pellet can adversely affect the health of northern bobwhite quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Holladay
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, H343, 501 DW Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602-7382, USA
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Phillips JE, Jackwood MW, McKinley ET, Thor SW, Hilt DA, Acevedol ND, Williams SM, Kissinger JC, Paterson AH, Robertson JS, Lemke C. Changes in nonstructural protein 3 are associated with attenuation in avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Virus Genes 2011; 44:63-74. [PMID: 21909766 PMCID: PMC7089577 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Full-length genome sequencing of pathogenic and attenuated (for chickens) avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains of the same serotype was conducted to identify genetic differences between the pathotypes. Analysis of the consensus full-length genome for three different IBV serotypes (Ark, GA98, and Mass41) showed that passage in embryonated eggs, to attenuate the viruses for chickens, resulted in 34.75–43.66% of all the amino acid changes occurring in nsp 3 within a virus type, whereas changes in the spike glycoprotein, thought to be the most variable protein in IBV, ranged from 5.8 to 13.4% of all changes. The attenuated viruses did not cause any clinical signs of disease and had lower replication rates than the pathogenic viruses of the same serotype in chickens. However, both attenuated and pathogenic viruses of the same serotype replicated similarly in embryonated eggs, suggesting that mutations in nsp 3, which is involved in replication of the virus, might play an important role in the reduced replication observed in chickens leading to the attenuated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Phillips
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - M. W. Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - E. T. McKinley
- Present Address: Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - S. W. Thor
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - D. A. Hilt
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - N. D. Acevedol
- Present Address: Veterinary Medical Center of Long Island, 75 Sunrise Highway, West Islip, NY 11795 USA
| | - S. M. Williams
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - J. C. Kissinger
- Department of Genetics, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - A. H. Paterson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - J. S. Robertson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - C. Lemke
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
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Abstract
Four young broiler chickens affected by multiple melanotic tumors are described. Grossly, there were multiple tumors composed of melanocytes within the skin, skeletal muscle, and multiple visceral organs. Tumors ranged from flattened macules to masses that extensively replaced viscera. Microscopically, melanocytes were often well pigmented, and while there was moderate nuclear anisokaryosis, mitotic rates were low. Immunohistochemical staining of some melanomas with antibodies to S100 proteins, Melan-A, vimentin, or neuron-specific enolase after bleaching of tumor cells with potassium permanganate revealed lack of immunostaining of tumor cells with antibodies to S100, strong positive staining of tumor cells for neuron-specific enolase, moderate staining with antibodies to vimentin, and faint staining for Melan-A. Only neuron-specific enolase staining was evident in unbleached tumor cells. Attempts to identify exogenous avian leukosis viruses in these tumors were unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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31
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Agirbasli M, Guney AI, Ozturhan HS, Agirbasli D, Ulucan K, Sevinc D, Kirac D, Ryckman KK, Williams SM. Multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis of MTHFR, PAI-1, ACE, PON1, and eNOS gene polymorphisms in patients with early onset coronary artery disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:803-9. [PMID: 21450592 DOI: 10.1177/1741826711398806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association studies in the Turkish population have investigated the single locus effects of different gene polymorphisms on coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is a complex polygenic disease that involves complex interactions among multiple genetic and environmental conditions. DESIGN We evaluated associations of five candidate genetic polymorphisms (methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T, plasminogen activator inhibitor 4G/5G, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) 3-27 base pair repeat, insertion, or deletion of a 287 bp Alu repeat sequence polymorhism of angiotensin I converting enzyme, and paraoxonase Gln192Arg PON1 polymorphisms) with the presence and extent of early onset CAD. METHODS DNA was isolated and amplified from 90 consecutive patients with angiographically proven early onset CAD (ages 41 ± 5 for men, 49 ± 7 for women) and also from 90 control subjects with no significant coronary obstruction angiographically (ages 42 ± 5 for men, 48 ± 6 for women). Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis was performed to identify a model of CAD based on both genetic and conventional risk factors. RESULTS MDR analysis detected a significant model with four genes (prediction success ∼ 61%, p = 0.03). When the total number of the conventional risk factors is analysed with the candidate polymorphisms, a different model is identified that includes three of the four genes from the above model and achieves a similar prediction of CAD as the gene only model. CONCLUSION These data indicate that gene-gene and gene-environmental risk interactions form significant models in predicting early onset CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agirbasli
