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Ben-Shlomo Y, Darweesh S, Llibre-Guerra J, Marras C, San Luciano M, Tanner C. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2024; 403:283-292. [PMID: 38245248 PMCID: PMC11123577 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease shows marked variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, prevalence has increased over and above demographic changes. There are several potential reasons for this increase, including the decline in other competing causes of death. Whether incidence is increasing, especially in women or in many low-income and middle-income countries where there is a shortage of high-quality data, is less certain. Parkinson's disease is more common in older people and men, and a variety of environmental factors have been suggested to explain why, including exposure to neurotoxic agents. Within countries, there appear to be ethnic differences in disease risk, although these differences might reflect differential access to health care. The cause of Parkinson's disease is multifactorial, and involves genetic and environmental factors. Both risk factors (eg, pesticides) and protective factors (eg, physical activity and tendency to smoke) have been postulated to have a role in Parkinson's disease, although elucidating causality is complicated by the long prodromal period. Following the establishment of public health strategies to prevent cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and dementia are gaining a deserved higher priority. Multipronged prevention strategies are required that tackle population-based primary prevention, high-risk targeted secondary prevention, and Parkinson's disease-modifying therapies for tertiary prevention. Future international collaborations will be required to triangulate evidence from basic, applied, and epidemiological research, thereby enhancing the understanding and prevention of Parkinson's disease at a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Sirwan Darweesh
- Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Connie Marras
- The Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marta San Luciano
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Tanner
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Holla VV, Pal PK. Overview of management of infection-related movement disorders with focus on specific-infections. Clin Park Relat Disord 2024; 10:100233. [PMID: 38304096 PMCID: PMC10831291 DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections are important treatable causes of secondary movement disorders (MD) that can have heterogeneous presentations. According to various studies, infection-related movement disorders (IRMD) account for around 10-20% of secondary MD. Certain infections have a predilection for causing various MD, and some MD phenomenologies, such as acute cerebellar ataxia and opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndromes (OMAS), suggest a strong possibility of an underlying infectious cause. The underlying pathophysiology is multifaceted, including direct neuronal damage due to neurotropism, granulomas, abscesses causing structural damage, and inflammatory and autoimmune responses triggered by infections. Understanding the prevalence, spectrum, and pattern of these IRMD and common infections that are responsible helps in early diagnosis, and instituting appropriate, timely treatment, thereby improving the overall prognosis and avoiding unnecessary investigations. In this review, we aim to provide a brief overview of common infections associated with MD, common clinical presentations of IRMD, their underlying pathophysiology, and overall approach to their treatment, with a focus on specific treatments of prevalent and treatable IRMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram V Holla
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
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Rodriguez Salgado AM, Acosta I, Kim DJ, Zitser J, Sosa AL, Acosta D, Jimenez-Velasquez IZ, Guerra M, Salas A, Valvuerdi A, Llibre-Guerra JC, Jeyachandran C, Contreras RL, Hesse H, Tanner C, Llibre Rodriguez JJ, Prina M, Llibre-Guerra JJ. Prevalence and impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms in normal aging and neurodegenerative syndromes: A population-based study from Latin America. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5730-5741. [PMID: 37427840 PMCID: PMC10776811 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) are common in neurodegenerative diseases; however, little is known about the prevalence of NPSs in Hispanic populations. METHODS Using data from community-dwelling participants age 65 years and older enrolled in the 10/66 study (N = 11,768), we aimed to estimate the prevalence of NPSs in Hispanic populations with dementia, parkinsonism, and parkinsonism-dementia (PDD) relative to healthy aging. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) was used to assess NPSs. RESULTS NPSs were highly prevalent in Hispanic populations with neurodegenerative disease; approximately 34.3%, 56.1%, and 61.2% of the participants with parkinsonism, dementia, and PDD exhibited three or more NPSs, respectively. NPSs were the major contributor to caregiver burden. DISCUSSION Clinicians involved in the care of elderly populations should proactively screen for NPSs, especially in patients with parkinsonism, dementia, and PPD, and develop intervention plans to support families and caregivers. Highlights Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) are highly prevalent in Hispanic populations with neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy Hispanic populations, NPSs are predominantly mild and not clinically significant. The most common NPSs include depression, sleep disorders, irritability, and agitation. NPSs explain a substantial proportion of the variance in global caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Rodriguez Salgado
