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Real-Jaramillo S, Bustillos JJ, Moncayo AL, Neira M, Fárez L, Beltrán E, Ocaña-Mayorga S. Phenotypic resistance not associated with knockdown mutations (kdr) in Anopheles albimanus exposed to deltamethrin in southern coastal Ecuador. Malar J 2024; 23:17. [PMID: 38217047 PMCID: PMC10787486 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decrease in malaria rates (e.g. incidence and cases) in Latin America maintains this region on track to achieve the goal of elimination. During the last 5 years, three countries have been certified as malaria free. However, the region fails to achieve the goal of 40% reduction on malaria rates and an increase of cases has been reported in some countries, including Ecuador. This scenario has been associated with multiple causes, such as decrease of funding to continue anti-malarial programmes and the development of insecticide resistance of the main malaria vectors. In Ecuador, official reports indicated phenotypic resistance in Aedes aegypti and Anopheles albimanus to deltamethrin and malathion, particularly in the coastal areas of Ecuador, however, information about the mechanisms of resistance have not been yet elucidated. This study aims to evaluate phenotypic response to deltamethrin and its relationship with kdr mutations in An. albimanus from two localities with different agricultural activities in southern coastal Ecuador. METHODS The CDC bottle assay was carried out to evaluate the phenotypic status of the mosquito's population. Sequencing the voltage gated sodium channel gene (VGSC) sought knockdown mutations (kdr) in codons 1010, 1013 and 1014 associated with resistance. RESULTS Phenotypic resistance was found in Santa Rosa (63.3%) and suspected resistance in Huaquillas (82.1%); with females presenting a higher median of knockdown rate (83.7%) than males (45.6%). No statistical differences were found between the distributions of knockdown rate for the two localities (p = 0.6048) which indicates no influence of agricultural activity. Although phenotypic resistance was confirmed, genetic analysis demonstrate that this resistance was not related with the kdr mechanism of the VGSC gene because no mutations were found in codons 1010 and 1013, while in codon 1014, 90.6% showed the susceptible sequence (TTG) and 7.3% ambiguous nucleotides (TKK and TYG). CONCLUSIONS These results highlighted the importance of continuous monitoring of resistance in malaria vectors in Ecuador, particularly in areas that have reported outbreaks during the last years. It is also important to elucidate the mechanism involved in the development of the resistance to PYs to propose alternative insecticides or strategies for vector control in areas where resistance is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebasthian Real-Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Juan J Bustillos
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Ana L Moncayo
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Marco Neira
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
- The Cyprus Institute, Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Leonardo Fárez
- Laboratorio de Referencia Intermedio de Entomología CZ707D02, Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Efraín Beltrán
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas y de La Salud, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador.
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Solis-Santoyo F, Villarreal-Treviño C, López-Solis AD, González-Cerón L, Rodríguez-Ramos JC, Vera-Maloof FZ, Danis-Lozano R, Penilla-Navarro RP. Resistance to Pyrethroids in the Malaria Vector Anopheles albimanus in Two Important Villages in the Soconusco Region of Chiapas, Mexico, 2022. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4258. [PMID: 36901269 PMCID: PMC10001879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chiapas State comprises the largest malaria foci from Mexico, and 57% of the autochthonous cases in 2021, all with Plasmodium vivax infections, were reported in this State. Southern Chiapas is at constant risk of cases imported due to migratory human flow. Since chemical control of vector mosquitoes is the main entomological action implemented for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases, this work aimed to investigate the susceptibility of Anopheles albimanus to insecticides. To this end, mosquitoes were collected in cattle in two villages in southern Chiapas in July-August 2022. Two methods were used to evaluate the susceptibility: the WHO tube bioassay and the CDC bottle bioassay. For the latter, diagnostic concentrations were calculated. The enzymatic resistance mechanisms were also analyzed. CDC diagnostic concentrations were obtained; 0.7 μg/mL deltamethrin, 12 μg/mL permethrin, 14.4 μg/mL malathion, and 2 μg/mL chlorpyrifos. Mosquitoes from Cosalapa and La Victoria were susceptible to organophosphates and to bendiocarb, but resistant to pyrethroids, with mortalities between 89% and 70% (WHO), and 88% and 78% (CDC), for deltamethrin and permethrin, respectively. High esterase levels are suggested as the resistance mechanism involved in the metabolism of pyrethroids in mosquitoes from both villages. Mosquitoes from La Victoria might also involve cytochrome P450. Therefore, organophosphates and carbamates are suggested to currently control An. albimanus. Its use might reduce the frequency of resistance genes to pyrethroids and vector abundance and may impede the transmission of malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Villarreal-Treviño
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Alma D. López-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Lilia González-Cerón
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - José Cruz Rodríguez-Ramos
- Jurisdicción Sanitaria VII, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, Tapachula CP 30798, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Farah Z. Vera-Maloof
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Danis-Lozano
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rosa Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
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Maya-Maldonado K, Cardoso-Jaime V, Hernández-Martínez S, Recio-Tótoro B, Bello-Garcia D, Hernández-Hernández FDLC, Lanz-Mendoza H. Plasmodium exposure alters midgut epithelial cell dynamics during the immune memory in Anopheles albimanus. Dev Comp Immunol 2022; 133:104424. [PMID: 35447160 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunological priming in insects is defined as a previous contact with non-virulent pathogens, which induces protection after a second virulent infection. The mechanism of this process is not well understood. We have observed midgut DNA synthesis (endoreplication) in Plasmodium berghei exposure mosquitoes (primed) and after the immune challenge, which could be an essential component of the priming response in the mosquito. Endoreplication requires cell cycle components re-direction to make multiple DNA copies. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the role of cell cycle components in priming. Here, we analyzed the expression of the cyclins A, B, E, and AurkA, and the endoreplication components NOTCH and HNT in the mosquito Anopheles albimanus; after priming with non-infective Plasmodium berghei and challenged with an infective P. berghei. The overexpression of cell cycle elements occurred seven days after priming with a quick reduction 24 h after the challenge. Hnt and NOTCH overexpression occurred 24 h after priming. Antimicrobial peptide cecropin is quickly overexpressed after 24 h in primed mosquitoes, then is downregulated at day seven and overexpressed again after parasite challenge. We also found that DNA synthesis occurs in cells with different nuclear sizes, suggesting a change in midgut epithelial dynamics after Plasmodium exposure. Inhibition of DNA synthesis via cisplatin revealed that DNA synthesis is required for priming to limit Plasmodium infection. Our results indicate the importance of cell cycle components on DNA synthesis and Notch pathway during priming response in An. albimanus mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, CP. 07360, Ciudad de México, México; Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Victor Cardoso-Jaime
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, CP. 07360, Ciudad de México, México; Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Benito Recio-Tótoro
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Deane Bello-Garcia
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Fidel de la Cruz Hernández-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, CP. 07360, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Kusimo MO, Mackenzie-Impoinvil L, Ibrahim SS, Muhammad A, Irving H, Hearn J, Lenhart AE, Wondji CS. Pyrethroid resistance in the New World malaria vector Anopheles albimanus is mediated by cytochrome P450 CYP6P5. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 183:105061. [PMID: 35430064 PMCID: PMC9125164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus presents an obstacle to malaria elimination in the Americas. Here, An. albimanus CYP6P5 (the most overexpressed P450 in a Peruvian population) was functionally characterized. Recombinant CYP6P5 metabolized the type II pyrethroids, deltamethrin and α-cypermethrin with comparable affinities (KM of 3.3 μM ± 0.4 and 3.6 μM ± 0.5, respectively), but exhibited a 2.7-fold higher catalytic rate for α-cypermethrin (kcat of 6.02 min-1 ± 0.2) versus deltamethrin (2.68 min-1 ± 0.09). Time-course assays revealed progressive depletion of the above pyrethroids with production of four HPLC-detectable metabolites. Low depletion was obtained with type I pyrethroid, permethrin. Transgenic expression in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated that overexpression of CYP6P5 alone conferred type II pyrethroid resistance, with only 16% and 55.3% mortalities in flies exposed to 0.25% α-cypermethrin and 0.15% deltamethrin, respectively. Synergist bioassays using P450 inhibitor piperonylbutoxide significantly recovered susceptibility (mortality = 73.6%, p < 0.001) in synergized flies exposed to 4% piperonylbutoxide, plus 0.25% α-cypermethrin, compared to non-synergized flies (mortality = 4.9%). Moderate resistance was also observed towards 4% DDT. These findings established the preeminent role of CYP6P5 in metabolic resistance in An. albimanus, highlighting challenges associated with deployment of insecticide-based control tools in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Kusimo
