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Venati SR, Uversky VN. Exploring Intrinsic Disorder in Human Synucleins and Associated Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8399. [PMID: 39125972 PMCID: PMC11313516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we explored the intrinsic disorder status of the three members of the synuclein family of proteins-α-, β-, and γ-synucleins-and showed that although all three human synucleins are highly disordered, the highest levels of disorder are observed in γ-synuclein. Our analysis of the peculiarities of the amino acid sequences and modeled 3D structures of the human synuclein family members revealed that the pathological mutations A30P, E46K, H50Q, A53T, and A53E associated with the early onset of Parkinson's disease caused some increase in the local disorder propensity of human α-synuclein. A comparative sequence-based analysis of the synuclein proteins from various evolutionary distant species and evaluation of their levels of intrinsic disorder using a set of commonly used bioinformatics tools revealed that, irrespective of their origin, all members of the synuclein family analyzed in this study were predicted to be highly disordered proteins, indicating that their intrinsically disordered nature represents an evolutionary conserved and therefore functionally important feature. A detailed functional disorder analysis of the proteins in the interactomes of the human synuclein family members utilizing a set of commonly used disorder analysis tools showed that the human α-synuclein interactome has relatively higher levels of intrinsic disorder as compared with the interactomes of human β- and γ- synucleins and revealed that, relative to the β- and γ-synuclein interactomes, α-synuclein interactors are involved in a much broader spectrum of highly diversified functional pathways. Although proteins interacting with three human synucleins were characterized by highly diversified functionalities, this analysis also revealed that the interactors of three human synucleins were involved in three common functional pathways, such as the synaptic vesicle cycle, serotonergic synapse, and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. Taken together, these observations highlight the critical importance of the intrinsic disorder of human synucleins and their interactors in various neuronal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriya Reddy Venati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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2
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Benatar M, Wuu J, Huey ED, McMillan CT, Petersen RC, Postuma R, McHutchison C, Dratch L, Arias JJ, Crawley A, Houlden H, McDermott MP, Cai X, Thakur N, Boxer A, Rosen H, Boeve BF, Dacks P, Cosentino S, Abrahams S, Shneider N, Lingor P, Shefner J, Andersen PM, Al-Chalabi A, Turner MR. The Miami Framework for ALS and related neurodegenerative disorders: an integrated view of phenotype and biology. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:364-376. [PMID: 38769202 PMCID: PMC11216694 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Increasing appreciation of the phenotypic and biological overlap between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia, alongside evolving biomarker evidence for a pre-symptomatic stage of disease and observations that this stage of disease might not always be clinically silent, is challenging traditional views of these disorders. These advances have highlighted the need to adapt ingrained notions of these clinical syndromes to include both the full phenotypic continuum - from clinically silent, to prodromal, to clinically manifest - and the expanded phenotypic spectrum that includes ALS, frontotemporal dementia and some movement disorders. The updated clinical paradigms should also align with our understanding of the biology of these disorders, reflected in measurable biomarkers. The Miami Framework, emerging from discussions at the Second International Pre-Symptomatic ALS Workshop in Miami (February 2023; a full list of attendees and their affiliations appears in the Supplementary Information) proposes a classification system built on: first, three parallel phenotypic axes - motor neuron, frontotemporal and extrapyramidal - rather than the unitary approach of combining all phenotypic elements into a single clinical entity; and second, biomarkers that reflect different aspects of the underlying pathology and biology of neurodegeneration. This framework decouples clinical syndromes from biomarker evidence of disease and builds on experiences from other neurodegenerative diseases to offer a unified approach to specifying the pleiotropic clinical manifestations of disease and describing the trajectory of emergent biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Joanne Wuu
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Edward D Huey
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behaviour, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Corey T McMillan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ronald Postuma
- Department of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline McHutchison
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Laynie Dratch
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jalayne J Arias
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Henry Houlden
- UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Michael P McDermott
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xueya Cai
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Adam Boxer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard Rosen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Penny Dacks
- Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | - Sharon Abrahams
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil Shneider
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeremy Shefner
