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Cibulka M, Brodnanova M, Halasova E, Kurca E, Kolisek M, Grofik M. The Role of Magnesium in Parkinson's Disease: Status Quo and Implications for Future Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8425. [PMID: 39125993 PMCID: PMC11312984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent an increasing economic, social, and, above all, medical burden worldwide. The second most prevalent disease in this category is Parkinson's disease, surpassed only by Alzheimer's. It is a treatable but still incurable systemic disease with a pathogenesis that has not yet been elucidated. Several theories are currently being developed to explain the causes and progression of Parkinson's disease. Magnesium is one of the essential macronutrients and is absolutely necessary for life as we know it. The magnesium cation performs several important functions in the cell in the context of energetic metabolism, substrate metabolism, cell signalling, and the regulation of the homeostasis of other ions. Several of these cellular processes have been simultaneously described as being disrupted in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. The relationship between magnesium homeostasis and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease has received little scientific attention to date. The aim of this review is to summarise and critically evaluate the current state of knowledge on the possible role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and to outline possible future directions for research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Cibulka
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Maria Brodnanova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Erika Halasova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Egon Kurca
- Clinic of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Kolisek
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Milan Grofik
- Clinic of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
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Functional characteristics and therapeutic potential of SLC41 transporters. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 151:88-92. [PMID: 36707183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) plays an important role in various cellular functions such as protein synthesis, DNA stability, energy metabolism, enzyme and channel activities, and muscle contractility. Therefore, intracellular Mg2+ concentration is tightly regulated by multiple Mg2+ transporters and channels. So far, various candidate genes of Mg2+ transporters have been identified, and the research on their structure and function is currently in progress. The Solute Carrier 41 (SLC41) family, which is related to the bacterial Mg2+ transporter/channel MgtE, comprises three isoforms of SLC41A1, SLC41A2, and SLC41A3. Based on recent studies, SLC41A1 is thought to mediate Mg2+ influx or Na+-dependent Mg2+ efflux across the plasma membrane, whereas SLC41A2 and SLC41A3 may mediate Mg2+ fluxes across either the plasma membrane or organellar membranes. Intriguingly, SLC41A1 variants have been identified in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies. Further genetic analyses reveal the association of SLC41A1 polymorphisms with PD risks. This review highlights the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and functional characteristics of SLC41 family towards its therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Cibulka M, Brodnanova M, Grendar M, Necpal J, Benetin J, Han V, Kurca E, Nosal V, Skorvanek M, Vesely B, Stanclova A, Lasabova Z, Pös Z, Szemes T, Stuchlik S, Grofik M, Kolisek M. Alzheimer's Disease-Associated SNP rs708727 in SLC41A1 May Increase Risk for Parkinson's Disease: Report from Enlarged Slovak Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031604. [PMID: 35163527 PMCID: PMC8835868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC41A1 (A1) SNPs rs11240569 and rs823156 are associated with altered risk for Parkinson's disease (PD), predominantly in Asian populations, and rs708727 has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we have examined a potential association of the three aforementioned SNPs and of rs9438393, rs56152218, and rs61822602 (all three lying in the A1 promoter region) with PD in the Slovak population. Out of the six tested SNPs, we have identified only rs708727 as being associated with an increased risk for PD onset in Slovaks. The minor allele (A) in rs708727 is associated with PD in dominant and completely over-dominant genetic models (ORD = 1.36 (1.05-1.77), p = 0.02, and ORCOD = 1.34 (1.04-1.72), p = 0.02). Furthermore, the genotypic triplet GG(rs708727) + AG(rs823156) + CC(rs61822602) might be clinically relevant despite showing a medium (h ≥ 0.5) size difference (h = 0.522) between the PD and the control populations. RandomForest modeling has identified the power of the tested SNPs for discriminating between PD-patients and the controls to be essentially zero. The identified association of rs708727 with PD in the Slovak population leads us to hypothesize that this A1 polymorphism, which is involved in the epigenetic regulation of the expression of the AD-linked gene PM20D1, is also involved in the pathoetiology of PD (or universally in neurodegeneration) through the same or similar mechanism as in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Cibulka
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Brodnanova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Marian Grendar
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Jan Necpal
- Clinic of Neurology, AGEL Hospital in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Benetin
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Bratislava, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, 83303 Bratislva, Slovakia;
| | - Vladimir Han
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur in Kosice, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, 04066 Kosice, Slovakia; (V.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Egon Kurca
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (E.K.); (V.N.)