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Lucy Mackenzie-Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centre for Global Health, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB 3011 Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, PMB 3011 Kano, Nigeria
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jack Hearn
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Audrey E Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centre for Global Health, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Charles S Wondji
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Dreyer SM, Morin KJ, Magaña M, Pott M, Leiva D, Achee NL, Grieco JP, Vaughan JA. Oral susceptibility to ivermectin is over fifty times greater in a wild population of Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes from Belize than the STECLA laboratory reference strain of this mosquito. Malar J 2022; 21:72. [PMID: 35246147 PMCID: PMC8896111 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The STECLA strain of Anopheles albimanus has been in continuous colony for many years and is the reference strain on which genomic studies for the species are based. Recently, the STECLA strain was demonstrated to be much less susceptible to ivermectin ingested in a blood meal (4-day LC50 of 1468 ng/ml) than all other Anopheles species tested to-date (LC50 values range from 7 to 56 ng/ml). The ability of An. albimanus to survive ingestion of ivermectin at concentrations far beyond that typically found in the blood of ivermectin-treated people or livestock (i.e., 30–70 ng/ml) could invalidate the use of ivermectin as a malaria vector control strategy in areas where An. albimanus is a primary vector. Methods To investigate this, host-seeking An. albimanus were captured in northern Belize and used in membrane feeding bioassays of ivermectin, employing the same methods as described earlier with the STECLA strain. Results Field-collected An. albimanus in Belize were 55 times more susceptible to ingested ivermectin than were the STECLA reference strain. Oral susceptibility to ivermectin in wild An. albimanus from Belize (4-day LC50 of 26 ng/ml) was equivalent to that of other Anopheles species tested. Conclusions Contrary to initial assessments using a highly inbred strain of mosquito, laboratory studies using a field population indicate that ivermectin treatment of livestock could reduce An. albimanus populations in areas of Central America and the Caribbean where malaria transmission may occur. Toxicity screening of ivermectin and other systemic parasiticides for malaria control should examine wild populations of the vector species being targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marla Magaña
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center, Orange Walk Town, Belize
| | - Marie Pott
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center, Orange Walk Town, Belize
| | - Donovan Leiva
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center, Orange Walk Town, Belize
| | - Nicole L Achee
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center, Orange Walk Town, Belize.,University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | - John P Grieco
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center, Orange Walk Town, Belize.,University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
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Dada N, Benedict AC, López F, Lol JC, Sheth M, Dzuris N, Padilla N, Lenhart A. Comprehensive characterization of internal and cuticle surface microbiota of laboratory-reared F 1 Anopheles albimanus originating from different sites. Malar J 2021; 20:414. [PMID: 34688298 PMCID: PMC8542342 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on mosquito-microbe interactions may lead to new tools for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control. To date, such research has largely utilized laboratory-reared mosquitoes that typically lack the microbial diversity of wild populations. A logical progression in this area involves working under controlled settings using field-collected mosquitoes or, in most cases, their progeny. Thus, an understanding of how laboratory colonization affects the assemblage of mosquito microbiota would aid in advancing mosquito microbiome studies and their applications beyond laboratory settings. Methods Using high throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, the internal and cuticle surface microbiota of F1 progeny of wild-caught adult Anopheles albimanus from four locations in Guatemala were characterized. A total of 132 late instar larvae and 135 2–5 day-old, non-blood-fed virgin adult females that were reared under identical laboratory conditions, were pooled (3 individuals/pool) and analysed. Results Results showed location-associated heterogeneity in both F1 larval internal (p = 0.001; pseudo-F = 9.53) and cuticle surface (p = 0.001; pseudo-F = 8.51) microbiota, and only F1 adult cuticle surface (p = 0.001; pseudo-F = 4.5) microbiota, with a more homogenous adult internal microbiota (p = 0.12; pseudo-F = 1.6) across collection sites. Overall, ASVs assigned to Leucobacter, Thorsellia, Chryseobacterium and uncharacterized Enterobacteriaceae, dominated F1 larval internal microbiota, while Acidovorax, Paucibacter, and uncharacterized Comamonadaceae, dominated the larval cuticle surface. F1 adults comprised a less diverse microbiota compared to larvae, with ASVs assigned to the genus Asaia dominating both internal and cuticle surface microbiota, and constituting at least 70% of taxa in each microbial niche. Conclusions These results suggest that location-specific heterogeneity in filed mosquito microbiota can be transferred to F1 progeny under normal laboratory conditions, but this may not last beyond the F1 larval stage without adjustments to maintain field-derived microbiota. These findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of laboratory-colonized F1An. albimanus progeny from field-derived mothers. This provides a background for studying how parentage and environmental conditions differentially or concomitantly affect mosquito microbiome composition, and how this can be exploited in advancing mosquito microbiome studies and their applications beyond laboratory settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03934-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsa Dada
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA. .,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Ana Cristina Benedict
- Grupo de Biología Y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Francisco López
- Grupo de Biología Y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Juan C Lol
- Grupo de Biología Y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Mili Sheth
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole Dzuris
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Norma Padilla
- Grupo de Biología Y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Maya-Maldonado K, Cime-Castillo J, Maya-Lucas O, Argotte-Ramos R, Rodríguez MC, Lanz-Mendoza H. Transcriptome analysis uncover differential regulation in cell cycle, immunity, and metabolism in Anopheles albimanus during immune priming with Plasmodium berghei. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 120:104046. [PMID: 33600838 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In invertebrates, "immunological priming" is considered as the ability to acquire a protective (adaptive) immune response against a pathogen due to previous exposure to the same organism. To date, the mechanism by which this type of adaptive immune response originates in insects is not well understood. In the Anopheles albimanus - Plasmodium berghei model, a DNA synthesis that probably indicates an endoreplication process during priming induction has been evidenced. This work aimed to know the transcriptomic profile in the midguts of An. albimanus after priming induction. Our analysis indicates the participation of regulatory elements of the cell cycle in the immunological priming and points out the importance of the cell cycle regulation in the mosquito midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cime-Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Otoniel Maya-Lucas
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research. University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rocio Argotte-Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Maria Carmen Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Condé R, Hernandez-Torres E, Claudio-Piedras F, Recio-Tótoro B, Maya-Maldonado K, Cardoso-Jaime V, Lanz-Mendoza H. Heat Shock Causes Lower Plasmodium Infection Rates in Anopheles albimanus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:584660. [PMID: 34248924 PMCID: PMC8264367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.584660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response of Anopheles mosquitoes to Plasmodium invasion has been extensively studied and shown to be mediated mainly by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS), dual oxidase (DUOX), phenoloxidase (PO), and antimicrobial peptides activity. Here, we studied the correlation between a heat shock insult, transcription of immune response genes, and subsequent susceptibility to Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles albimanus. We found that transcript levels of many immune genes were drastically affected by the thermal stress, either positively or negatively. Furthermore, the transcription of genes associated with modifications of nucleic acid methylation was affected, suggesting an increment in both DNA and RNA methylation. The heat shock increased PO and NOS activity in the hemolymph, as well as the transcription of several immune genes. As consequence, we observed that heat shock increased the resistance of mosquitoes to Plasmodium invasion. The data provided here could help the understanding of infection transmission under the ever more common heat waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Condé
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Erika Hernandez-Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Claudio-Piedras
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Benito Recio-Tótoro
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Victor Cardoso-Jaime