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Mazzoli R, Chiari A, Vitolo M, Garuti C, Adani G, Vinceti G, Zamboni G, Tondelli M, Galli C, Costa M, Salemme S, Boriani G, Vinceti M, Filippini T. Atrial Fibrillation and Other Cardiovascular Factors and the Risk of Dementia: An Italian Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:688. [PMID: 38928935 PMCID: PMC11203794 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Dementia is a major neurologic syndrome characterized by severe cognitive decline, and it has a detrimental impact on overall physical health, leading to conditions such as frailty, changes in gait, and fall risk. Depending on whether symptoms occur before or after the age of 65, it can be classified as early-onset (EOD) or late-onset (LOD) dementia. The present study is aimed at investigating the role of cardiovascular factors on EOD and LOD risk in an Italian population. Using a case-control study design, EOD and LOD cases were recruited at the Modena Cognitive Neurology Centers in 2016-2019. Controls were recruited among caregivers of all the dementia cases. Information about their demographics, lifestyles, and medical history were collected through a tailored questionnaire. We used the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to estimate the EOD and LOD risk associated with the investigated factors after adjusting for potential confounders. Of the final 146 participants, 58 were diagnosed with EOD, 34 with LOD, and 54 were controls. According to their medical history, atrial fibrillation was associated with increased disease risk (ORs 1.90; 95% CI 0.32-11.28, and 3.64; 95% CI 0.32-41.39 for EOD and LOD, respectively). Dyslipidemia and diabetes showed a positive association with EOD, while the association was negative for LOD. We could not evaluate the association between myocardial infarction and EOD, while increased risk was observed for LOD. No clear association emerged for carotid artery stenosis or valvular heart disease. In this study, despite the limited number of exposed subjects and the high imprecision of the estimates, we found positive associations between cardiovascular disease, particularly dyslipidemia, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation, and EOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Mazzoli
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41225 Modena, Italy; (R.M.)
| | - Annalisa Chiari
- Neurology Unit, Baggiovara Hospital, AOU Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Vitolo
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Caterina Garuti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41225 Modena, Italy; (R.M.)
- Post Graduate School of Pediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Giorgia Adani
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41225 Modena, Italy; (R.M.)
| | - Giulia Vinceti
- Neurology Unit, Baggiovara Hospital, AOU Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zamboni
- Neurology Unit, Baggiovara Hospital, AOU Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Tondelli
- Neurology Unit, Baggiovara Hospital, AOU Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Galli
- Neurology Unit, Baggiovara Hospital, AOU Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Primary Care Department, Modena Local Health Authority, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Costa
- Neurology Unit of Carpi Hospital, Modena Local Health Authority, 41012 Carpi, Italy
| | - Simone Salemme
- Neurology Unit, Baggiovara Hospital, AOU Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Boriani
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41225 Modena, Italy; (R.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41225 Modena, Italy; (R.M.)
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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4
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Aloisio S, Satolli S, Bellini G, Lopriore P. Parkinsonism in complex neurogenetic disorders: lessons from hereditary dementias, adult-onset ataxias and spastic paraplegias. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3379-3388. [PMID: 37648940 PMCID: PMC10495519 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a syndrome characterized by bradykinesia in combination with either rest tremor, rigidity, or both. These features are the cardinal manifestations of Parkinson's disease, the most common cause of parkinsonism, and atypical parkinsonian disorders. However, parkinsonism can be a manifestation of complex neurological and neurodegenerative genetically determined disorders, which have a vast and heterogeneous motor and non-motor phenotypic features. Hereditary dementias, adult-onset ataxias and spastic paraplegias represent only few of this vast group of neurogenetic diseases. This review will provide an overview of parkinsonism's clinical features within adult-onset neurogenetic diseases which a neurologist could face with. Understanding parkinsonism and its characteristics in the context of the aforementioned neurological conditions may provide insights into pathophysiological mechanisms and have important clinical implications, including diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Aloisio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Satolli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bellini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piervito Lopriore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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5
