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Zmarlak NM, Lavazec C, Brito-Fravallo E, Genève C, Aliprandini E, Aguirre-Botero MC, Vernick KD, Mitri C. The Anopheles leucine-rich repeat protein APL1C is a pathogen binding factor recognizing Plasmodium ookinetes and sporozoites. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012008. [PMID: 38354186 PMCID: PMC10898737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins are commonly involved in innate immunity of animals and plants, including for pattern recognition of pathogen-derived elicitors. The Anopheles secreted LRR proteins APL1C and LRIM1 are required for malaria ookinete killing in conjunction with the complement-like TEP1 protein. However, the mechanism of parasite immune recognition by the mosquito remains unclear, although it is known that TEP1 lacks inherent binding specificity. Here, we find that APL1C and LRIM1 bind specifically to Plasmodium berghei ookinetes, even after depletion of TEP1 transcript and protein, consistent with a role for the LRR proteins in pathogen recognition. Moreover, APL1C does not bind to ookinetes of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, and is not required for killing of this parasite, which correlates LRR binding specificity and immune protection. Most of the live P. berghei ookinetes that migrated into the extracellular space exposed to mosquito hemolymph, and almost all dead ookinetes, are bound by APL1C, thus associating LRR protein binding with parasite killing. We also find that APL1C binds to the surface of P. berghei sporozoites released from oocysts into the mosquito hemocoel and forms a potent barrier limiting salivary gland invasion and mosquito infectivity. Pathogen binding by APL1C provides the first functional explanation for the long-known requirement of APL1C for P. berghei ookinete killing in the mosquito midgut. We propose that secreted mosquito LRR proteins are required for pathogen discrimination and orientation of immune effector activity, potentially as functional counterparts of the immunoglobulin-based receptors used by vertebrates for antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Marta Zmarlak
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2000, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
- Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Emma Brito-Fravallo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2000, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Genève
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2000, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Aliprandini
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Malaria Infection & Immunity, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Camille Aguirre-Botero
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Malaria Infection & Immunity, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth D. Vernick
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2000, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
- Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Christian Mitri
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2000, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
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Maya-Maldonado K, Cardoso-Jaime V, Hernández-Martínez S, Recio-Tótoro B, Bello-Garcia D, Hernández-Hernández FDLC, Lanz-Mendoza H. Plasmodium exposure alters midgut epithelial cell dynamics during the immune memory in Anopheles albimanus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 133:104424. [PMID: 35447160 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunological priming in insects is defined as a previous contact with non-virulent pathogens, which induces protection after a second virulent infection. The mechanism of this process is not well understood. We have observed midgut DNA synthesis (endoreplication) in Plasmodium berghei exposure mosquitoes (primed) and after the immune challenge, which could be an essential component of the priming response in the mosquito. Endoreplication requires cell cycle components re-direction to make multiple DNA copies. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the role of cell cycle components in priming. Here, we analyzed the expression of the cyclins A, B, E, and AurkA, and the endoreplication components NOTCH and HNT in the mosquito Anopheles albimanus; after priming with non-infective Plasmodium berghei and challenged with an infective P. berghei. The overexpression of cell cycle elements occurred seven days after priming with a quick reduction 24 h after the challenge. Hnt and NOTCH overexpression occurred 24 h after priming. Antimicrobial peptide cecropin is quickly overexpressed after 24 h in primed mosquitoes, then is downregulated at day seven and overexpressed again after parasite challenge. We also found that DNA synthesis occurs in cells with different nuclear sizes, suggesting a change in midgut epithelial dynamics after Plasmodium exposure. Inhibition of DNA synthesis via cisplatin revealed that DNA synthesis is required for priming to limit Plasmodium infection. Our results indicate the importance of cell cycle components on DNA synthesis and Notch pathway during priming response in An. albimanus mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, CP. 07360, Ciudad de México, México; Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Victor Cardoso-Jaime
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, CP. 07360, Ciudad de México, México; Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Benito Recio-Tótoro
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Deane Bello-Garcia
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Fidel de la Cruz Hernández-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, CP. 07360, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Maya-Maldonado K, Cardoso-Jaime V, González-Olvera G, Osorio B, Recio-Tótoro B, Manrique-Saide P, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Lanz-Mendoza H, Missirlis F, Hernández-Hernández FDLC. Mosquito metallomics reveal copper and iron as critical factors for Plasmodium infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009509. [PMID: 34161336 PMCID: PMC8221525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron and copper chelation restricts Plasmodium growth in vitro and in mammalian hosts. The parasite alters metal homeostasis in red blood cells to its favor, for example metabolizing hemoglobin to hemozoin. Metal interactions with the mosquito have not, however, been studied. Here, we describe the metallomes of Anopheles albimanus and Aedes aegypti throughout their life cycle and following a blood meal. Consistent with previous reports, we found evidence of maternal iron deposition in embryos of Ae. aegypti, but less so in An. albimanus. Sodium, potassium, iron, and copper are present at higher concentrations during larval developmental stages. Two An. albimanus phenotypes that differ in their susceptibility to Plasmodium berghei infection were studied. The susceptible white stripe (ws) phenotype was named after a dorsal white stripe apparent during larval stages 3, 4, and pupae. During larval stage 3, ws larvae accumulate more iron and copper than the resistant brown stripe (bs) phenotype counterparts. A similar increase in copper and iron accumulation was also observed in the susceptible ws, but not in the resistant bs phenotype following P. berghei infection. Feeding ws mosquitoes with extracellular iron and copper chelators before and after receiving Plasmodium-infected blood protected from infection and simultaneously affected follicular development in the case of iron chelation. Unexpectedly, the application of the iron chelator to the bs strain reverted resistance to infection. Besides a drop in iron, iron-chelated bs mosquitoes experienced a concomitant loss of copper. Thus, the effect of metal chelation on P. berghei infectivity was strain-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Cinvestav, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Victor Cardoso-Jaime
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Cinvestav, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Gabriela González-Olvera
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Beatriz Osorio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Cinvestav, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Benito Recio-Tótoro
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Iram Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Cinvestav, Ciudad de México, México
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Dietary and Plasmodium challenge effects on the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of Anopheles albimanus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11258. [PMID: 34045618 PMCID: PMC8159922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile reflects the insects' physiological states. These include age, sex, reproductive stage, and gravidity. Environmental factors such as diet, relative humidity or exposure to insecticides also affect the CHC composition in mosquitoes. In this work, the CHC profile was analyzed in two Anopheles albimanus phenotypes with different degrees of susceptibility to Plasmodium, the susceptible-White and resistant-Brown phenotypes, in response to the two dietary regimes of mosquitoes: a carbon-rich diet (sugar) and a protein-rich diet (blood) alone or containing Plasmodium ookinetes. The CHCs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or flame ionization detection, identifying 19 CHCs with chain lengths ranging from 20 to 37 carbons. Qualitative and quantitative changes in CHCs composition were dependent on diet, a parasite challenge, and, to a lesser extent, the phenotype. Blood-feeding caused up to a 40% reduction in the total CHC content compared to sugar-feeding. If blood contained ookinetes, further changes in the CHC profile were observed depending on the Plasmodium susceptibility of the phenotypes. Higher infection prevalence caused greater changes in the CHC profile. These dietary and infection-associated modifications in the CHCs could have multiple effects on mosquito fitness, impacts on disease transmission, and tolerance to insecticides.
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