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Lule-Chávez AN, Carballar-Lejarazú R, Cabrera-Ponce JL, Lanz-Mendoza H, Ibarra JE. Genetic transformation of mosquitoes by microparticle bombardment. Insect Mol Biol 2021; 30:30-41. [PMID: 33009687 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes constitute the major living beings causing human deaths in the world. They are vectors of malaria, yellow fever, dengue, zika, filariases, chikungunya, among other diseases. New strategies to control/eradicate mosquito populations are based on newly developed genetic manipulation techniques. However, genetic transformation of mosquitoes is a major technical bottleneck due to low efficiency, the need of sophisticated equipment, and highly trained personnel. The present report shows the transgenerational genetic transformation of Aedes aegypti, using the particle inflow gun (PIG), by integrating the ecfp gene in the AAEL000582 mosquito gene with the CRISPR-Cas9 technique, achieving a mean efficiency of 44.5% of bombarded individuals (G0) that showed ECFP expression in their tissues, and a mean of 28.5% transformation efficiency measured on G1 individuals. The same transformation technique was used to integrate the egfp/scorpine genes cloned in the Minos transposon pMinHygeGFP into the Anopheles albimanus genome, achieving a mean efficiency of 43.25% of bombarded individuals (G0) that showed EGFP expression in their tissues. Once the technique was standardized, transformation of Ae. aegypti neonate larvae and An. albimanus eggs was achieved when exposed to gold microparticle bombardment. Integration of genes and heterologous protein expression were confirmed by PCR, sequencing, fluorescent microscopy, mass spectrometry, Western blot and dot blot analyses. Transgenerational inheritance of the transgenes was observed only on Ae. aegypti, as all transformed An. albimanus individuals died at the pupal stage of the G0 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Lule-Chávez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - R Carballar-Lejarazú
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - J L Cabrera-Ponce
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - H Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - J E Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
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Cardoso-Jaime V, Maya-Maldonado K, Celestino-Montes A, Tsutsumi V, Hernández-Martínez S. Lysozyme c-1 gene is overexpressed in Anopheles albimanus pericardial cells after an immune challenge. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 114:103830. [PMID: 32805306 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Different evidences suggest that pericardial cells play an important role during the immune response against pathogens that invade the mosquito hemocoel. Previously, we identified two lysozyme genes in Anopheles albimanus heart transcriptome. The present study showed that one of these genes (IDVB: AALB004517) has high percentage of identity to mosquito lysozyme genes related to immunity, suggesting its possible participation during the mosquito immune response. This An. albimanus gen, constitutively expressed lysozyme c-1 mRNA (albLys c-1) in mosquito heart; however, it was overexpressed in bacteria-injected mosquitoes. In heart extract samples, we identified a protein of approximately 14 kDa (likely lysozyme c-1), which lysed M. luteus. In addition, mRNA-FISH assay in heart samples, showed specific fluorescent hybridization signal in pericardial cells from M. luteus-injected mosquitos. We conclude that for the first time an inducible immune factor (lysozyme c-1) is identified in Anopheles albimanus mosquito pericardial cells, which could be a key component in the response against pathogens that interact with the mosquito heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Cardoso-Jaime
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Antonio Celestino-Montes
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Víctor Tsutsumi
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Compton A, Liang J, Chen C, Lukyanchikova V, Qi Y, Potters M, Settlage R, Miller D, Deschamps S, Mao C, Llaca V, Sharakhov IV, Tu Z. The Beginning of the End: A Chromosomal Assembly of the New World Malaria Mosquito Ends with a Novel Telomere. G3 (Bethesda) 2020; 10:3811-9. [PMID: 32883756 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome level assemblies are accumulating in various taxonomic groups including mosquitoes. However, even in the few reference-quality mosquito assemblies, a significant portion of the heterochromatic regions including telomeres remain unresolved. Here we produce a de novo assembly of the New World malaria mosquito, Anopheles albimanus by integrating Oxford Nanopore sequencing, Illumina, Hi-C and optical mapping. This 172.6 Mbps female assembly, which we call AalbS3, is obtained by scaffolding polished large contigs (contig N50 = 13.7 Mbps) into three chromosomes. All chromosome arms end with telomeric repeats, which is the first in mosquito assemblies and represents a significant step toward the completion of a genome assembly. These telomeres consist of tandem repeats of a novel 30-32 bp Telomeric Repeat Unit (TRU) and are confirmed by analyzing the termini of long reads and through both chromosomal in situ hybridization and a Bal31 sensitivity assay. The AalbS3 assembly included previously uncharacterized centromeric and rDNA clusters and more than doubled the content of transposable elements and other repetitive sequences. This telomere-to-telomere assembly, although still containing gaps, represents a significant step toward resolving biologically important but previously hidden genomic components. The comparison of different scaffolding methods will also inform future efforts to obtain reference-quality genomes for other mosquito species.
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Chaves LF, Huber JH, Rojas Salas O, Ramírez Rojas M, Romero LM, Gutiérrez Alvarado JM, Perkins TA, Prado M, Rodríguez RM. Malaria Elimination in Costa Rica: Changes in Treatment and Mass Drug Administration. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E984. [PMID: 32630155 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Costa Rica is a candidate to eliminate malaria by 2020. The remaining malaria transmission hotspots are located within the Huétar Norte Region (HNR), where 90% of the country's 147 malaria cases have occurred since 2016, following a 33-month period without transmission. Here, we examine changes in transmission with the implementation of a supervised seven-day chloroquine and primaquine treatment (7DCPT). We also evaluate the impact of a focal mass drug administration (MDA) in January 2019 at Boca Arenal, the town in HNR reporting the greatest local transmission. We found that the change to a seven-day treatment protocol, from the prior five-day program, was associated with a 98% reduction in malaria transmission. The MDA helped to reduce transmission, keeping the basic reproduction number, RT, significantly below 1, for at least four months. However, following new imported cases from Nicaragua, autochthonous transmission resumed. Our results highlight the importance of appropriate treatment delivery to reduce malaria transmission, and the challenge that highly mobile populations, if their malaria is not treated, pose to regional elimination efforts in Mesoamerica and México.
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Londono-Renteria B, Drame PM, Montiel J, Vasquez AM, Tobón-Castaño A, Taylor M, Vizcaino L, Lenhart AE. Identification and Pilot Evaluation of Salivary Peptides from Anopheles albimanus as Biomarkers for Bite Exposure and Malaria Infection in Colombia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030691. [PMID: 31973044 PMCID: PMC7037407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect saliva induces significant antibody responses associated with the intensity of exposure to bites and the risk of disease in humans. Several salivary biomarkers have been characterized to determine exposure intensity to Old World Anopheles mosquito species. However, new tools are needed to quantify the intensity of human exposure to Anopheles bites and understand the risk of malaria in low-transmission areas in the Americas. To address this need, we conducted proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of immunogenic candidate proteins present in the saliva of uninfected Anopheles albimanus from two separate colonies—one originating from Central America (STECLA strain) and one originating from South America (Cartagena strain). A ~65 kDa band was identified by IgG antibodies in serum samples from healthy volunteers living in a malaria endemic area in Colombia, and a total of five peptides were designed from the sequences of two immunogenic candidate proteins that were shared by both strains. ELISA-based testing of human IgG antibody levels against the peptides revealed that the transferrin-derived peptides, TRANS-P1, TRANS-P2 and a salivary peroxidase peptide (PEROX-P3) were able to distinguish between malaria-infected and uninfected groups. Interestingly, IgG antibody levels against PEROX-P3 were significantly lower in people that have never experienced malaria, suggesting that it may be a good marker for mosquito bite exposure in naïve populations such as travelers and deployed military personnel. In addition, the strength of the differences in the IgG levels against the peptides varied according to location, suggesting that the peptides may able to detect differences in intensities of bite exposure according to the mosquito population density. Thus, the An. albimanus salivary peptides TRANS-P1, TRANS-P2, and PEROX-P3 are promising biomarkers that could be exploited in a quantitative immunoassay for determination of human-vector contact and calculation of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Entomology Department, Vector Biology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Pl, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-785-532-2120
| | - Papa M. Drame
- Department of Global Health, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Jehidys Montiel
- Entomology Department, Vector Biology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Pl, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Ana M. Vasquez
- Calle 70 No. 52–21, Malaria Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia 05001, Colombia; (A.M.V.); (A.T.-C.)
| | - Alberto Tobón-Castaño
- Calle 70 No. 52–21, Malaria Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia 05001, Colombia; (A.M.V.); (A.T.-C.)
| | - Marissa Taylor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.T.); (L.V.); (A.E.L.)
| | - Lucrecia Vizcaino
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.T.); (L.V.); (A.E.L.)
| | - Audrey E. Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.T.); (L.V.); (A.E.L.)