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Samra K, MacDougall AM, Bouzigues A, Bocchetta M, Cash DM, Greaves CV, Convery RS, Hardy C, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Jiskoot LC, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Laforce R, Graff C, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Rowe JB, Borroni B, Finger E, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Ducharme S, Le Ber I, Santana I, Pasquier F, Levin J, Otto M, Sorbi S, Warren JD, Rohrer JD, Russell LL. Genetic forms of primary progressive aphasia within the GENetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative (GENFI) cohort: comparison with sporadic primary progressive aphasia. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad036. [PMID: 36938528 PMCID: PMC10019761 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary progressive aphasia is most commonly a sporadic disorder, but in some cases, it can be genetic. This study aimed to understand the clinical, cognitive and imaging phenotype of the genetic forms of primary progressive aphasia in comparison to the canonical nonfluent, semantic and logopenic subtypes seen in sporadic disease. Participants with genetic primary progressive aphasia were recruited from the international multicentre GENetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative study and compared with healthy controls as well as a cohort of people with sporadic primary progressive aphasia. Symptoms were assessed using the GENetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative language, behavioural, neuropsychiatric and motor scales. Participants also underwent a cognitive assessment and 3 T volumetric T1-weighted MRI. One C9orf72 (2%), 1 MAPT (6%) and 17 GRN (44%) symptomatic mutation carriers had a diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia. In the GRN cohort, 47% had a diagnosis of nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia, and 53% had a primary progressive aphasia syndrome that did not fit diagnostic criteria for any of the three subtypes, called primary progressive aphasia-not otherwise specified here. The phenotype of the genetic nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia group largely overlapped with that of sporadic nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia, although the presence of an associated atypical parkinsonian syndrome was characteristic of sporadic and not genetic disease. The primary progressive aphasia -not otherwise specified group however was distinct from the sporadic subtypes with impaired grammar/syntax in the presence of relatively intact articulation, alongside other linguistic deficits. The pattern of atrophy seen on MRI in the genetic nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia group overlapped with that of the sporadic nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia cohort, although with more posterior cortical involvement, whilst the primary progressive aphasia-not otherwise specified group was strikingly asymmetrical with involvement particularly of the insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex but also atrophy of the orbitofrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobes. Whilst there are overlapping symptoms between genetic and sporadic primary progressive aphasia syndromes, there are also distinct features. Future iterations of the primary progressive aphasia consensus criteria should encompass such information with further research needed to understand the earliest features of these disorders, particularly during the prodromal period of genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Samra
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Amy M MacDougall
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Chris Hardy
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia Universitary Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer’s disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione Ca’ Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandre de Mendonça
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute – Institut du Cerveau – ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabel Santana
- University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ Lille, Inserm 1172, Lille, France
- Inserm 1172, Lille, France
- CHU, CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND Lille, France
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Zecca C, Tortelli R, Carrera P, Dell'Abate MT, Logroscino G, Ferrari M. Genotype-phenotype correlation in the spectrum of frontotemporal dementia-parkinsonian syndromes and advanced diagnostic approaches. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2022; 60:171-188. [PMID: 36510705 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2150833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The term frontotemporal dementia (FTD) refers to a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized mainly by atrophy of the frontal and anterior temporal lobes. Based on clinical presentation, three main clinical syndromes have traditionally been described: behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), non-fluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia (nfPPA), and semantic variant PPA (svPPA). However, over the last 20 years, it has been recognized that cognitive phenotypes often overlap with motor phenotypes, either motor neuron diseases or parkinsonian signs and/or syndromes like progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and cortico-basal syndrome (CBS). Furthermore, FTD-related genes are characterized by genetic pleiotropy and can cause, even in the same family, pure motor phenotypes, findings that underlie the clinical continuum of the spectrum, which has pure cognitive and pure motor phenotypes as the extremes. The genotype-phenotype correlation of the spectrum, FTD-motor neuron disease, has been well defined and extensively investigated, while the continuum, FTD-parkinsonism, lacks a comprehensive review. In this narrative review, we describe the current knowledge about the genotype-phenotype correlation of the spectrum, FTD-parkinsonism, focusing on the phenotypes that are less frequent than bvFTD, namely nfPPA, svPPA, PSP, CBS, and cognitive-motor overlapping phenotypes (i.e. PPA + PSP). From a pathological point of view, they are characterized mainly by the presence of phosphorylated-tau inclusions, either 4 R or 3 R. The genetic correlate of the spectrum can be heterogeneous, although some variants seem to lead preferentially to specific clinical syndromes. Furthermore, we critically review the contribution of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in disentangling the complex heritability of the FTD-parkinsonism spectrum and in defining the genotype-phenotype correlation of the entire clinical scenario, owing to the ability of these techniques to test multiple genes, and so to allow detailed investigations of the overlapping phenotypes. Finally, we conclude with the importance of a detailed genetic characterization and we offer to patients and families the chance to be included in future randomized clinical trials focused on autosomal dominant forms of FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zecca
