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Epidemiology of pediatric essential tremor in the United States: a systematic literature review from 2010 to 2020. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2022; 12:11. [PMID: 35531121 PMCID: PMC9029662 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methods: Results: Discussion:
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Álvarez I, Pastor P, Agúndez JAG. Genomic Markers for Essential Tremor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060516. [PMID: 34072005 PMCID: PMC8226734 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many reports suggesting an important role of genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis of essential tremor (ET), encouraging continuing the research for possible genetic markers. Linkage studies in families with ET have identified 4 genes/loci for familial ET, although the responsible gene(s) have not been identified. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) described several variants in LINGO1, SLC1A2, STK32B, PPARGC1A, and CTNNA3, related with ET, but none of them have been confirmed in replication studies. In addition, the case-control association studies performed for candidate variants have not convincingly linked any gene with the risk for ET. Exome studies described the association of several genes with familial ET (FUS, HTRA2, TENM4, SORT1, SCN11A, NOTCH2NLC, NOS3, KCNS2, HAPLN4, USP46, CACNA1G, SLIT3, CCDC183, MMP10, and GPR151), but they were found only in singular families and, again, not found in other families or other populations, suggesting that some can be private polymorphisms. The search for responsible genes for ET is still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, E28500 Arganda del Rey, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-636-96-83-95; Fax: +34-913-28-07-04
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, E10071 Caceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Fundació Docencia i Recerça Mútua de Terrassa, E08221 Terrassa, Spain; (I.Á.); (P.P.)
| | - Pau Pastor
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Fundació Docencia i Recerça Mútua de Terrassa, E08221 Terrassa, Spain; (I.Á.); (P.P.)
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, E10071 Caceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
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Yan YP, Xu CY, Gu LY, Zhang B, Shen T, Gao T, Tian J, Pu JL, Yin XZ, Zhang BR, Zhao GH. Genetic testing of FUS, HTRA2, and TENM4 genes in Chinese patients with essential tremor. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:837-841. [PMID: 32196977 PMCID: PMC7366735 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most prevalent movement disorders. The genetic etiology of ET has not been well defined although a significant proportion (≥50%) are familial cases. Linkage analysis and genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several risk variants. In recent years, whole‐exome sequencing of ET has revealed several specific causal variants in FUS (p.Q290X), HTRA2 (p.G399S), and TENM4 (c.4324 G>A, c.4100C>A, and c.3412G>A) genes. Objective To investigate the genetic contribution of these three genes to ET, the protein‐coding sequences of FUS, HTRA2, and TENM4 were analyzed in a total of 238 ET patients and 272 controls from eastern China using direct Sanger sequencing. Results We identified two synonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs741810 and rs1052352 in FUS, and three previously reported synonymous SNPs, rs11237621, rs689369, and rs2277277 in TENM4. No nonsynonymous exonic variants were identified in these subjects. We found that the frequency of the rs1052352C allele was significantly higher (P = .001) in the ET group than in the control group. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that rs1052352 of FUS might contribute to ET risk in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong-Ying Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Lu-Yan Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Li Pu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhen Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological movement disorder characterised by bilateral limb kinetic/postural tremor, with or without tremor in other body parts including head, voice and lower limbs. Since no causative genes for ET have been identified, it is likely that the disorder occurs as a result of complex genetic factors interacting with various cellular and environmental factors that can result in abnormal function of circuitry involving the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. Genetic analyses have uncovered at least 14 loci and 11 genes that are related to ET, as well as various risk or protective genetic factors. Limitations in ET genetic analyses include inconsistent disease definition, small sample size, varied ethnic backgrounds and many other factors that may contribute to paucity of relevant genetic data in ET. Genetic analyses, coupled with functional and animal studies, have led to better insights into possible pathogenic mechanisms underlying ET. These genetic studies may guide the future development of genetic testing and counselling, and specific, pathogenesis-targeted, therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
Tremor is a fairly common movement disorder presenting to an outpatient pediatric neurology practice. Tremors can be primary or secondary to underlying neurologic or systemic diseases. When assessing a child with tremor, it is paramount to evaluate the phenomenology of the tremor, determine the presence or absence of other neurologic signs and symptoms, and the possible modifying influence of medications. Proper classification is essential for specific diagnosis and prompt adequate management. Treatment considerations should take into account objective assessment of tremor severity and the degree of disability or impairment experienced by the child. Overall effectiveness of pharmacologic treatments of tremor is unfortunately disappointing. In this article we review the clinical examination, classification, and diagnosis of tremor. The pathophysiology of the different forms of tremor is outlined, and treatment options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrabhaga Miskin
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Saint Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Karen S Carvalho
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