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Orjuela LI, Álvarez-Diaz DA, Morales JA, Grisales N, Ahumada ML, Venegas H J, Quiñones ML, Yasnot MF. Absence of knockdown mutations in pyrethroid and DDT resistant populations of the main malaria vectors in Colombia. Malar J 2019; 18:384. [PMID: 31791331 PMCID: PMC6889704 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a well-characterized target-site insecticide resistance mechanism that is associated with DDT and pyrethroid resistance. Even though insecticide resistance to pyrethroids and DDT have been reported in Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles benarrochi sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles nuneztovari s.l., and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis s.l. malaria vectors in Latin America, there is a knowledge gap on the role that kdr resistance mechanisms play in this resistance. The aim of this study was to establish the role that kdr mechanisms play in pyrethroid and DDT resistance in the main malaria vectors in Colombia, in addition to previously reported metabolic resistance mechanisms, such as mixed function oxidases (MFO) and nonspecific esterases (NSE) enzyme families. METHODS Surviving (n = 62) and dead (n = 67) An. nuneztovari s.l., An. darlingi and An. albimanus mosquitoes exposed to diagnostic concentrations of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides were used to amplify and sequence a ~ 225 bp fragment of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) gene. This fragment spanning codons 1010, 1013 and 1014 at the S6 segment of domain II to identify point mutations, which have been associated with insecticide resistance in different species of Anopheles malaria vectors. RESULTS No kdr mutations were detected in the coding sequence of this fragment in 129 samples, 62 surviving mosquitoes and 67 dead mosquitoes, of An. darlingi, An. nuneztovari s.l. and An. albimanus. CONCLUSION Mutations in the VGSC gene, most frequently reported in other species of the genus Anopheles resistant to pyrethroid and DDT, are not associated with the low-intensity resistance detected to these insecticides in some populations of the main malaria vectors in Colombia. These results suggest that metabolic resistance mechanisms previously reported in these populations might be responsible for the resistance observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena I Orjuela
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba-GIMBIC, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, 230001, Colombia.
- Universidad de Cartagena, Facultad de Medicina, Sede Zaragocilla, Calle 30 N° 48-152, Cartagena de Indias, Bolívar, 1300, Colombia.
| | - Diego A Álvarez-Diaz
- Grupo de Salud Materna y Perinatal, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - Juliana A Morales
- Grupo de Entomología, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - Nelson Grisales
- Zika AIRS Project, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Martha L Ahumada
- Grupo de Entomología, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - Juan Venegas H
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, 8320000, Chile
| | - Martha L Quiñones
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - María F Yasnot
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba-GIMBIC, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, 230001, Colombia
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Dreyer SM, Leiva D, Magaña M, Pott M, Kay J, Cruz A, Achee NL, Grieco JP, Vaughan JA. Fipronil and ivermectin treatment of cattle reduced the survival and ovarian development of field-collected Anopheles albimanus in a pilot trial conducted in northern Belize. Malar J 2019; 18:296. [PMID: 31464619 PMCID: PMC6716933 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most malaria vector control programmes rely on indoor residual spraying of insecticides and insecticide-treated bed nets. This is effective against vector species that feed indoors at night and rest inside the house afterwards. In Central America, malaria vectors have different behaviours and are typically exophagic (i.e., bite outdoors), exophilic (i.e., remain outdoors after feeding), and zoophagic (i.e., as likely to feed on non-humans as humans). Thus, malaria elimination in Central America may require additional tactics. This pilot study investigated whether commercially-available products used to treat livestock for ticks could also be used to kill and/or sterilize zoophagic malaria vectors that feed on treated cattle in Belize. Methods Cattle were treated with either a pour-on formulation of 1% fipronil (3 heifers) or injection of 1% ivemectin (1 heifer). Control heifers (n = 2) were left untreated. Field-collected Anopheles albimanus contained in screen-top cages were strapped onto cattle at 2, 5, 7, and 14 days after treatment. Mosquito mortality was monitored once a day for 4 successive days. Surviving mosquitoes were dissected to assess blood meal digestion and ovarian development. Results A total of 1078 female An. albimanus mosquitoes were fed and monitored for mortality. Both fipronil and ivermectin significantly reduced survivorship of An. albimanus for up to 7 days after treatment. By 14 days, efficacy had declined. The ivermectin treatment completely lost its effectiveness and even though the fipronil-treated heifers were still killing significantly more mosquitoes than the untreated heifers, the amount of mosquito killing had diminished greatly. Both treatments significantly reduced ovary development in mosquitoes fed on treated cattle for the duration of the 2-week trial. Conclusions Treatment of cattle in northern Belize with topical fipronil and injectable ivermectin had significant lethal and sublethal effects on wild An. albimanus females. These results suggest that efforts towards eliminating residual transmission of malaria by zoophagic vectors in Central America may benefit by the judicious, targeted treatment of livestock with mosquitocidal compounds, such as fipronil or ivermectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci M Dreyer
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Donovan Leiva
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center, Orange Walk Town, Belize
| | - Marla Magaña
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center, Orange Walk Town, Belize
| | - Marie Pott
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center, Orange Walk Town, Belize
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center, Orange Walk Town, Belize
| | - Alvaro Cruz
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center, Orange Walk Town, Belize
| | | | - John P Grieco
- University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Jefferson A Vaughan
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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Lol JC, Castañeda D, Mackenzie-Impoinvil L, Romero CG, Lenhart A, Padilla NR. Development of molecular assays to detect target-site mechanisms associated with insecticide resistance in malaria vectors from Latin America. Malar J 2019; 18:202. [PMID: 31221148 PMCID: PMC6585033 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains an important public health problem in Latin America, and the development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors poses a major threat to malaria elimination efforts. Monitoring of insecticide susceptibility and the determination of the mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance are needed to effectively guide the deployment of appropriate vector control measures. Here, molecular assays have been developed to screen for mutations associated with insecticide resistance on the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) genes in four malaria vectors from Latin America. METHODS Degenerate primers were designed to amplify a partial fragment on the VGSC and Ace-1 genes. Wild-caught individuals for Anopheles albimanus (also historical samples and individuals from a laboratory strain), Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles vestitipennis and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis were used to optimize the PCR assays. All samples were sequenced to validate the PCR results and DNA alignments were constructed for each gene using the unique haplotypes observed. RESULTS Primers designed successfully amplified the VGSC gene in An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. vestitipennis and An. pseudopunctipennis, and the Ace-1 gene in both An. albimanus and An. darlingi. DNA sequencing revealed that compared with Anopheles gambiae, there were a total of 29, 28, 21 and 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the VGSC gene for An. albimanus (308 bp), An. darlingi (311 bp), An. pseudopunctipennis (263 bp) and An. vestitipennis (254 bp), respectively. On the 459 bp fragment of the Ace-1 gene, a total of 70 SNPs were detected in An. darlingi and 59 SNPs were detected in An. albimanus compared with An. gambiae. The SNPs detected on the VGSC gene were all synonymous. On the Ace-1 gene, non-synonymous substitutions were identified on three different codons. All species showed the homozygous wild-type kdr allele (coding for leucine) at codon 995 (formerly reported as codon 1014) on the VGSC gene, but one sample was heterozygous at codon 280 (formerly reported as codon 119) on the Ace-1 gene, coding for both the resistant (serine) and susceptible (glycine) amino acids. CONCLUSIONS New molecular assays to amplify and screen the regions of the VGSC and Ace-1 genes associated with insecticide resistance are reported for An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. vestitipennis, and An. pseudopunctipennis. The development of these PCR assays presents an important advance in the analysis of target-site resistance in malaria vectors in the Americas, and will further facilitate the characterization of insecticide resistance mechanisms in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Lol
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), 18 Avenida 11-95, Zona 15, Vista Hermosa 3, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - David Castañeda
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), 18 Avenida 11-95, Zona 15, Vista Hermosa 3, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Lucy Mackenzie-Impoinvil
- Division of Parasitic Disease and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Carla G Romero
- Programa Nacional de Dengue, Chikingunya, y Zika, Ministerio de Salud, Esquina Cañada Strongest, Plaza del Estudiante, Zona Central, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Disease and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Norma R Padilla
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), 18 Avenida 11-95, Zona 15, Vista Hermosa 3, Guatemala, Guatemala.