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tortelli
- Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paola Carrera
- Unit of Genomics for Human Disease Diagnosis and Clinical Molecular Biology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dell'Abate
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy.,Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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7
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Tipton PW, Deutschlaender AB, Savica R, Heckman MG, Brushaber DE, Dickerson BC, Gavrilova RH, Geschwind DH, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford J, Graff-Radford NR, Grossman M, Hsiung GYR, Huey ED, Irwin DJ, Jones DT, Knopman DS, McGinnis SM, Rademakers R, Ramos EM, Forsberg LK, Heuer HW, Onyike C, Tartaglia C, Domoto-Reilly K, Roberson ED, Mendez MF, Litvan I, Appleby BS, Grant I, Kaufer D, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Boeve BF, Wszolek ZK. Differences in Motor Features of C9orf72, MAPT, or GRN Variant Carriers With Familial Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Neurology 2022; 99:e1154-e1167. [PMID: 35790423 PMCID: PMC9536745 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (f-FTLD) is a phenotypically heterogeneous spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders most often caused by variants within chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), or granulin (GRN). The phenotypic association with each of these genes is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that the frequency of specific clinical features would correspond with different genes. METHODS We screened the Advancing Research and Treatment in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ARTFL)/Longitudinal Evaluation of Familial Frontotemporal Dementia Subjects (LEFFTDS)/ARTFL LEFFTDS Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Consortium for symptomatic carriers of pathogenic variants in C9orf72, MAPT, or GRN. We assessed for clinical differences among these 3 groups based on data recorded as part of a detailed neurologic examination, the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy-Quality of Life Rating Scale, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (motor items), and the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale, revised version. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and Fisher exact test. RESULTS We identified 184 symptomatic participants who had a single pathogenic variant in C9orf72 (n = 88), MAPT (n = 53), or GRN (n = 43). Motor symptom age at onset was earliest in the MAPT participants followed by C9orf72, whereas the GRN pathogenic variant carriers developed symptoms later. C9orf72 participants more often had fasciculations, muscle atrophy, and weakness, whereas parkinsonism was less frequent. Vertical oculomotor abnormalities were more common in the MAPT cohort, whereas apraxia and focal limb dystonia occurred more often in participants with GRN variants. DISCUSSION We present a large comparative study of motor features in C9orf72, MAPT, and GRN pathogenic variant carriers with symptomatic f-FTLD. Our findings demonstrate characteristic phenotypic differences corresponding with specific gene variants that increase our understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationship in this complex spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION NCT02365922, NCT02372773, and NCT04363684.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wade Tipton
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill.
| | - Angela B Deutschlaender
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Michael G Heckman
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Danielle E Brushaber
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Ralitza H Gavrilova
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Jonathan Graff-Radford
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Murray Grossman
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Ging-Yuek R Hsiung
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Edward D Huey
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - David John Irwin
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - David T Jones
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - David S Knopman
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Scott M McGinnis
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Leah K Forsberg
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Chiadi Onyike
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Carmela Tartaglia
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Kimiko Domoto-Reilly
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Erik D Roberson
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Mario F Mendez
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Irene Litvan
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Brian S Appleby
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Ian Grant
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Daniel Kaufer
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Adam L Boxer
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Howard J Rosen
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Brad F Boeve
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Zbigniew K Wszolek
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