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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32
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Gerhold RW, Williams SM, Fuller AL, McDougald LR. An unusual case of coccidiosis in laboratory-reared pheasants resulting from a breach in biosecurity. Avian Dis 2010; 54:1112-4. [PMID: 20945799 DOI: 10.1637/9354-040210-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of coccidiosis in laboratory-reared Chinese ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) resulted in high morbidity and moderate mortality. The outbreak was associated with a breach in biosecurity caused by the cleaning of a sewer line with a mechanical device, resulting in extensive splattering of fecal material throughout the "clean room" where birds were held prior to use in coccidiosis experiments. Mortality and morbidity in the affected birds were seen exactly 5 days after the incident, after birds had been moved to another room for experimental use, corresponding closely with the known prepatent or preclinical period of Eimeria phasiani and Eimeria colchici. Gross lesions in the affected birds varied from dehydration to intestinal and ventricular hemorrhage. Microscopic examination confirmed a diagnosis of severe intestinal coccidiosis. This report underscores the ease of contamination of experimental birds leading to coccidiosis outbreaks during breaches of management and biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Gerhold
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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33
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare postprandial glycaemic responses between Asian and Caucasian subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Postprandial capillary blood glucose concentrations were measured as 2-h incremental areas-under-the-curve (iAUCs) following consumption of a glucose beverage and a breakfast cereal in 27 Asians and 73 Caucasians. RESULTS The mean difference in iAUC was 29%(95%CI 10, 51) and 63%(95%CI 32, 102) higher in the Asian compared with the Caucasian group following the glucose beverage and cereal, respectively.The glycaemic index (GI) of the cereal was 77(95%CI 66, 90) in the Asian group and 61 (95% CI 55, 67) in the Caucasian group; the values were different (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that dietary recommendations for people with diabetes and those at risk of Type 2 diabetes may be more appropriate if based on research in the ethnic group for which they are intended.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Venn
- Department of Human Nutrition, the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Tey SL, Brown RC, Chisholm AW, Delahunty CM, Gray AR, Williams SM. Effects of different forms of hazelnuts on blood lipids and α-tocopherol concentrations in mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 65:117-24. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Dodd PW, Williams SM, Bissell ML, Weisman RG. Selective punishment early and late in fixed-ratio schedules of food reinforcement. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 27:443-52. [PMID: 16812005 PMCID: PMC1333574 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1977.27-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pigeons key pecked for grain on a fixed-ratio 100 schedule; electric shocks occurred intermittently at the fifteenth or eighty-fifth response in the ratio. In Experiment I, shock was at the fifteenth response for two birds, and at the eighty-fifth response for two others, in every sixth, twelfth, or eighteenth ratio. Rate of responding decreased as frequency of shock increased, and the pattern of responding included an increased initial pause and low rates or pause-run sequences that extended further into the ratio when shock was at the fifteenth response than when it was at the eighty-fifth response. Shock early in the ratio engendered longer initial pauses than shock late in the ratio. In Experiment II, four birds responded on a two-component multiple schedule in which shock occurred at the fifteenth response of the third ratio in the presence of a white keylight and at the eighty-fifth response of the third ratio in the presence of a green keylight. The overall rates of responding decreased as shock intensity increased. All four birds responded differentially to the white and green keylights, but with a pattern that varied between birds. In general, punishment reduced the probability of responses that preceded it, regardless of the ordinal position of those responses. Both studies confirm that the probability of responding is reduced less by aversive stimuli produced late in a fixed-ratio than by aversive stimuli produced early in a fixed-ratio.