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of San Francisco California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Isaac Acosta
- Laboratory of the Dementias, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dani J Kim
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Zitser
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ana Luisa Sosa
- Laboratory of the Dementias, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daisy Acosta
- Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Ureña (UNPHU), Internal Medicine Department, Geriatric Section, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Ivonne Z Jimenez-Velasquez
- Internal Medicine Department, Geriatrics Program, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Mariella Guerra
- Instituto de la Memoria Depresion y Enfermedades de Riesgo IMEDER, Lima, Perú
| | - Aquiles Salas
- Medicine Department, Caracas University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo López Contreras
- Memory Clinic, Neurology Service, Salvadoran Social Security Institute, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Heike Hesse
- Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Caroline Tanner
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew Prina
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Jorge J Llibre-Guerra
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Llibre-Guerra JJ, Prina M, Sosa AL, Acosta D, Jimenez-Velazquez IZ, Guerra M, Salas A, Llibre-Guerra JC, Valvuerdi A, Peeters G, Ziegemeier E, Acosta I, Tanner C, Juncos J, Llibre Rodriguez JJ. Prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson disease in urban and rural populations from Latin America: A community based study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2021; 7:None. [PMID: 35300390 PMCID: PMC8920908 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Age and gender specific prevalence rates for parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease (PD) are important to guide research, clinical practice, and public health planning; however, prevalence estimates in Latin America (LatAm) are limited. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of parkinsonism and PD and examine related risk factors in a cohort of elderly individuals from Latin America (LatAm). Methods Data from 11,613 adults (65+ years) who participated in a baseline assessment of the 10/66 study and lived in six LatAm countries were analyzed to estimate parkinsonism and PD prevalence. Crude and age-adjusted prevalence were determined by sex and country. Diagnosis of PD was established using the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank's clinical criteria. Findings In this cohort, the prevalence of parkinsonism was 8.0% (95% CI 7.6%-8.5%), and the prevalence of PD was 2.0% (95% CI 1.7%-2.3%). PD prevalence increased with age from 1.0 to 3.5 (65-69vs. 80 years or older, p < 0.001). Age-adjusted prevalence rates were lower for women than for men. No significant differences were found across countries, except for lower prevalence in urban areas of Peru. PD was positively associated with depression (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 2.06, 95% CI 1.40-3.01, I 2 = 56.0%), dementia (aPR 1.57, 95% CI 1.07- 2.32, I 2 = 0.0%) and educational level (aPR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01- 1.29, I 2 = 58.6%). Interpretation The reported prevalence of PD in LatAm is similar to reports from high-income countries (HIC). A significant proportion of cases with PD did not have a previous diagnosis, nor did they seek any medical or neurological attention. These findings underscore the need to improve public health programs for populations currently undergoing rapid demographic aging and epidemiological transition. Funding The funding source had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Llibre-Guerra
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA,Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, La Habana, Cuba,Corresponding author: Jorge J Llibre Guerra, MD, MSc, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St.Louis, USA
| | - Matthew Prina
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Luisa Sosa
- Laboratory of the Dementias, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daisy Acosta
- Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Ureña (UNPHU), Internal Medicine Department, Geriatric Section, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Ivonne Z. Jimenez-Velazquez
- Internal Medicine Department, Geriatrics Program, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Mariella Guerra
- Instituto de la Memoria Depresion y Enfermedades de Riesgo IMEDER, Lima, Perú
| | - Aquiles Salas
- Medicine Department, Caracas University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | - Geeske Peeters
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Ziegemeier
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
| | - Isaac Acosta
- Laboratory of the Dementias, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Caroline Tanner
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jorge Juncos
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine