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Schönecker S, Martinez-Murcia FJ, Rauchmann BS, Franzmeier N, Prix C, Wlasich E, Loosli SV, Bochmann K, Gorriz Saez JM, Laforce R, Ducharme S, Tartaglia MC, Finger E, de Mendonça A, Santana I, Sanchez-Valle R, Moreno F, Sorbi S, Tagliavini F, Borroni B, Otto M, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Vandenberghe R, van Swieten J, Butler C, Gerhard A, Graff C, Danek A, Rohrer JD, Masellis M, Rowe J, Levin J. Frequency and Longitudinal Course of Motor Signs in Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia. Neurology 2022; 99:e1032-e1044. [PMID: 35948443 PMCID: PMC9519250 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a highly heritable disorder. The majority of genetic cases are caused by autosomal dominant pathogenic variants in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (c9orf72), progranulin (GRN), and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene. As motor disorders are increasingly recognized as part of the clinical spectrum, the current study aimed to describe motor phenotypes caused by genetic FTD, quantify their temporal association, and investigate their regional association with brain atrophy. METHODS We analyzed baseline visit data of known carriers of a pathogenic variant in the c9orf72, GRN, or MAPT gene from the Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia Initiative cohort study. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation was performed to identify motor sign clusters that were compared with respect to frequency and severity between groups. Associations with cross-sectional atrophy patterns were determined using voxel-wise regression. We applied linear mixed effects models to assess whether groups differed in the association between motor signs and estimated time to symptom onset. RESULTS A total of 322 pathogenic variant carriers were included in the analysis: 122 c9orf72 (79 presymptomatic), 143 GRN (112 presymptomatic), and 57 MAPT (43 presymptomatic) pathogenic variant carriers. Principal component analysis revealed 5 motor clusters, which we call progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)-like, bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like, mixed/ALS-like, Parkinson disease (PD) like, and corticobasal syndrome-like motor phenotypes. There was no significant group difference in the frequency of signs of different motor phenotypes. However, mixed/ALS-like motor signs were most frequent, followed by PD-like motor signs. Although the PSP-like phenotype was associated with mesencephalic atrophy, the mixed/ALS-like phenotype was associated with motor cortex and corticospinal tract atrophy. The PD-like phenotype was associated with widespread cortical and subcortical atrophy. Estimated time to onset, genetic group and their interaction influenced motor signs. In c9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers, motor signs could be detected up to 25 years before expected symptom onset. DISCUSSION These results indicate the presence of multiple natural clusters of motor signs in genetic FTD, each correlated with specific atrophy patterns. Their motor severity depends on time and the affected gene. These clinicogenetic associations can guide diagnostic evaluations and the design of clinical trials for new disease-modifying and preventive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schönecker
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Francisco J Martinez-Murcia
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Boris-Stephan Rauchmann
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Prix
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Wlasich
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra V Loosli
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Bochmann
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Juan-Manuel Gorriz Saez
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Laforce
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Ducharme
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandre de Mendonça
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Santana
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Fermin Moreno
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Borroni
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - John van Swieten
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Butler
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Graff
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Masellis
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - James Rowe
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- From the Department of Neurology (S. Schönecker, C.P., E.W., S.V.L., A.D., J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Signal Theory Networking and Communications (F.J.M.-M., J.-M.G.S.), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Clinical Radiology (B.-S.R.), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (N.F.), and Institute of Neuroradiology (K.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME); McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (S.D.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences (A.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (R.S.-V.), Barcelona; Department of Neurology (F.M.), Donostio University Hospital, San Sebastian; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S. Sorbi), University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S. Sorbi), Florence; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milano; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University Hospital Ulm; Department of Neurology (M.O.), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospediale Policlinico (D.G.), Milan; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan, Italy; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) (R.V.), KU Leuven; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven; Neurology Department (R.V.), UZ Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Department of Brain Sciences (C.B.), Imperial College London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Swedish FTD Initiative (C.G.), Stockholm; Division of Neurogeriatrics (C.G.), Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Solna; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dementia Research Centre (J.D.R.), University College London, United Kingdom; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (J.R.), Medical Research Council; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.R.), United Kingdom; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) (J.L.), Munich, Germany.