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Agúndez JAG, García-Martín E, Alonso-Navarro H, Ayuso P, Esguevillas G, Benito-León J, Ortega-Cubero S, Pastor P, López-Alburquerque T, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase gene and essential tremor. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:348-356. [PMID: 28276576 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports found a relationship between increased serum lead levels and the risk for essential tremor (ET), especially in carriers of the minor allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800435 in the aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) gene, which is involved in the synthesis of haem groups. Our group reported decreased risk for ET in carriers of the minor alleles of the rs2071746 and rs1051308 SNPs in the haem-oxygenases 1 and 2 (HMOX1 and HMOX2), respectively, involved in haem metabolism. We analysed whether ALAD rs1800435 alone and their interactions with the four common SNPs in the HMOX1 and HMOX2 genes are associated with the risk for ET. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed the genotype and allele variants frequencies of ALAD rs1800435 in 202 patients with familial ET and 218 healthy controls using a TaqMan method. We also analysed the role of the interaction between ALAD rs1800435 and the HMOX1 rs2071746, HMOX1 rs2071747, HMOX2 rs2270363 and HMOX2 rs1051308 with the risk of developing ET. RESULTS The frequencies of genotype and allelic variants of ALAD rs1800435 did not differ significantly between patients with ET and controls, and were not influenced by gender. Subjects carrying the ALAD rs1800435CC genotype (wild-type) and the HMOX2 rs1051308GG genotype or the HMOX2 rs1051308G allele had significantly decreased risk for ET. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the ALAD rs1800435 SNP is not related with the risk for ET, but its interaction with the HMOX2 rs1051308 SNP could be weakly associated with the risk for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A G Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martín
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia Alonso-Navarro
- Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Ayuso
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gara Esguevillas
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Service of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, García-Martín E, Alonso-Navarro H, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Ortega-Cubero S, Pastor P, Calleja M, Agúndez JAG. A family study of DRD3 rs6280, SLC1A2 rs3794087 and MAPT rs1052553 variants in essential tremor. Neurol Res 2016; 38:880-7. [PMID: 27456607 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1210355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Despite many data suggesting a role of genetic factors in the risk for essential tremor (ET), the responsible genes have not been identified. We analyzed in ET Spanish families three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): DRD3 rs6280, SLC1A2 rs3794087, and MAPT rs1052553) previously related to an increased risk for developing the disease. METHODS We recruited 45 subjects with ET and 13 subjects without tremor belonging to 11 families who were evaluated because of familial tremor. Diagnosis of probable or definite ET was done according to TRIG criteria. Genotyping of the 3 SNPs was done using TaqMan-based qPCR assays. Data were compared with those of healthy controls of our laboratory. Family-based association testing for disease traits was performed as well. RESULTS rs6280 and rs3794087 genotype and allelic frequencies did not differ significantly between subjects with ET and healthy controls. However, rs1052553AA genotype and the allele rs1052553A allele were significantly more frequent among ET patients. rs1052553A allele was non-significantly overrepresented in ET patients compared with controls when considering only the more severely affected member of each ET family. Family-based association test for disease traits showed lack of association between ET and the three SNPs studied. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed a lack of association between rs6280 and rs3794087 with the risk for ET, though a marginal increased risk for ET was observed among the rs1052553A allele carriers, which was not confirmed with a family-based association study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- a Section of Neurology , Hospital Universitario del Sureste , Arganda del Rey , Spain.,b Department of Medicine-Neurology , Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares , Spain
| | | | - Hortensia Alonso-Navarro
- a Section of Neurology , Hospital Universitario del Sureste , Arganda del Rey , Spain.,b Department of Medicine-Neurology , Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares , Spain
| | - Oswaldo Lorenzo-Betancor
- d Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences , Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,e Department of Neurology , Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia , Palencia , Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- d Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences , Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,e Department of Neurology , Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia , Palencia , Spain.,f CIBERNED,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- d Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences , Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,f CIBERNED,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain.,g Movement Disorders Unit, Deparment of of Neurology , Hospital Mutua de Terrassa , Terrassa , Spain
| | - Marisol Calleja
- a Section of Neurology , Hospital Universitario del Sureste , Arganda del Rey , Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- c Department of Pharmacology , Universidad de Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
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SLC1A2 rs3794087 variant and risk for essential tremor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 25:564-8. [PMID: 26313486 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Recently, a genome-wide association study showed a statistically significant association between the rs3794087 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the solute carrier family 1--glial affinity glutamate transporter, member 2 (SLC1A2) and the risk for essential tremor (ET). However, four further association studies showed controversial results.We carried out a systematic review and a meta-analysis including all the studies published on the risk of ET related to this SNP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The systematic review was performed using several databases, the meta-analysis was carried out using the software Meta-DiSc 1.1.1, and heterogeneity between studies was tested using the Q statistic. RESULTS The meta-analysis included five association studies for the SLC1A2 rs3794087 SNP (1925 ET patients, 4914 controls) and the risk for ET. The global diagnostic odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) was 1.08 (0.79-1.48) for the total group. After excluding data from the discovery series (which was responsible for a high degree of heterogeneity), the global diagnostic odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) was 0.96 (0.74-1.23). The separate analysis in White and Asiatic individuals on the frequency of the minor allele of rs3794087 did not show significant differences between ET patients and controls in both subgroups after excluding the discovery series. CONCLUSION The results of the meta-analysis suggest that rs3794087 is not associated with the risk for ET.