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González-Cerón L, Rodríguez MH, Nettel-Cruz JA, Hernández-Ávila JE, Malo-García IR, Santillán-Valenzuela F, Villarreal-Treviño C. Plasmodium vivax CSP-Pvs25 variants from southern Mexico produce distinct patterns of infectivity for Anopheles albimanus versus An. pseudopunctipennis, in each case independent of geographical origin. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:86. [PMID: 30786915 PMCID: PMC6381756 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The susceptibility of Anopheles albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis to local Plasmodium vivax has been associated in southern Mexico with two ookinete surface proteins (Pvs25/28) polymorphism. Perhaps parasite population selection (i.e. adaptation to local vectors) contributes to this phenomenon. It is also possible that certain molecular interactions exist between P. vivax and each mosquito species independently of geographical origin. This study aimed to explore the susceptibility of An. albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis (collected from different geographical sites) to P. vivax cspVk/Pvs25-130 haplotypes from southern Mexico. RESULTS Of the 120 P. vivax-infected blood samples used to simultaneously feed An. albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis mosquitoes originating from various geographical sites, 80 produced at least one infected mosquito species. Three parasite haplotypes were identified in infected blood: Vk210/Pvs25-A (12.5%), Vk210/Pvs25-B (20%) and Vk247/Pvs25-B (67.5%). Two parameters (the proportion of infected mosquitoes and number of oocysts/mosquito) showed a similar pattern for each mosquito species (independently of geographical origin). For An. albimanus mosquitoes (from the Pacific coast, Mexican gulf and Lacandon Forest lowlands), these two parameters were higher in specimens infected with P. vivax Vk210/Pvs25-A versus Vk210/Pvs25-B or Vk247/Pvs25-B (P < 0.001). For An. pseudopunctipennis mosquitoes (from the Pacific coast, northeast Mexico and east Guatemala foothills), the same two parameters were higher in specimens infected with Vk247/Pvs25-B or Vk210/Pvs25-B versus Vk210/Pvs25-A (P < 0.001). Higher infection rates were caused by Vk247/Pvs25-B than Vk210/Pvs25-B parasites in An. pseudopunctipennis (P = 0.011) and An. albimanus (P = 0.001). The greatest parasitaemia, gametocytaemia and microgamete formation was observed in Vk247/Pvs25-B infected blood, and each of these parameters correlated with each other and with the number of oocysts in An. pseudopunctipennis from the sympatric colony. CONCLUSIONS Plasmodium vivax Vk247/Pvs25-B infections were the most prevalent, likely due to the higher parasitaemia produced in the susceptible vector (especially An. pseudopunctipennis). The analysis of mosquito-parasite interactions indicate that An. pseudopunctipennis and An. albimanus each have a unique pattern of transmitting genetic variants of P. vivax, and this is not dependent on geographical origin. The present findings highlight the importance of parasite genotyping to understand transmission dynamics and vectorial participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia González-Cerón
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, 30700 Chiapas México
| | - Mario H. Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, 62100 Morelos México
| | - José A. Nettel-Cruz
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, 30700 Chiapas México
| | - Juan E. Hernández-Ávila
- Centro de Información para Decisiones en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Ciudad de México, 14080 México
| | - Iliana R. Malo-García
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, 30700 Chiapas México
| | - Frida Santillán-Valenzuela
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, 30700 Chiapas México
| | - Cuauhtémoc Villarreal-Treviño
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, 30700 Chiapas México
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Dreyer SM, Morin KJ, Vaughan JA. Differential susceptibilities of Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes to ivermectin. Malar J 2018; 17:148. [PMID: 29615055 PMCID: PMC5883420 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector control is a crucial element of anti-malaria campaigns and works best when there is a thorough knowledge of the biology and behaviour of the Anopheles vector species responsible for transmitting malaria within a given locale. With the push to eradicate malaria stronger than ever, there is a growing need to develop and deploy control strategies that exploit the behavioural attributes of local vector species. This is especially true in regions where the vectors are exophagic (i.e., prefer to bite outdoors), exophilic (i.e., prefer to remain outdoors), and zoophagic (i.e., as likely to feed on non-humans as humans). One promising strategy targeting vectors with these behavioural traits is the administration of avermectin-based endectocides, such as ivermectin, to humans and livestock. When ingested in a blood meal, ivermectin has been shown to reduce mosquito survivorship and fecundity in a number of Anopheles species. In this study, the relative toxicity of ivermectin was compared between two zoophagic, exophilic malaria vectors-Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles stephensi. RESULTS Toxicity of ivermectin was assessed using membrane feedings, intrathoracic injections, and mosquito feedings on treated mice. When ingested in a blood meal, ivermectin was much less toxic to An. albimanus (4-day oral LC50 = 1468 ng/ml) than to An. stephensi (4-day oral LC50 = 7 ng/ml). However when injected into the haemocoel of An. albimanus, ivermectin was much more toxic (3-day parenteral LC50 = 188 ng/ml). Because the molecular targets of ivermectin (i.e., glutamate-gated chloride channels) reside outside the midgut in nerves and muscles, this suggests that ingested ivermectin was not readily absorbed across the midgut of An. albimanus. In contrast, ivermectin was considerably more toxic to An. stephensi when ingested (4-day oral LC50 = 7 ng/ml) than when injected (3-day parenteral LC50 = 49 ng/ml). This suggests that metabolic by-products from the digestion of ivermectin may play a role in the oral toxicity of ivermectin to An. stephensi. Blood meal digestion and subsequent oviposition rates were significantly hindered in both species by ingested ivermectin but only at concentrations at or above their respective oral LC50 concentrations. To test mosquitocidal activity of ivermectin in a live host system, two groups of three mice each received subcutaneous injections of either ivermectin (600 µg/kg BW) or saline (control). One day after injection, the ivermectin-treated mice (n = 3) exhibited significant mosquitocidal activity against both An. stephensi (85% mortality vs 0% in control-fed) and, to a lesser degree, An. albimanus (44% mortality vs 11% in control-fed). At 3 days, the mosquitocidal activity of ivermectin-treated mice waned and was effective only against An. stephensi (31% mortality vs 3% in control-fed). CONCLUSIONS Ivermectin was not uniformly toxic to both Anopheles species. Previous studies indicate that ivermectin is a good choice of endectocide to use against malaria vectors in southeast Asia and Africa. However, these data suggest that ivermectin may not be the optimal endectocide to use in Central America or the Caribbean where An. albimanus is a major malaria vector species. If endectocides are to be used to help eradicate malaria, then additional efficacy data will be needed to define the activity of specific endectocides against the major malaria vector species of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci M Dreyer
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9019, USA
| | - Kelsey J Morin
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9019, USA
| | - Jefferson A Vaughan
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9019, USA.