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36
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Hashim R, Williams SM, Thomson WM, Awad MA. Caries prevalence and intra-oral pattern among young children in Ajman. Community Dent Health 2010; 27:109-113. [PMID: 20648888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence and intra-oral pattern of caries among young children in Ajman, UAE. METHODS A one-stage cluster sampling was used to randomly select children aged 5 or 6 years old who were enrolled in public or private schools in Ajman. Clinical examinations for dental caries were conducted by a single examiner using WHO criteria. RESULTS The total number of children sampled was 1297, of whom 1036 (79.9%) were dentally examined. The prevalence of caries (defined as dmft > 0) in 5- and 6-year-olds was 72.9% (95% CI, 61.8, 83.9) and 80.0% (95% CI, 76.0, 84.4) respectively, with mean dmft scores of 4.0 (sd, 4.1) and 4.9 (sd, 4.3) respectively (P < 0.05). The teeth most frequently affected by caries were mandibular second molars (38.6% of those on the left, and 36.9% of those on the right) and the least affected were mandibular central incisors (2.1% and 2.0% respectively). The prevalence of bilateral molar caries (that is, contralateral teeth both affected) was relatively high, being 29.7% for mandibular second molars and 28.3% for mandibular first molars. CONCLUSIONS Dental caries prevalence and severity in 5- and 6-year-olds in Ajman were high, with the lower molars and upper central incisors most commonly affected by caries. There is an urgent need for oral health programs targeted at the treatment and prevention of dental caries in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hashim
- Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
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37
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Grayson BE, Levasseur PR, Williams SM, Smith MS, Marks DL, Grove KL. Changes in melanocortin expression and inflammatory pathways in fetal offspring of nonhuman primates fed a high-fat diet. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1622-32. [PMID: 20176722 PMCID: PMC2850229 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic melanocortin system, which controls appetite and energy expenditure, develops during the third trimester in primates. Thus, maternal nutrition and health may have a profound influence on the development of this system. To study the effects of chronic maternal high-fat diet (HFD) on the development of the melanocortin system in the fetal nonhuman primate, we placed adult female macaques on either a control (CTR) diet or a HFD for up to 4 yr. A subgroup of adult female HFD animals was also switched to CTR diet during the fifth year of the study (diet reversal). Third-trimester fetuses from mothers on HFD showed increases in proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression, whereas agouti-related protein mRNA and peptide levels were decreased in comparison with CTR fetuses. Proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1beta and IL-1 type 1 receptor, and markers of activated microglia were elevated in the hypothalamus, suggesting an activation of the local inflammatory response. Fetuses of diet-reversal mothers had normal melanocortin levels. These results raise the concern that chronic consumption of a HFD during pregnancy, independent of maternal obesity and diabetes, can lead to widespread activation of proinflammatory cytokines that may alter the development of the melanocortin system. The abnormalities in the fetal POMC system, if maintained into the postnatal period, could impact several systems, including body weight homeostasis, stress responses, and cardiovascular function. Indeed, the HFD offspring develop early-onset excess weight gain. These abnormalities may be prevented by healthful nutrient consumption during pregnancy even in obese and severely insulin-resistant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Grayson
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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38
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Williams SM, Smith JA, Garcia M, Brinson D, Kiupel M, Hofacre C. Severe histiolymphocytic and heterophilic bronchopneumonia as a reaction to in ovo fowlpox vaccination in broiler chicks. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:177-80. [PMID: 20080499 DOI: 10.1177/0300985809353314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Broiler chickens on several farms from a single poultry company experienced neurological signs and mortality in chicks between 3 days and 10 days of age over a 3-week period after use of a fowlpox-vectored infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccine in ovo. At necropsy the lungs contained numerous tan or gray, opaque to translucent, 0.5- to 2.0-mm nodules in the parenchyma. Microscopic lesions were a multifocal severe lymphohistiocytic and heterophilic bronchopneumonia. Immunohistochemistry was positive for fowlpox virus in macrophages and lymphocytes, and polymerase chain reaction on paraffin-embedded lung tissues was positive for a fowlpox vector virus commonly used as a vaccine. The cause of the neurological signs was not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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39