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9
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Ooi S, Patel SK, Eratne D, Kyndt C, Reidy N, Lewis C, Lee SC, Darby D, Brodtmann A. Plasma Neurofilament Light Chain and Clinical Diagnosis in Frontotemporal Dementia Syndromes. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:1221-1231. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) syndromes, mimics, phenocopy (phFTD), and slowly progressive behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) can be difficult to distinguish clinically. Biomarkers such as neurofilament light chain (NfL) may be helpful. Objective: To study plasma NfL levels in people with FTD syndromes and determine if plasma NfL can distinguish between FTD syndromes and phFTD. Methods: Plasma NfL levels were estimated using both Simoa ® Quanterix HD-X™ and SR-X™ machines grouped via final diagnosis after investigation and review. Results: Fifty participants were studied: bvFTD = 20, semantic variant FTD (svFTD) = 11, non-fluent variant FTD (nfvFTD) = 9, FTD with motor neuron disease (MND) = 4, phFTD = 2, slow progressors = 3, FTD mimic = 1, mean age 67.2 (SD 8.4) years. NfL levels were significantly higher in the FTD group compared to phenocopy group (p = 0.003). Median NfL (IQR) pg/mL was comparable in the FTD syndromes: bvFTD 41.10 (50.72), svFTD 44.38 (16.61), and nfvFTD 42.61 (22.93), highest in FTD with MND 79.67 (45.32) and lowest in both phFTD 13.99 (0.79) and slow progressors 17.97 (3.62). Conclusion: Plasma NfL appears to differentiate FTD syndromes and mimics. However, a lower NfL may predict a slower, but not necessarily lack of, neurodegeneration and therefore appears limited distinguishing slow progressors from FTD phenocopies. Larger numbers of patients from all clinical groups are required to strengthen diagnostic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyi Ooi
- Eastern Cognitive Disorders Clinic, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
- Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Neurology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila K Patel
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dhamidhu Eratne
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Neuropsychiatry and Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Kyndt
- Eastern Cognitive Disorders Clinic, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
- Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Neurology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie Reidy
- Eastern Cognitive Disorders Clinic, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Courtney Lewis
- Eastern Cognitive Disorders Clinic, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
- Neuropsychiatry and Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah C.M. Lee
- Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
- Calvary Health Care Bethlehem, Parkdale, VIC, Australia
| | - David Darby
- Eastern Cognitive Disorders Clinic, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
- Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Neurology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Alfred Health, Department of Neurology, Prahran, Australia
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- Eastern Cognitive Disorders Clinic, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
- Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Neurology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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10
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Chen R, Berardelli A, Bhattacharya A, Bologna M, Chen KHS, Fasano A, Helmich RC, Hutchison WD, Kamble N, Kühn AA, Macerollo A, Neumann WJ, Pal PK, Paparella G, Suppa A, Udupa K. Clinical neurophysiology of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2022; 7:201-227. [PMID: 35899019 PMCID: PMC9309229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is part of the series on the clinical neurophysiology of movement disorders and focuses on Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism. The pathophysiology of cardinal parkinsonian motor symptoms and myoclonus are reviewed. The recordings from microelectrode and deep brain stimulation electrodes are reported in detail.
This review is part of the series on the clinical neurophysiology of movement disorders. It focuses on Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism. The topics covered include the pathophysiology of tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia, balance and gait disturbance and myoclonus in Parkinson’s disease. The use of electroencephalography, electromyography, long latency reflexes, cutaneous silent period, studies of cortical excitability with single and paired transcranial magnetic stimulation, studies of plasticity, intraoperative microelectrode recordings and recording of local field potentials from deep brain stimulation, and electrocorticography are also reviewed. In addition to advancing knowledge of pathophysiology, neurophysiological studies can be useful in refining the diagnosis, localization of surgical targets, and help to develop novel therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Amitabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Kai-Hsiang Stanley Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rick C Helmich
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - William D Hutchison
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonella Macerollo
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wolf-Julian Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Antonio Suppa
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Kaviraja Udupa
- Department of Neurophysiology National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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11
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Kanani M, Gurunathan N. Misdiagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies due to venlafaxine. PROGRESS IN NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pnp.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nhishanth Gurunathan
- Dr Gurunathan is a Consultant in Old Age Psychiatry at Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust
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12
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Peakman G, Russell LL, Convery RS, Nicholas JM, Van Swieten JC, Jiskoot LC, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Laforce R, Graff C, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Rowe JB, Borroni B, Finger E, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Ducharme S, Le Ber I, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Pasquier F, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Sorbi S, Rohrer JD. Comparison of clinical rating scales in genetic frontotemporal dementia within the GENFI cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:158-168. [PMID: 34353857 PMCID: PMC8785074 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic trials are now underway in genetic forms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) but clinical outcome measures are limited. The two most commonly used measures, the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)+National Alzheimer's Disease Coordinating Center (NACC) Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) and the FTD Rating Scale (FRS), have yet to be compared in detail in the genetic forms of FTD. METHODS The CDR+NACC FTLD and FRS were assessed cross-sectionally in 725 consecutively recruited participants from the Genetic FTD Initiative: 457 mutation carriers (77 microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), 187 GRN, 193 C9orf72) and 268 family members without mutations (non-carrier control group). 