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Hurtado LA, Calzada JE, Rigg CA, Castillo M, Chaves LF. Climatic fluctuations and malaria transmission dynamics, prior to elimination, in Guna Yala, República de Panamá. Malar J 2018; 17:85. [PMID: 29463259 PMCID: PMC5819664 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria has historically been entrenched in indigenous populations of the República de Panamá. This scenario occurs despite the fact that successful methods for malaria elimination were developed during the creation of the Panamá Canal. Today, most malaria cases in the República de Panamá affect the Gunas, an indigenous group, which mainly live in autonomous regions of eastern Panamá. Over recent decades several malaria outbreaks have affected the Gunas, and one hypothesis is that such outbreaks could have been exacerbated by climate change, especially by anomalous weather patterns driven by the EL Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). RESULTS Monthly malaria cases in Guna Yala (1998-2016) were autocorrelated up to 2 months of lag, likely reflecting parasite transmission cycles between humans and mosquitoes, and cyclically for periods of 4 months that might reflect relapses of Plasmodium vivax, the dominant malaria parasite transmitted in Panamá. Moreover, malaria case number was positively associated (P < 0.05) with rainfall (7 months of lag), and negatively with the El Niño 4 index (15 months of lag) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI (8 months of lag), the sign and magnitude of these associations likely related to the impacts of weather patterns and vegetation on the ecology of Anopheles albimanus, the main malaria vector in Guna Yala. Interannual cycles, of approximately 4-year periods, in monthly malaria case numbers were associated with the El Niño 4 index, a climatic index associated with weather and vegetation dynamics in Guna Yala at seasonal and interannual time scales. CONCLUSION The results showed that ENSO, rainfall and NDVI were associated with the number of malaria cases in Guna Yala during the study period. These results highlight the vulnerability of Guna populations to malaria, an infection sensitive to climate change, and call for further studies about weather impacts on malaria vector ecology, as well as the association of malaria vectors with Gunas paying attention to their socio-economic conditions of poverty and cultural differences as an ethnic minority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Amarilis Hurtado
- Unidad de Análisis Epidemiológico y Bioestadísticas, Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - José E Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Chystrie A Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Milagros Castillo
- Unidad de Análisis Epidemiológico y Bioestadísticas, Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Apartado 4-2250, Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado Postal 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
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Ryan SJ, Lippi CA, Boersch-Supan PH, Heydari N, Silva M, Adrian J, Noblecilla LF, Ayala EB, Encalada MD, Larsen DA, Krisher JT, Krisher L, Fregosi L, Stewart-Ibarra AM. Quantifying seasonal and diel variation in Anopheline and Culex human biting rates in Southern Ecuador. Malar J 2017; 16:479. [PMID: 29166907 PMCID: PMC5700746 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying mosquito biting rates for specific locations enables estimation of mosquito-borne disease risk, and can inform intervention efforts. Measuring biting itself is fraught with ethical concerns, so the landing rate of mosquitoes on humans is often used as a proxy measure. Southern coastal Ecuador was historically endemic for malaria (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax), although successful control efforts in the 2000s eliminated autochthonous transmission (since 2011). This study presents an analysis of data collected during the elimination period. METHODS Human landing catch (HLC) data for three mosquito taxa: two malaria vectors, Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles punctimacula, and grouped Culex spp. were examined for this study. These data were collected by the National Vector Control Service of the Ministry of Health over a 5-year time span (2007-2012) in five cities in southern coastal Ecuador, at multiple households, in all months of the year, during dusk-dawn (18:00-6:00) hours, often at both indoor and outdoor locations. Hurdle models were used to determine if biting activity was fundamentally different for the three taxa, and to identify spatial and temporal factors influencing bite rate. Due to the many different approaches to studying and quantifying bite rates in the literature, a glossary of terms was created, to facilitate comparative studies in the future. RESULTS Biting trends varied significantly with species and time. All taxa exhibited exophagic feeding behavior, and outdoor locations increased both the odds and incidence of bites across taxa. Anopheles albimanus was most frequently observed biting, with an average of 4.7 bites/h. The highest and lowest respective months for significant biting activity were March and July for An. albimanus, July and August for An. punctimacula, and February and July for Culex spp. CONCLUSIONS Fine-scale differences in endophagy and exophagy, and temporal differences among months and hours exist in biting patterns among mosquito taxa in southern coastal Ecuador. This analysis provides detailed information for targeting vector control activities, and household level vector prevention strategies. These data were collected as part of routine vector surveillance conducted by the Ministry of Health, and such data have not been collected since. Reinstating such surveillance measures would provide important information to aid in preventing malaria re-emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie J. Ryan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science and Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
- College of Agriculture, Engineering, and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Catherine A. Lippi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Philipp H. Boersch-Supan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Naveed Heydari
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science and Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Mercy Silva
- Laboratorio Clínico Hospital Teófilo Dávila, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Jefferson Adrian
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science and Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | | | - Efraín B. Ayala
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Mayling D. Encalada
- Dirección Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Av. República de El Salvador 36-64 y Suecia, 170515 Quito, Ecuador
| | - David A. Larsen
- Department of Public Health, Food Studies, and Nutrition, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Jesse T. Krisher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Lyndsay Krisher
- Center for Health, Work & Environment, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO USA
- Colorado Consortium on Climate Change and Human Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Lauren Fregosi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Dirección Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Av. República de El Salvador 36-64 y Suecia, 170515 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science and Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
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Artemov GN, Peery AN, Jiang X, Tu Z, Stegniy VN, Sharakhova MV, Sharakhov IV. The Physical Genome Mapping of Anopheles albimanus Corrected Scaffold Misassemblies and Identified Interarm Rearrangements in Genus Anopheles. G3 (Bethesda) 2017; 7:155-64. [PMID: 27821634 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.034959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the Neotropical malaria vector Anopheles albimanus was sequenced as part of the 16 Anopheles Genomes Project published in 2015. The draft assembly of this species consisted of 204 scaffolds with an N50 scaffold size of 18.1 Mb and a total assembly size of 170.5 Mb. It was among the smallest genomes with the longest scaffolds in the 16 Anopheles species cluster, making An. albimanus the logical choice for anchoring the genome assembly to chromosomes. In this study, we developed a high-resolution cytogenetic photomap with completely straightened polytene chromosomes from the salivary glands of the mosquito larvae. Based on this photomap, we constructed a chromosome-based genome assembly using fluorescent in situ hybridization of PCR-amplified DNA probes. Our physical mapping, assisted by an ortholog-based bioinformatics approach, identified and corrected nine misassemblies in five large genomic scaffolds. Misassemblies mostly occurred in junctions between contigs. Our comparative analysis of scaffolds with the An. gambiae genome detected multiple genetic exchanges between pericentromeric regions of chromosomal arms caused by partial-arm translocations. The final map consists of 40 ordered genomic scaffolds and corrected fragments of misassembled scaffolds. The An. albimanus physical map comprises 98.2% of the total genome assembly and represents the most complete genome map among mosquito species. This study demonstrates that physical mapping is a powerful tool for correcting errors in draft genome assemblies and for creating chromosome-anchored reference genomes.
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Alvarado-Delgado A, Perales Ortiz G, Tello-López ÁT, Encarnación S, Conde R, Martínez-Batallar ÁG, Moran-Francia K, Lanz-Mendoza H. Infection with Plasmodium berghei ookinetes alters protein expression in the brain of Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:542. [PMID: 27724938 PMCID: PMC5057407 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The behaviour of Anopheles spp. mosquitoes, vectors for Plasmodium parasites, plays a crucial role in the propagation of malaria to humans. Consequently, it is important to understand how the behaviour of these mosquitoes is influenced by the interaction between the brain and immunological status. The nervous system is intimately linked to the immune and endocrine systems. There is evidence that the malaria parasite alters the function of these systems upon infecting the mosquito. Although there is a complex molecular interplay between the Plasmodium parasite and Anopheles mosquito, little is known about the neuronal alteration triggered by the parasite invasion. The aim of this study was to analyse the modification of the proteomic profile in the An. albimanus brain during the early phase of the Plasmodium berghei invasion. Results At 24 hours of the P. berghei invasion, the mosquito brain showed an increase in the concentration of proteins involved in the cellular metabolic pathway, such as ATP synthase complex alpha and beta, malate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase, enolase and vacuolar ATP synthase. There was also a rise in the levels of proteins with neuronal function, such as calreticulin, mitofilin and creatine kinase. Concomitantly, the parasite invasion repressed the expression of synapse-associated proteins, including enolyl CoA hydratase, HSP70 and ribosomal S60 proteins. Conclusions Identification of upregulated and downregulated protein expression in the mosquito brain 24 hours after Plasmodium invaded the insect midgut paves the way to better understanding the regulation of the neuro-endocrine-immune system in an insect model during parasite infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1830-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Alvarado-Delgado
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Guillermo Perales Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ángel T Tello-López
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Sergio Encarnación
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Renaud Conde
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | | | - Ken Moran-Francia
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Lecona-Valera AN, Tao D, Rodríguez MH, López T, Dinglasan RR, Rodríguez MC. An antibody against an Anopheles albimanus midgut myosin reduces Plasmodium berghei oocyst development. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:274. [PMID: 27165123 PMCID: PMC4863318 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria parasites are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Although several studies have identified mosquito midgut surface proteins that are putatively important for Plasmodium ookinete invasion, only a few have characterized these protein targets and demonstrated transmission-blocking activity. Molecular information about these proteins is essential for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines (TBV). The aim of the present study was to test three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), A-140, A-78 and A-10, for their ability to recognize antigens and block oocyst infection of the midgut of Anopheles albimanus, a major malaria vector in Latin America. Method Western-blot of mAbs on antigens from midgut brush border membrane vesicles was used to select antibodies. Three mAbs were tested by membrane feeding assays to evaluate their potential transmission-blocking activity against Plasmodium berghei. The cognate antigens recognized by mAbs with oocyst-reducing activity were determined by immunoprecipitation followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results Only one mAb, A-140, significantly reduced oocyst infection intensity. Hence, its probable protein target in the Anopheles albimanus midgut was identified and characterized. It recognized three high-molecular mass proteins from a midgut brush border microvilli vesicle preparation. Chemical deglycosylation assays confirmed the peptide nature of the epitope recognized by mAb A-140. Immunoprecipitation followed by proteomic identification with tandem mass spectrometry revealed five proteins, presumably extracted together as a complex. Of these, AALB007909 had the highest mascot score and corresponds to a protein with a myosin head motor domain, indicating that the target of mAb A-140 is probably myosin located on the microvilli of the mosquito midgut. Conclusion These results provide support for the participation of myosin in mosquito midgut invasion by Plasmodium ookinetes. The potential inclusion of this protein in the design of new multivalent vaccine strategies for blocking Plasmodium transmission is discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1548-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba N Lecona-Valera
- Center of Research on Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62508, Mexico
| | - Dingyin Tao
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Mario H Rodríguez
- Center of Research on Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62508, Mexico
| | - Tomás López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxic006F, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - María C Rodríguez
- Center of Research on Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62508, Mexico.