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Jackwood MW, Rosenbloom R, Petteruti M, Hilt DA, McCall AW, Williams SM. Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus susceptibility to botanical oleoresins and essential oils in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res 2010; 149:86-94. [PMID: 20096315 PMCID: PMC7114412 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-coronaviral activity of a mixture of oleoresins and essential oils from botanicals, designated QR448(a), was examined in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) with QR448(a) reduced the virus titer as measured in two laboratory host systems, Vero E6 cells and embryonating eggs. The effect of QR448(a) on IBV in chickens was also investigated. Administering QR448(a) to chickens at a 1:20 dilution by spray, 2h before challenge with IBV was determined to be the most effective treatment. Treatment decreased the severity of clinical signs and lesions in the birds, and lowered the amount of viral RNA in the trachea. Treatment with QR448(a) protected chickens for up to 4 days post-treatment from clinical signs of disease (but not from infection) and decreased transmission of IBV over a 14-day period. Anti-IBV activity of QR448(a) was greater prior to virus attachment and entry indicating that the effect is virucidal. In addition, QR448(a) had activity against both Massachusetts and Arkansas type IB viruses, indicating that it can be expected to be effective against IBV regardless of serotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the in vivo use of a virucidal mixture of compounds effective against the coronavirus IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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40
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Abstract
To date, the evidence supporting the benefits of dental visiting comes from cross-sectional studies. We investigated whether long-term routine dental visiting was associated with lower experience of dental caries and missing teeth, and better self-rated oral health, by age 32. A prospective cohort study in New Zealand examined 932 participants' use of dentistry at ages 15, 18, 26, and 32. At each age, routine attenders (RAs) were identified as those who (a) usually visited for a check-up, and (b) had made a dental visit during the previous 12 months. Routine attending prevalence fell from 82% at age 15 to 28% by 32. At any given age, routine attenders had better-than-average oral health, fewer had teeth missing due to caries, and they had lower mean DS and DMFS scores. By age 32, routine attenders had better self-reported oral health and less tooth loss and caries. The longer routine attendance was maintained, the stronger the effect. Routine dental attendance is associated with better oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Thomson
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Tam MDBS, Hart AR, Williams SM, Holland R, Heylings D, Leinster S. Evaluation of a computer program ('disect') to consolidate anatomy knowledge: a randomised-controlled trial. Med Teach 2010; 32:e138-e142. [PMID: 20218830 DOI: 10.3109/01421590903144110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The teaching of anatomy to medical undergraduates continues to develop. Medical imaging can accurately demonstrate anatomy. 'disect' is a computer program which manipulates and reconstructs real CT images in 3-D. AIM To implement and assess a novel computer-based imaging resource. METHODS Third-year undergraduate medical students at the University of East Anglia were randomised to different methods of delivering the program - either self-directed use or guided use with worksheets. Knowledge of gastro-intestinal anatomy was assessed using a 20-item test. Attitudes to using 'disect' were evaluated using Likert scales. RESULTS Most students reported the program was easy to use and a valuable resource for learning anatomy. There was no difference in scores between guided use and self-directed use (10.7 marks versus 10.6 marks, p = 0.52). Students who undertook the anatomy special study module, which involved dissection of the digestive system, performed best (12.8 marks versus 9.9 marks, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Students can adequately use a computer program to see major anatomical structures derived from CT scans. Students reported that learning anatomy can be aided by the imaging-based resource. Learning anatomy is a multi-modal activity and packages like 'disect' can enhance learning by supplementing current teaching methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D B S Tam
- The Radiology Academy, The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich NR4 7UB, UK.