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Hicks JE, Konidari I, Scott BL, Stajich JM, Ashley-Koch AE, Gilbert JR, Scott WK. Linkage of familial essential tremor to chromosome 5q35. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1059-62. [PMID: 26918299 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor is a neurological condition characterized by tremor during voluntary movement. To date, 3 loci linked to familial essential tremor have been identified. METHODS We examined 48 essential tremor patients in 5 large essential tremor pedigrees in our data set for genetic linkage using an Affymetrix Axiom array. Linkage analysis was performed using an affecteds-only dominant model in SIMWALK2. To incorporate all genotype information, GERMLINE was used to identify genome segments shared identical-by-descent in pairs of affecteds. Exome sequencing was performed in pedigrees showing evidence of linkage. RESULTS For one family, chromosomes 5 and 18 showed genome-wide significant linkage to essential tremor. Shared segment analysis excluded the 18p11 candidate region and reduced the 5q35 region by 1 megabase. Exome sequencing did not identify a potential causative variant in this region. CONCLUSION A locus on chromosome 5 is linked to essential tremor. Further research is needed to identify a causative variant. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Hicks
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ioanna Konidari
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Burton L Scott
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Stajich
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - John R Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - William K Scott
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Hopfner F, Stevanin G, Müller SH, Mundwiller E, Bungeroth M, Durr A, Pendziwiat M, Anheim M, Schneider SA, Tittmann L, Klebe S, Lorenz D, Deuschl G, Brice A, Kuhlenbäumer G. The impact of rare variants in FUS in essential tremor. Mov Disord 2015; 30:721-4. [PMID: 25631824 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We analyzed the coding region of the Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) gene in familial essential tremor (ET) and reviewed previous studies assessing FUS variants in ET. BACKGROUND ET is often a familial disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. A potentially causative variant in FUS has been identified in one ET family. Subsequent studies described further putatively causal variants. METHODS We performed DNA sequencing of FUS in 85 unrelated, familial German and French definite ET patients. RESULTS We did not find novel variants affecting the protein sequence. Seven previously published studies and data from the exome variant server (EVS) showed that rare exonic variants in FUS are not more frequent in ET than in the general population. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide no evidence for a role of rare genetic variants in the pathogenesis of ET, apart from the initially published FUS mutation segregating in a large ET family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hopfner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Schmouth JF, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Genetics of essential tremor: From phenotype to genes, insights from both human and mouse studies. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 119-120:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Deng H, Gao K, Jankovic J. The role of FUS gene variants in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2014; 10:337-48. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hedera P, Cibulčík F, Davis TL. Pharmacotherapy of essential tremor. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2013; 5:43-55. [PMID: 24385718 PMCID: PMC3873223 DOI: 10.4137/jcnsd.s6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. This has limited the development of effective pharmacotherapy. The current therapeutic armamentaria for ET represent the product of careful clinical observation rather than targeted molecular modeling. Here we review their pharmacokinetics, metabolism, dosing, and adverse effect profiles and propose a treatment algorithm. We also discuss the concept of medically refractory tremor, as therapeutic trials should be limited unless invasive therapy is contraindicated or not desired by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedera
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - František Cibulčík
- Department of Neurology, Slovak Medical University and University Hospital Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Thomas L Davis
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Rajput A, Rajput AH, Rajput ML, Encarnacion M, Bernales CQ, Ross JP, Farrer MJ, Vilariño-Güell C. Identification of FUS p.R377W in essential tremor. Eur J Neurol 2013; 21:361-3. [PMID: 23834483 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exome sequencing analysis has recently identified a nonsense mutation in fused in sarcoma (FUS) segregating with essential tremor (ET) within a large French-Canadian family. Further characterization of FUS resulted in the identification of additional mutations in ET patients; however, their pathogenicity still remains to be confirmed. The role of FUS in an independent cohort of ET patients from Canada was evaluated. METHODS The entire coding sequence of FUS in 217 patients diagnosed with ET was analyzed and two missense variants in 219 healthy controls were genotyped by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Sequencing of FUS identified a previously reported non-pathogenic mutation p.G174_G175del in one ET patient and two healthy controls, and a novel p.R377W in one patient with family history of disease. This mutation is highly conserved and strongly predicted to be damaging by in silico analysis. CONCLUSION This study has identified a novel FUS p.R377W substitution in ET patients. Additional genotyping studies in a large number of ET patients and controls are necessary to conclusively define its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rajput
- Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan and Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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