| | - Vladimir Nosal
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (E.K.); (V.N.)
| | - Matej Skorvanek
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur in Kosice, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, 04066 Kosice, Slovakia; (V.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Branislav Vesely
- Clinic of Neurology, Faculty Hospital in Nitra, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94901 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Andrea Stanclova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (A.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zora Lasabova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (A.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zuzana Pös
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.P.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
- GENETON s.r.o., 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Szemes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.P.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
- GENETON s.r.o., 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Stuchlik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.P.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Milan Grofik
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (E.K.); (V.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Kolisek
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (M.K.)
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Shen L, Wang C, Chen L, Wong G. Dysregulation of MicroRNAs and PIWI-Interacting RNAs in a Caenorhabditis elegans Parkinson's Disease Model Overexpressing Human α-Synuclein and Influence of tdp-1. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:600462. [PMID: 33762903 PMCID: PMC7982545 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.600462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) regulate gene expression and biological processes through specific genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Recent studies have described a dysregulation of small non-coding RNAs in Parkinson’s disease (PD) tissues but have been limited in scope. Here, we extend these studies by comparing the dysregulation of both miRNAs and piRNAs from transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) nematodes overexpressing pan-neuronally human α-synuclein wild-type (WT) (HASNWT OX) or mutant (HASNA53T OX). We observed 32 miRNAs and 112 piRNAs dysregulated in HASNA53T OX compared with WT. Genetic crosses of HASNA53T OX PD animal models with tdp-1 null mutants, the C. elegans ortholog of TDP-43, an RNA-binding protein aggregated in frontal temporal lobar degeneration, improved their behavioral deficits and changed the number of dysregulated miRNAs to 11 and piRNAs to none. Neuronal function-related genes T28F4.5, C34F6.1, C05C10.3, camt-1, and F54D10.3 were predicted to be targeted by cel-miR-1018, cel-miR-355-5p (C34F6.1 and C05C10.3), cel-miR-800-3p, and 21ur-1581 accordingly. This study provides a molecular landscape of small non-coding RNA dysregulation in an animal model that provides insight into the epigenetic changes, molecular processes, and interactions that occur during PD-associated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Shen
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Changliang Wang
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Garry Wong
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Wu Y, Funato Y, Meschi E, Jovanoski KD, Miki H, Waddell S. Magnesium efflux from Drosophila Kenyon cells is critical for normal and diet-enhanced long-term memory. eLife 2020; 9:61339. [PMID: 33242000 PMCID: PMC7843133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary magnesium (Mg2+) supplementation can enhance memory in young and aged rats. Memory-enhancing capacity was largely ascribed to increases in hippocampal synaptic density and elevated expression of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor. Here we show that Mg2+ feeding also enhances long-term memory in Drosophila. Normal and Mg2+-enhanced fly memory appears independent of NMDA receptors in the mushroom body and instead requires expression of a conserved CNNM-type Mg2+-efflux transporter encoded by the unextended (uex) gene. UEX contains a putative cyclic nucleotide-binding homology domain and its mutation separates a vital role for uex from a function in memory. Moreover, UEX localization in mushroom body Kenyon cells (KCs) is altered in memory-defective flies harboring mutations in cAMP-related genes. Functional imaging suggests that UEX-dependent efflux is required for slow rhythmic maintenance of KC Mg2+. We propose that regulated neuronal Mg2+ efflux is critical for normal and Mg2+-enhanced memory. The proverbial saying ‘you are what you eat’ perfectly summarizes the concept that our diet can influence both our mental and physical health. We know that foods that are good for the heart, such as nuts, oily fish and berries, are also good for the brain. We know too that vitamins and minerals are essential for overall good health. But is there any evidence that increasing your intake of specific vitamins or minerals could help boost your brain power? While it might sound almost too good to be true, there is some evidence that this is the case for at least one mineral, magnesium. Studies in rodents have shown that adding magnesium supplements to food improves how well the animals