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Ryckman KK, Simhan HN, Krohn MA, Williams SM. Predicting risk of bacterial vaginosis: the role of race, smoking and corticotropin-releasing hormone-related genes. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:131-7. [PMID: 19131402 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gan081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most prevalent vaginal disorders in adult women and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-term birth. Genetic factors, particularly in genes involved in inflammation and infection, are associated with this condition. Additionally, environmental risk factors including stress and smoking are associated with BV. The purpose of this study was to identify genetic variants in stress-related genes such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), receptor 1, receptor 2 and binding protein (CRH-BP) that associate with BV. Also gene-environment effects with smoking are determined. BV was quantified using the Nugent score in 82 white and 65 black women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Associations between Nugent score, genotype and smoking were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum non-parametric tests. In white women, non-smokers with the CT genotype at CRH-BP + 17487 have lower Nugent scores (median: 0, range: 0-0) than non-smokers with the TT genotype (median: 2, range: 0-8) (P = 0.002); whereas smokers with the CT genotype have higher Nugent scores (median: 6, range: 0-10) than smokers with the TT genotype (median: 1, range: 0-10) (P = 0.021). In black women, the AG genotype at CRH + 3362 or CRH - 1667 is associated with lower Nugent scores (median for both: 3, range: 0-10) compared with the homozygous genotypes (median for each homozygous genotype: 8, range: 0-10). Also, in black women, models remain significant after adjusting for smoking (P = 0.04 for both). These data indicate that susceptibility to BV is affected by patterns of genetic variation in stress-related genes and smoking plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Ryckman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Williams SM, García-Sais JR, Capella J. Temporal Variation of Early Larval Stages of the Long-Spined Sea UrchinDiadema antillarumin La Parguera, Puerto Rico. CARIBB J SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v45i1.a14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rockell JEP, Skeaff CM, Williams SM, Green TJ. Association between quantitative measures of skin color and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19:1639-42. [PMID: 18408879 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-008-0620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We examined the relationship between vitamin D and skin color measured by reflectance colorimetry at an exposed and un-exposed site in 321 people. Exposed but not unexposed skin color was associated with better vitamin D status. Sun-exposure was more important than natural skin color in determining vitamin D status in our population. INTRODUCTION Vitamin D is obtained through UV synthesis in the skin where melanin limits its synthesis. Ethnicity is often used as a proxy for skin color, but skin color varies considerably. The relation between quantitative measures of skin color and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration has not been well described. METHODS The aim of this study was to determine the association between constitutive (natural) and sun-induced skin color and 25OHD in a group of Pacific People (n = 87) and Europeans (n = 255) living in NZ (46 degrees S) in summer. Plasma 25OHD was determined and sun-induced (outer fore-arm) and constitutive (upper inner-arm) measured by reflectance colorimetry. RESULTS Mean (SD) 25OHD was significantly higher in Europeans than Pacific People, 88 (31) nmol/L vs. 75 (34) nmol/L, respectively. Based on constitutive skin color, 35% of participants were very light, 45% light, 16% intermediate, 4% tanned, and 0% brown or dark. Skin color at the forearm but not constitutive skin color was a significant predictor of 25OHD. Each 10 degrees lower skin color value at the forearm (more tanning) was associated with a 5 nmol/L higher 25OHD (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Tanning but not natural skin color was an important determinant of 25OHD. Further study is needed in a population with a higher proportion of darker skin people.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E P Rockell
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Biau DJ, Williams SM, Schlup MM, Nizard RS, Porcher R. Quantitative and individualized assessment of the learning curve using LC-CUSUM. Br J Surg 2008; 95:925-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Current methods available for assessing the learning curve, such as a predefined number of procedures or direct observation by a tutor, are unsatisfactory. A new tool, the cumulative summation test for learning curve (LC-CUSUM), has been developed that allows quantitative and individual assessment of the learning curve.
Methods
Some 532 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCPs) performed by one endoscopist over 8 years were analysed retrospectively using LC-CUSUM to assess the learning curve. The procedure was new to the endoscopist and monitored prospectively in the initial study. Success of the procedure was defined as cannulation and proper visualization of the duct(s) selected before the examination.
Results
Fifty ERCPs were considered unsuccessful. There was a gradual improvement in performance over time from a success rate of 82·0 per cent for the first 100 procedures to 96·1 per cent for the last 129 procedures. The LC-CUSUM signalled at the 79th procedure, indicating that sufficient evidence had accumulated to prove that the endoscopist was competent.