231 mutation carriers (51 MAPT, 92 GRN, 88 C9orf72) and 145 non-carriers had available longitudinal data at a follow-up time point. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, the mean FRS score was lower in all genetic groups compared with controls: GRN mutation carriers mean 83.4 (SD 27.0), MAPT mutation carriers 78.2 (28.8), C9orf72 mutation carriers 71.0 (34.0), controls 96.2 (7.7), p<0.001 for all comparisons, while the mean CDR+NACC FTLD Sum of Boxes was significantly higher in all genetic groups: GRN mutation carriers mean 2.6 (5.2), MAPT mutation carriers 3.2 (5.6), C9orf72 mutation carriers 4.2 (6.2), controls 0.2 (0.6), p<0.001 for all comparisons. Mean FRS score decreased and CDR+NACC FTLD Sum of Boxes increased with increasing disease severity within each individual genetic group. FRS and CDR+NACC FTLD Sum of Boxes scores were strongly negatively correlated across all mutation carriers (rs=-0.77, p<0.001) and within each genetic group (rs=-0.67 to -0.81, p<0.001 in each group). Nonetheless, discrepancies in disease staging were seen between the scales, and with each scale and clinician-judged symptomatic status. Longitudinally, annualised change in both FRS and CDR+NACC FTLD Sum of Boxes scores initially increased with disease severity level before decreasing in those with the most severe disease: controls -0.1 (6.0) for FRS, -0.1 (0.4) for CDR+NACC FTLD Sum of Boxes, asymptomatic mutation carriers -0.5 (8.2), 0.2 (0.9), prodromal disease -2.3 (9.9), 0.6 (2.7), mild disease -10.2 (18.6), 3.0 (4.1), moderate disease -9.6 (16.6), 4.4 (4.0), severe disease -2.7 (8.3), 1.7 (3.3). Sample sizes were calculated for a trial of prodromal mutation carriers: over 180 participants per arm would be needed to detect a moderate sized effect (30%) for both outcome measures, with sample sizes lower for the FRS. CONCLUSIONS Both the FRS and CDR+NACC FTLD measure disease severity in genetic FTD mutation carriers throughout the timeline of their disease, although the FRS may be preferable as an outcome measure. However, neither address a number of key symptoms in the FTD spectrum, for example, motor and neuropsychiatric deficits, which future scales will need to incorporate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Peakman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Dementia Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Dementia Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Dementia Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - John C Van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.,Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-san Sebastian, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Dept. of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Eberhard Karls University Tubingen Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tubingen, Germany.,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Neurology Service, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division, Oxford, UK.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Départment de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Isabel Santana
- University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service, University of Coimbra Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Florence Pasquier
- University of Lille, Lille, France.,CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Inserm 1172, Lille, France
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munchen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Dementia Research Centre, London, UK
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13
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Huber N, Korhonen S, Hoffmann D, Leskelä S, Rostalski H, Remes AM, Honkakoski P, Solje E, Haapasalo A. Deficient neurotransmitter systems and synaptic function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration-Insights into disease mechanisms and current therapeutic approaches. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1300-1309. [PMID: 34799692 PMCID: PMC9095474 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) comprises a heterogenous group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases and, to date, no validated diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers or effective disease-modifying therapies exist for the different clinical or genetic subtypes of FTLD. Current treatment strategies rely on the off-label use of medications for symptomatic treatment. Changes in several neurotransmitter systems including the glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems have been reported in FTLD spectrum disease patients. Many FTLD-related clinical and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as aggressive and compulsive behaviour, agitation, as well as altered eating habits and hyperorality can be explained by disturbances in these neurotransmitter systems, suggesting that their targeting might possibly offer new therapeutic options for treating patients with FTLD. This review summarizes the present knowledge on neurotransmitter system deficits and synaptic dysfunction in model systems and patients harbouring the most common genetic causes of FTLD, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72 and mutations in the granulin (GRN) and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) genes. We also describe the current pharmacological treatment options for FLTD that target different neurotransmitter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Huber
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sonja Korhonen
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorit Hoffmann
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stina Leskelä
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M. Remes
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 8000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, P. O. Box 8000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Eino Solje
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Clinical Medicine—Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XNeuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, KYS, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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14
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Parkin beyond Parkinson’s Disease—A Functional Meaning of Parkin Downregulation in TDP-43 Proteinopathies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123389. [PMID: 34943897 PMCID: PMC8699658 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin and PINK1 are key regulators of mitophagy, an autophagic pathway for selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria. To this date, parkin depletion has been associated with recessive early onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) caused by loss-of-function mutations in the PARK2 gene, while, in sporadic PD, the activity and abundance of this protein can be compromised by stress-related modifications. Intriguingly, research in recent years has shown that parkin depletion is not limited to PD but is also observed in other neurodegenerative diseases—especially those characterized by TDP-43 proteinopathies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Here, we discuss the evidence of parkin downregulation in these disease phenotypes, its emerging connections with TDP-43, and its possible functional implications.