perform on memory tasks. Both young and old animals benefit from additional magnesium. Even elderly rodents with a condition similar to Alzheimer’s disease show less memory loss when given magnesium supplements. But what about other species? Wu et al. now show that magnesium supplements also boost memory performance in fruit flies. One group of flies was fed with standard cornmeal for several days, while the other group received cornmeal supplemented with magnesium. Both groups were then trained to associate an odor with a food reward. Flies that had received the extra magnesium showed better memory for the odor when tested 24 hours after training. Wu et al. show that magnesium improves memory in the flies via a different mechanism to that reported previously for rodents. In rodents, magnesium increased levels of a receptor protein for a brain chemical called glutamate. In fruit flies, by contrast, the memory boost depended on a protein that transports magnesium out of neurons. Mutant flies that lacked this transporter showed memory impairments. Unlike normal flies, those without the transporter showed no memory improvement after eating magnesium-enriched food. The results suggest that the transporter may help adjust magnesium levels inside brain cells in response to neural activity. Humans produce four variants of this magnesium transporter, each encoded by a different gene. One of these transporters has already been implicated in brain development. The findings of Wu et al. suggest that the transporters may also act in the adult brain to influence cognition. Further studies are needed to test whether targeting the magnesium transporter could ultimately hold promise for treating memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Wu
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Eleonora Meschi
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristijan D Jovanoski
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Scott Waddell
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Xie J, Cheng CS, Zhu XY, Shen YH, Song LB, Chen H, Chen Z, Liu LM, Meng ZQ. Magnesium transporter protein solute carrier family 41 member 1 suppresses human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through magnesium-dependent Akt/mTOR inhibition and bax-associated mitochondrial apoptosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2681-2698. [PMID: 31076559 PMCID: PMC6535063 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the function of the Mg2+ transporter protein solute carrier family 41 member 1 SLC41A1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. A total of 27 solute carrier proteins were differentially expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Three of these proteins were correlated with clinical outcomes in patients, among which SLC41A1 was downregulated in tumour. Overexpression of SLC41A1 suppressed orthotopic tumour growth in a mouse model and reduced the cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasiveness of KP3 and Panc-1 cells, which may have been associated with the increased population of apoptotic-prone cells. Overexpression of SLC41A1 reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential, induced Bax while suppressed Bcl-2 expression. Suppression of Bax abrogated the tumour-suppressive effects of SLC41A1. Furthermore, overexpression of SLC41A1 promoted Mg2+ efflux and suppressed Akt/mTOR activity, which is the upstream regulator of Bax and Bcl-2. An increase in Akt activity and supplementation with Mg2+ abolished SLC41A1-induced tumour suppression. The results of this study suggest that SLC41A1 may be a potential target for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chien-Shan Cheng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yan Zhu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ye Hua Shen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Li Bin Song
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Lu Ming Liu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Qiang Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Li N, Wang L, Zhang J, Tan EK, Li J, Peng J, Duan L, Chen C, Zhou D, He L, Peng R. Whole-exome sequencing in early-onset Parkinson's disease among ethnic Chinese. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 90:150.e5-150.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cibulka M, Brodnanova M, Grendar M, Grofik M, Kurca E, Pilchova I, Osina O, Tatarkova Z, Dobrota D, Kolisek M. SNPs rs11240569, rs708727, and rs823156 in SLC41A1 Do Not Discriminate Between Slovak Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Controls: Statistics and Machine-Learning Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194688. [PMID: 31546642 PMCID: PMC6801379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene SLC41A1 (A1) is localized within Parkinson’s disease-(PD)-susceptibility locus PARK16 and encodes for the Na+/Mg2+-exchanger. The association of several A1 SNPs with PD has been studied. Two, rs11240569 and rs823156, have been associated with reduced PD-susceptibility primarily in Asian populations. Here, we examined the association of rs11240569, rs708727, and rs823156 with PD in the Slovak population and their power to discriminate between PD patients and healthy controls. The study included 150 PD patients and 120 controls. Genotyping was performed with the TaqMan® approach. Data were analyzed by conventional statistics