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Mohammed H, Evanson J, Revan F, Lee E, Krecek RC, Smith J. A Mosquito Survey of the Twin-Island Caribbean Nation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, 2010. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2015; 31:360-363. [PMID: 26675458 DOI: 10.2987/moco-31-04-360-363.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult mosquito surveys of Saint Kitts and Nevis (SKN) were performed in the dry season (March 16-23, 2010) in Saint Kitts, and the rainy season (October 18-25, 2010) in SKN. Biogents (BG) Sentinel Traps were set with CO₂and BG Lure in urban, rural, mangrove, and dry forest habitats. Mosquitoes were identified to species, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed on potential vector species for dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and West Nile virus (WNV). The most abundant species during both seasons in St. Kitts were Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes taeniorhynchus, and Aedes aegypti. There were 3 new records for Saint Kitts: Aedes tortilis, Anopheles albimanus, and Culex nigripalpus. Traps were also set in Nevis. No mosquito pool tested positive for DENV, CHIKV, or WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Mohammed
- 1 Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Jessica Evanson
- 1 Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Floyd Revan
- 1 Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Elise Lee
- 1 Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Rosina C Krecek
- 1 Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
- 2 College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- 3 Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Joshua Smith
- 4 Fairfax County Department of Health, Fairfax, VA 22003, USA
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Contreras-Garduño J, Rodríguez MC, Hernández-Martínez S, Martínez-Barnetche J, Alvarado-Delgado A, Izquierdo J, Herrera-Ortiz A, Moreno-García M, Velazquez-Meza ME, Valverde V, Argotte-Ramos R, Rodríguez MH, Lanz-Mendoza H. Plasmodium berghei induced priming in Anopheles albimanus independently of bacterial co-infection. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 52:172-181. [PMID: 26004500 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Priming in invertebrates is the acquired capacity to better combat a pathogen due to a previous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the same organism. It is proposed to be functionally analogous to immune memory in vertebrates. Previous studies with Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes provide evidence that the inhibitory response to a second challenge by the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei resulted from a sustained activation of hemocytes by midgut bacteria. These bacteria probably accessed the hemolymph during a first aborted infection through lesions produced by parasites invading the midgut. Since the mosquito immune responses to midgut bacteria and Plasmodium overlap, it is difficult to determine the priming responses of each. We herein document priming induced in the aseptic An. albimanus midgut by P. berghei, probably independent of the immune response induced by midgut bacteria. This idea is further evidenced by experiments with Pbs 25-28 knock out parasites (having an impaired capacity for invading the mosquito midgut) and dead ookinetes. Priming protection against a homologous challenge with P. berghei lasted up to 12 days. There was greater incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine into midgut cell nuclei (indicative of DNA synthesis without mitosis) and increased transcription of hnt (a gene required for the endocycle of midgut cells) in primed versus unprimed mosquitoes, suggesting that endoreplication was the underlying mechanism of priming. Moreover, the transcription of hnt and antimicrobial peptides related to an anti-Plasmodium response (attacin, cecropin and gambicin) was enhanced in a biphasic rather than sustained response after priming An. albimanus with P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Noria Alta, 36050 Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - María Carmen Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jesús Martínez-Barnetche
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alvarado-Delgado
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Javier Izquierdo
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Antonia Herrera-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Miguel Moreno-García
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Maria Elena Velazquez-Meza
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Veronica Valverde
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rocio Argotte-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Henry Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Wagman J, Grieco JP, Bautista K, Polanco J, Briceño I, King R, Achee NL. A comparison of two commercial mosquito traps for the capture of malaria vectors in northern belize, central america. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2014; 30:175-183. [PMID: 25843092 DOI: 10.2987/14-6411r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To achieve maximum success from any vector control intervention, it is critical to identify the most efficacious tools available. The principal aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 2 commercially available adult mosquito traps for capturing Anopheles albimanus and An. vestitipennis, 2 important malaria vectors in northern Belize, Central America. Additionally, the impact of outdoor baited traps on mosquito entry into experimental huts was assessed. When operated outside of human-occupied experimental huts, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light trap, baited with human foot odors, captured significantly greater numbers of female An. albimanus per night (5.1 ± 1.9) than the Biogents Sentinel™ trap baited with BG-Lure™ (1.0 ± 0.2). The 2 trap types captured equivalent numbers of female An. vestitipennis per night, 134.3 ± 45.6 in the CDC trap and 129.6 ± 25.4 in the Sentinel trap. When compared to a matched control hut using no intervention, the use of baited CDC light traps outside an experimental hut did not impact the entry of An. vestitipennis into window interception traps, 17.1 ± 1.3 females per hour in experimental huts vs. 17.2 ± 1.4 females per hour in control huts. However, the use of outdoor baited CDC traps did significantly decrease the entry of An. albimanus into window interception traps from 3.5 ± 0.5 females per hour to 1.9 ± 0.2 females per hour. These results support existing knowledge that the underlying ecological and behavioral tendencies of different Anopheles species can influence trap efficacy. Furthermore, these findings will be used to guide trap selection for future push-pull experiments to be conducted at the study site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wagman
- 2 Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814
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Gómez GF, Márquez EJ, Gutiérrez LA, Conn JE, Correa MM. Geometric morphometric analysis of Colombian Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) reveals significant effect of environmental factors on wing traits and presence of a metapopulation. Acta Trop 2014; 135:75-85. [PMID: 24704285 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles albimanus is a major malaria mosquito vector in Colombia. In the present study, wing variability (size and shape) in An. albimanus populations from Colombian Maracaibo and Chocó bio-geographical eco-regions and the relationship of these phenotypic traits with environmental factors were evaluated. Microsatellite and morphometric data facilitated a comparison of the genetic and phenetic structure of this species. Wing size was influenced by elevation and relative humidity, whereas wing shape was affected by these two variables and also by rainfall, latitude, temperature and eco-region. Significant differences in mean shape between populations and eco-regions were detected, but they were smaller than those at the intra-population level. Correct assignment based on wing shape was low at the population level (<58%) and only slightly higher (>70%) at the eco-regional level, supporting the low population structure inferred from microsatellite data. Wing size was similar among populations with no significant differences between eco-regions. Population relationships in the genetic tree did not agree with those from the morphometric data; however, both datasets consistently reinforced a panmictic population of An. albimanus. Overall, site-specific population differentiation is not strongly supported by wing traits or genotypic data. We hypothesize that the metapopulation structure of An. albimanus throughout these Colombian eco-regions is favoring plasticity in wing traits, a relevant characteristic of species living under variable environmental conditions and colonizing new habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovan F Gómez
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Edna J Márquez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Lina A Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, 12159 NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, 12222 NY, USA.