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Márquez-Cruz M, Díaz-Martínez JP, Soto-Molina H, De Saráchaga AJ, Cervantes-Arriaga A, Llorens-Arenas R, Rodríguez-Violante M. A systematic review and mixed treatment comparison of monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease: implications for Latin America. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2016; 16:97-102. [PMID: 26731410 DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2016.1135740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. There are no clinical trials comparing all available pharmacological therapies for the treatment of early PD. The objective of this review is to indirectly analyze the efficacy of antiparkinson drugs currently available in Latin America. A systematic review was performed exploring only placebo-controlled randomized trials comparing antiparkinson monotherapy (levodopa, pramipexole, rasagiline, or selegiline) in patients with PD on Hoehn and Yahr stages I through III published from January 1994 to May 2014. The primary outcome was the mean change in the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) I, II and III. A mixed treatment comparison analysis (indirect comparisons) through a random-effects model was performed. Levodopa demonstrated the highest effects in terms of UPDRS score improvement both from baseline and when compared to other treatments. Levodopa showed a 60.1% probability of granting the greatest reduction in UPDRS I, II and III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Herman Soto-Molina
- a Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Adib Jorge De Saráchaga
- c Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit , National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Amin Cervantes-Arriaga
- c Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit , National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Llorens-Arenas
- c Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit , National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Mexico City , Mexico.,d Movement Disorder Clinic , National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Mayela Rodríguez-Violante
- c Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit , National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Mexico City , Mexico.,d Movement Disorder Clinic , National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Mexico City , Mexico
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Panegyres PK, Shu CC, Chen HY, Paulsen JS. Factors influencing the clinical expression of intermediate CAG repeat length mutations of the Huntington's disease gene. J Neurol 2014; 262:277-84. [PMID: 25380582 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our aim is to elucidate the clinical variables associated with the development of manifest HD in patients with intermediate CAG repeat lengths. 2,167 participants were seen throughout 44 research sites in the United States, Canada or Australia over a five-year natural history observational study (2006-2011) (Trial # NCT00313495). The Chi-square test and a generalised linear model were used to examine the differences in demographics and cognitive tests among three groups of CAG repeat length. The mixed model was then used to examine the time effect on cognitive assessments by CAG groups. No patient with CAG repeat length 27-35 developed manifest HD, whereas three patients with 36-39 did. Total motor score, maximal chorea score and maximal dystonia score were significantly different at baseline (p < 0.001) for each measure between those patients with a repeat length 27-35 versus those 36-39; as were total functional assessment, independence scale and total functional capacity (p < 0.001). Being aged 65 years or more (OR 5.81, 95 % CI 0.37-90.58, p = 0.02) and smoking (OR 13.99, 95 % CI 2.03-96.44, p = 0.007) were related to manifest HD in patients with CAG 36-39; those with an associated university degree or higher education were less frequently diagnosed as manifest HD (OR 0.10, 95 % CI 0.02-0.54, p = 0.007). Age, smoking and lower education achievement were found to be significantly associated with higher odds of manifest HD in patients with intermediate CAG repeat length mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Panegyres
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Pty Ltd, 4 Lawrence Avenue, 6005, West Perth, WA, Australia,
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Del Brutto OH, Del Brutto VJ. Movement Disorders Among Adult Neurological Outpatients Evaluated over 20 Years in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Neurol Int 2013; 5:e18. [PMID: 24147215 PMCID: PMC3794453 DOI: 10.4081/ni.2013.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little information available on the evolutive pattern of patients with movement disorders in developing countries. We analyzed 579 consecutive adults with movement disorders and prospectively evaluated them at our institution (Department of Neurological Sciences, Kennedy Clinic, Guayaquil, Ecuador) from 1990 to 2009. Mean age was 62.9±17.5 years, and 50.8% were men. Patients presented with tremor/rigidity (55%), involuntary movements (23.5%) and abnormalities of stance and gait (21.5%). Overall, 45% of our patients had degenerative disorders of the nervous system. We found significant increases in the relative prevalence of tremor/rigidity and abnormalities of stance and gait, and this reflected an increase in the number of patients with degenerative diseases over the study years. We found a dynamic pattern of movement disorders over the years. Today, causes and relative prevalence of these conditions in our population is more similar to that reported from the developed world than it was 20 years ago.
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Jain S, Ferrando SJ. Manganese Neurotoxicity Presenting with Depression, Psychosis and Catatonia. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2011; 52:74-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Berkeley RP, Sohoni A. An 11-year-old female with altered mental status, speech changes, and abnormal jerking movements. Acad Emerg Med 2010; 17:723-8. [PMID: 20653586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross P Berkeley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, USA.
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