and Random Forest machine-learning (ML) algorithm. Individually, none of the three SNPs is associated with an altered risk for PD-onset in Slovaks. However, a combination of genotypes of SNP-triplet GG(rs11240569)/AG(rs708727)/AA(rs823156) is significantly (p < 0.05) more frequent in the PD (13.3%) than in the control (5%) cohort. ML identified the power of the tested SNPs in isolation or of their singlets (joined), duplets and triplets to discriminate between PD-patients and healthy controls as zero. Our data further substantiate differences between diverse populations regarding the association of A1 polymorphisms with PD-susceptibility. Lack of power of the tested SNPs to discriminate between PD and healthy cases render their clinical/diagnostic relevance in the Slovak population negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Cibulka
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Maria Brodnanova
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Marian Grendar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Milan Grofik
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital in Martin, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Egon Kurca
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital in Martin, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Ivana Pilchova
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Oto Osina
- Clinic of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital in Martin, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Tatarkova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Dusan Dobrota
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Kolisek
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
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Magnesium Is a Key Player in Neuronal Maturation and Neuropathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143439. [PMID: 31336935 PMCID: PMC6678825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is the second most abundant cation in mammalian cells, and it is essential for numerous cellular processes including enzymatic reactions, ion channel functions, metabolic cycles, cellular signaling, and DNA/RNA stabilities. Because of the versatile and universal nature of Mg2+, the homeostasis of intracellular Mg2+ is physiologically linked to growth, proliferation, differentiation, energy metabolism, and death of cells. On the cellular and tissue levels, maintaining Mg2+ within optimal levels according to the biological context, such as cell types, developmental stages, extracellular environments, and pathophysiological conditions, is crucial for development, normal functions, and diseases. Hence, Mg2+ is pathologically involved in cancers, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and demyelination. In the research field regarding the roles and mechanisms of Mg2+ regulation, numerous controversies caused by its versatility and complexity still exist. As Mg2+, at least, plays critical roles in neuronal development, healthy normal functions, and diseases, appropriate Mg2+ supplementation exhibits neurotrophic effects in a majority of cases. Hence, the control of Mg2+ homeostasis can be a candidate for therapeutic targets in neuronal diseases. In this review, recent results regarding the roles of intracellular Mg2+ and its regulatory system in determining the cell phenotype, fate, and diseases in the nervous system are summarized, and an overview of the comprehensive roles of Mg2+ is provided.
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Magnesium Extravaganza: A Critical Compendium of Current Research into Cellular Mg 2+ Transporters Other than TRPM6/7. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 176:65-105. [PMID: 30406297 DOI: 10.1007/112_2018_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium research has boomed within the last 20 years. The real breakthrough came at the start of the new millennium with the discovery of a plethora of possible Mg homeostatic factors that, in particular, included putative Mg2+ transporters. Until that point, Mg research was limited to biochemical and physiological work, as no target molecular entities were known that could be used to explore the molecular biology of Mg homeostasis at the level of the cell, tissue, organ, or organism and to translate such knowledge into the field of clinical medicine and pharmacology. Because of the aforementioned, Mg2+ and Mg homeostasis, both of which had been heavily marginalized within the biomedical field in the twentieth century, have become overnight a focal point of many studies ranging from primary biomedical research to translational medicine.The amount of literature concerning cellular Mg2+ transport and cellular Mg homeostasis is increasing, together with a certain amount of confusion, especially about the function(s) of the newly discovered and, in the majority of instances, still only putative Mg2+ transporters/Mg2+ homeostatic factors. Newcomers to the field of Mg research will thus find it particularly difficult to orient themselves.Here, we briefly but critically summarize the status quo of the current understanding of the molecular entities behind cellular Mg2+ homeostasis in mammalian/human cells other than TRPM6/7 chanzymes, which have been universally accepted as being unspecific cation channel kinases allowing the flux of Mg2+ while constituting the major gateway for Mg2+ to enter the cell.