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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Hurtado LA, Cáceres L, Chaves LF, Calzada JE. When climate change couples social neglect: malaria dynamics in Panamá. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e27. [PMID: 26038518 PMCID: PMC4008768 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge of infectious disease elimination is the need to interrupt pathogen transmission across all vulnerable populations. Ethnic minorities are among the key vulnerable groups deserving special attention in disease elimination initiatives, especially because their lifestyle might be intrinsically linked to locations with high transmission risk. There has been a renewed interest in malaria elimination, which has ignited a quest to understand factors necessary for sustainable malaria elimination, highlighting the need for diverse approaches to address epidemiological heterogeneity across malaria transmission settings. An analysis of malaria incidence among the Guna Amerindians of Panamá over the last 34 years showed that this ethnic minority was highly vulnerable to changes that were assumed to not impact malaria transmission. Epidemic outbreaks were linked with El Niño Southern Oscillations and were sensitive to political instability and policy changes that did not ensure adequate attention to the malaria control needs of the Gunas. Our results illustrate how the neglect of minorities poses a threat to the sustainable control and eventual elimination of malaria in Central America and other areas where ethnic minorities do not share the benefits of malaria control strategies intended for dominant ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Amarilis Hurtado
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593 , Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres
- Departamento de Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593 , Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto , Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan ; Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado Postal No. 304-3000 , Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - José E Calzada
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593 , Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
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Pavón N, Buelna-Chontal M, Hernández-Esquivel L, Hernández S, Chávez E, Condé R, Lanz-Mendoza H. Mitochondrial inactivation by Anopheles albimanus cecropin 3: molecular mechanisms. Peptides 2014; 53:202-9. [PMID: 23880546 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cecropin 3 (Ccrp3) is an antimicrobial peptide from Anopheles albimanus, which is expressed during Plasmodium berghei infection. Here, we report that synthetic Ccrp3, aside from antibacterial activity, also shows cardio regulatory functions. In rats, Ccrp3 significantly diminishes blood pressure as well as the heartbeat frequency at nanomolar concentration. Ccrp3 affect the rat cardiac muscle mitochondria, inducing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen consumption and transport of Ca(2). Ccrp3 treatment of the mitochondria causes mitochondrial damage promoting oxidative stress, causing overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of superoxide dismutase. At nM concentration, Ccrp3 inhibits superoxide dismutase activity through direct interaction, diminishing by its enzymatic activity. Ccrp3 induces the release of the pro-apoptotic marker Bax from the mitochondria. Altogether, these results suggest that Ccrp3 pro-oxidative activity on cardiac muscle mitochondria could be responsible for triggering the heartbeat frequency and blood pressure lowering observed the Ccrp3 injected rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pavón
- Departamento de Farmacología. Dirección de investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico
| | - Mabel Buelna-Chontal
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico
| | - Luz Hernández-Esquivel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No.1, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico
| | - Sauri Hernández
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico
| | - Edmundo Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No.1, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico
| | - Renaud Condé
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP 62501 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP 62501 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Tsikolia M, Bernier UR, Coy MR, Chalaire KC, Becnel JJ, Agramonte NM, Tabanca N, Wedge DE, Clark GG, Linthicum KJ, Swale DR, Bloomquist JR. Insecticidal, repellent and fungicidal properties of novel trifluoromethylphenyl amides. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2013; 107:138-47. [PMID: 25149248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Twenty trifluoromethylphenyl amides were synthesized and evaluated as fungicides and as mosquito toxicants and repellents. Against Aedes aegypti larvae, N-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamide (1e) was the most toxic compound (24 h LC50 1940 nM), while against adults N-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (1c) was most active (24 h LD50 19.182 nM, 0.5 μL/insect). However, the 24 h LC50 and LD50 values of fipronil against Ae. aegypti larvae and adults were significantly lower: 13.55 nM and 0.787 × 10(-4) nM, respectively. Compound 1c was also active against Drosophila melanogaster adults with 24 h LC50 values of 5.6 and 4.9 μg/cm(2) for the Oregon-R and 1675 strains, respectively. Fipronil had LC50 values of 0.004 and 0.017 μg/cm(2) against the two strains of D. melanogaster, respectively. In repellency bioassays against female Ae. aegypti, 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide (4c) had the highest repellent potency with a minimum effective dosage (MED) of 0.039 μmol/cm(2) compared to DEET (MED of 0.091 μmol/cm(2)). Compound N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)hexanamide (4a) had an MED of 0.091 μmol/cm(2) which was comparable to DEET. Compound 4c was the most potent fungicide against Phomopsis obscurans. Several trends were discerned between the structural configuration of these molecules and the effect of structural changes on toxicity and repellency. Para- or meta- trifluoromethylphenyl amides with an aromatic ring attached to the carbonyl carbon showed higher toxicity against Ae. aegypti larvae, than ortho- trifluoromethylphenyl amides. Ortho- trifluoromethylphenyl amides with trifluoromethyl or alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon produced higher repellent activity against female Ae. aegypti and Anopheles albimanus than meta- or para- trifluoromethylphenyl amides. The presence of 2,6-dichloro- substitution on the phenyl ring of the amide had an influence on larvicidal and repellent activity of para- trifluoromethylphenyl amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Tsikolia
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Ulrich R Bernier
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Monique R Coy
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Katelyn C Chalaire
- Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, PO Box 43, Bldg 937, Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, FL 32212-0043, USA
| | - James J Becnel
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Natasha M Agramonte
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Nurhayat Tabanca
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - David E Wedge
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Gary G Clark
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Kenneth J Linthicum
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0009, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0009, USA
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Hernández-Martínez S, Barradas-Bautista D, Rodríguez MH. Diferential DNA synthesis in Anopheles albimanus tissues induced by immune challenge with different microorganisms. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2013; 84:1-14. [PMID: 23797988 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The induction of DNA synthesis in various tissues of Anopheles albimanus, in response to challenge with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Micrococcus luteus, and Serratia marcescens, was analyzed by 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) incorporation. Microorganism-inoculated mosquitoes were fed with a sucrose solution containing BrdU and maintained alive for 5 days. Alternatively, abdominal carcasses of microorganisms-inoculated mosquitoes were cultivated in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium supplemented with BrdU for 5 days. Control groups were inoculated with RPMI alone. In both experiments, DNA synthesis, evidenced by epifluorescence with an anti-BrdU fluorescein-labeled antibody, occurred in fat body, epithelial cells of pleural membranes, dorsal vessel, and the oviducts. Relative quantification of DNA synthesis, evaluated by ELISA using an anti-BrdU peroxidase-labeled antibody, was higher in abdomen tissues of microorganisms-inoculated mosquitoes than controls in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The intensity of DNA synthesis varied among the different microorganism challenges, but was higher in in vivo experiments, compared to cultured samples. These differences in DNA synthesis suggest a compartmentalization of the immune response, probably mediated by different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Becnel JJ, Johnson MA. Pathogenicity Tests on Nine Mosquito Species and Several Non-target Organisms with Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Nemata Mermithidae). J Nematol 1998; 30:411-414. [PMID: 19274233 PMCID: PMC2620315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine species of mosquitoes and several species of non-target aquatic organisms were tested for susceptibility to the mernaithid nematode, Strelkovimermis spiculatus. All species of Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, and Toxorhynchites exposed to S. spiculatus were susceptible. Of the nine mosquito species tested, C. pipiens quinquefasciatus had the greatest tolerance to initial invasion and the highest percent infection of those that survived. High levels of infection were also achieved with Aedes taeniorhynchus and A. albopictus, but these mosquitoes were significantly less tolerant to parasitism than C. pipiens quinquefasciatus. Strelkovimermis spiculatus did not infect or develop in any of the non-target hosts tested.
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