Conclusion
LC-CUSUM allows quantitative monitoring of individual performance during the learning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Biau
- Département de Biostatistique et Informatique Médicale, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U717, France
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M M Schlup
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R S Nizard
- Département de Chirurgie Orthopédique, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - R Porcher
- Département de Biostatistique et Informatique Médicale, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U717, France
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Sutherland TJT, Goulding A, Grant AM, Cowan JO, Williamson A, Williams SM, Skinner MA, Taylor DR. The effect of adiposity measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry on lung function. Eur Respir J 2008; 32:85-91. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dale J, Caramlau I, Lindenmeyer A, Williams SM. Peer support telephone call interventions for improving health. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Menon R, Thorsen P, Vogel I, Jacobsson B, Williams SM, Fortunato SJ. Increased Bioavailability of TNF-α in African Americans During In Vitro Infection: Predisposing Evidence for Immune Imbalance. Placenta 2007; 28:946-50. [PMID: 17517432 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to examine TNF-alpha and its soluble and membrane bound receptors in fetal membranes derived from blacks and whites in response to in vitro infectious stimulus, and the balance between TNF-alpha and the receptors. Fetal membranes collected from black and white women at term were maintained in an organ explant system and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF-alpha, soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) in culture media and membrane bound TNF receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2) in tissue homogenates were measured. Molar ratio (TNF/sTNFR) was calculated between LPS stimulated and unstimulated (controls) cultures in both races. TNF-alpha was increased in both races after LPS stimulation and showed no difference between races (p=0.7). LPS decreased sTNFR1 in blacks, but increased in whites, showing a significant difference between races (p=0.001). In blacks sTNFR2 also decreased and increased in whites, but the results were not significant between races (p=0.4). Both TNFR1 and TNFR2 were increased in blacks after LPS stimulation whereas no such changes were seen in whites compared to controls that were also significant between races. After LPS stimulation TNF-alpha bioavailability was increased in blacks with a drop in soluble receptors and with an increase in membrane receptors. This was not evident in whites because in whites soluble receptors were increased with no change in membrane receptors. Our data demonstrated that LPS stimulation results in a molar ratio switch favoring TNF-alpha biofunction in blacks, but not in whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Menon
- The Perinatal Research Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Olesen R, Wejse C, Velez DR, Bisseye C, Sodemann M, Aaby P, Rabna P, Worwui A, Chapman H, Diatta M, Adegbola RA, Hill PC, Østergaard L, Williams SM, Sirugo G. DC-SIGN (CD209), pentraxin 3 and vitamin D receptor gene variants associate with pulmonary tuberculosis risk in West Africans. Genes Immun 2007; 8:456-67. [PMID: 17611589 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of DC-SIGN (CD209), long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in 321 TB cases and 347 healthy controls from Guinea-Bissau. Five additional, functionally relevant SNPs within toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and 9 were typed but found, when polymorphic, not to affect host vulnerability to pulmonary TB. We did not replicate an association between SNPs in the DC-SIGN promoter and TB. However, we found that two polymorphisms, one in DC-SIGN and one in VDR, were associated in a nonadditive model with disease risk when analyzed in combination with ethnicity (P=0.03 for DC-SIGN and P=0.003 for VDR). In addition, PTX3 haplotype frequencies significantly differed in cases compared to controls and a protective effect was found in association with a specific haplotype (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63-0.98). Our findings support previous data showing that VDR SNPs modulate the risk for TB in West Africans and suggest that variation within DC-SIGN and PTX3 also affect the disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Olesen
- MRC Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia
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Velez DR, Menon R, Thorsen P, Jiang L, Simhan H, Morgan N, Fortunato SJ, Williams SM. Ethnic differences in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL6 receptor genes in spontaneous preterm birth and effects on amniotic fluid protein levels. Ann Hum Genet 2007; 71:586-600. [PMID: 17346257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is a significant neonatal health problem that is more common in African-Americans (AA) than in European-Americans (EA). Part of this disparity is likely to result from the differing genetic architectures of EA and AA. To begin assessing the role of these differences, patterns of genetic variation in two previously proposed candidate genes, encoding interleukin 6 (IL6) and its receptor (IL6R), were analyzed in mothers and fetuses from 496 EA birth-events (149 cases and 347 controls) and 397 birth-events in AA (76 cases and 321 controls). IL-6 levels in amniotic fluid (AF) samples were determined in a subset of these pregnancies. Case-control comparisons revealed a single SNP in IL6R associated with PTB (p=0.04 for allelic and p=0.05 for genotype association). In addition, all of the SNPs studied showed significant frequency differences between AA and EA in at least one comparison, significantly in excess of that expected from general population databases. Higher IL-6 concentrations were associated with the IL6 SNP -661 in EA preterm samples (p=0.0056), and this result seems to be driven by microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, indicating a gene by infection interaction. These findings indicate that, as a function of IL6 genotype, EA and AA women respond differently to infection with respect to their expression of IL-6. Our data support differential genetic control of levels of IL-6 in amniotic fluid between EA and AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Velez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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