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11
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Vilchez G, Dai J, Kumar K, Mundy D, Kontopoulos E, Sokol RJ. Racial/ethnic disparities in magnesium sulfate neuroprotection: a subgroup analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:2304-2311. [PMID: 28612671 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1342795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite known racial disparities in obstetrics, as well as differences in magnesium pharmacodynamics according to race, the effect of race/ethnicity in magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) use during pregnancy has not been studied. Whether some mothers are at increased risk of side effects, or infants at decreased neuroprotective effects is unknown. We analyze the effect of race/ethnicity in maternal/infant outcomes after MgSO4 neuroprotection. STUDY DESIGN Subgroup analysis of a multicenter clinical trial (BEAM trial) where pregnant women at risk of preterm birth were randomized to either MgSO4 or placebo. For this study, nonanomalous singleton pregnancies were studied. The effect of race in maternal/neonatal outcomes after MgSO4 was analyzed with Breslow-Day and multifactorial ANOVA. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) of complications according to race. RESULTS 922 MgSO4 and 972 placebo cases were included (45.0% African-American, 36.2% Caucasian, 17.8% Hispanics, and 1.0% Asians). Interaction analysis showed a significant effect of race/ethnicity (p = .043). Hispanics presented the highest frequency (88.3%, p < .001), as well as the highest odds of MgSO4 side effects [OR(95%CI) = 6.6 (1.3-33.8)]. CONCLUSION Hispanics present increased risk of magnesium toxicity compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Whether specific racial/ethnic groups require closer surveillance for early signs of magnesium toxicity needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Vilchez
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Jing Dai
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Komal Kumar
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - David Mundy
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Eftichia Kontopoulos
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Robert J Sokol
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
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Coherent and Contradictory Facts, Feats and Fictions Associated with Metal Accumulation in Parkinson's Disease: Epicenter or Outcome, Yet a Demigod Question. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4738-4755. [PMID: 27480264 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Unwarranted exposure due to liberal use of metals for maintaining the lavish life and to achieve the food demand for escalating population along with an incredible boost in the average human life span owing to orchestrated progress in rejuvenation therapy have gradually increased the occurrence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Etiology is albeit elusive; association of PD with metal accumulation has never been overlooked due to noteworthy similitude between metal-exposure symptoms and a few cardinal features of disease. Even though metals are entailed in the vital functions, a hysterical shift, primarily augmentation, escorts the stern nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. An increase in the passage of metals through the blood brain barrier and impaired metabolic activity and elimination system could lead to metal accumulation in the brain, which eventually makes dopaminergic neurons quite susceptible. In the present article, an update on implication of metal accumulation in PD/Parkinsonism has been provided. Moreover, encouraging and paradoxical facts and fictions associated with metal accumulation in PD/Parkinsonism have also been compiled. Systematic literature survey of PD is performed to describe updated information if metal accumulation is an epicenter or merely an outcome. Finally, a perspective on the association of metal accumulation with pesticide-induced Parkinsonism has been explained to unveil the likely impact of the former in the latter.
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Shindo Y, Yamanaka R, Suzuki K, Hotta K, Oka K. Altered expression of Mg(2+) transport proteins during Parkinson's disease-like dopaminergic cell degeneration in PC12 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1979-84. [PMID: 27157538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mg(2+) is an essential cation to maintain cellular functions, and intracellular Mg(2+) concentration ([Mg(2+)]i) is regulated by Mg(2+) channels and transporters. In our previous study, we demonstrated that MPP(+) elicits Mg(2+) influx across the cell membrane and Mg(2+) mobilization from mitochondria, and the resulting [Mg(2+)]i is an important determinants of the cell viability in MPP(+) model of Parkinson's disease (PD). It indicates that cellular Mg(2+) transport is one of the important factors to determine the progress of PD. However, whether the expression levels of Mg(2+) transport proteins change in the progress of PD has still been obscure. In this study, we estimated the mRNA expression levels of Mg(2+) transport proteins upon the exposure to MPP(+). In thirteen Mg(2+) transport proteins examined, mRNA expression level of SLC41A2 was increased and that of ACDP2, NIPA1 and MMgT2 were decreased. Knockdown of SLC41A2, ACDP2 or NIPA1 accelerated the MPP(+)-induced cell degeneration, and overexpression attenuated it. The decrease in the mRNA expression levels of NIPA1 and MMgT2 were also elicited by rotenone, H2O2 and FCCP, indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction related to this down-regulation. The increase in that of SLC41A2 was induced by an uncoupler, FCCP, as well as MPP(+), suggesting that it is an intrinsic protection mechanism against depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential and/or cellular ATP depletion. Our results shown here indicate that alteration of Mg(2+) transport proteins is implicated in the MPP(+) model of PD, and it affects cell degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shindo
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ryu Yamanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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