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15
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Liu L, Cui B, Chu M, Cui Y, Jing D, Li D, Xie K, Kong Y, Xia T, Wang C, Wu L. The Frequency of Genetic Mutations Associated With Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia in Chinese Han Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:699836. [PMID: 34305575 PMCID: PMC8297439 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.699836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a clinically heterogeneous syndrome with high heredity. However, the frequencies of mutations associated with bvFTD have yet to be determined. The aim of the current study was to investigate the frequency of Chinese Han patients harboring genetic bvFTD variants. METHODS A total of 49 bvFTD patients selected from our frontotemporal lobar degeneration database, including 14 familial cases belonging to eight families and 35 sporadic cases were consecutively recruited from July 2014 to December 2019 at Xuanwu Hospital (Beijing, China). Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed and repeat-primed PCR was used to test samples for the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion mutation. The frequency of genetic variants and the pathogenicity of the novel variants were analyzed. RESULTS Ten pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 17 bvFTD patients, including C9orf72 repeat expansions, six previously reported mutations and three novel mutations (MAPT p. R5C, p. D54N, GRN p. P451L). Genetic mutations accounted for 27.9% (12/43) of total cases, 87.5% (7/8) of patients with familial bvFTD, and 14.3% (5/35) with sporadic bvFTD. Pathogenic variants mostly occurred in MAPT gene (20.9%, 9/43), followed by C9orf72 repeat expansions (2.3%, 1/43), GRN gene (2.3%, 1/43) and FUS gene (2.3%, 1/43). CONCLUSION There was a high prevalence of genetic variants in Chinese bvFTD patients, highlighting the necessity of genetic testing for bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang Fifth People Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Donglai Jing
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Rongcheng People’s Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Xie
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxinyu Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
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16
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Dominguez J, Yu JT, Tan YJ, Ng A, De Guzman MF, Natividad B, Daroy ML, Cano J, Yu J, Lian MM, Zeng L, Lim WK, Foo JN, Ng ASL. Novel Optineurin Frameshift Insertion in a Family With Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinsonism Without Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:645913. [PMID: 34093394 PMCID: PMC8170397 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.645913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is a common cause of Young Onset Dementia and has diverse clinical manifestations involving behavior, executive function, language and motor function, including parkinsonism. Up to 50% of FTD patients report a positive family history, supporting a strong genetic basis, particularly in cases with both FTD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD-ALS). Mutations in three genes are associated with the majority of familial FTD (fFTD) cases - microtubule associated protein tau gene (MAPT), granulin precursor (GRN), and hexanucleotide repeat expansions in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72- SMCR8complex subunit (C9orf72) while mutations in other genes such as optineurin (OPTN) have rarely been reported. Mutations in OPTN have been reported mostly in familial and sporadic cases of ALS, or in rare cases of FTD-ALS, but not in association with pure or predominant FTD and/or parkinsonian phenotype. Here, we report for the first time, a family from the Philippines with four members harboring a novel frameshift insertion at OPTN (Chr 10:13166090 G>GA) p.Lys328GluTer11, three of whom presented with FTD-related phenotypes. Additionally, one sibling heterozygous for the frameshift insertion had a predominantly parkinsonian phenotype resembling corticobasal syndrome, but it remains to be determined if this phenotype is related to the frameshift insertion. Notably, none of the affected members showed any evidence of motor neuron disease or ALS at the time of writing, both clinically and on electrophysiological testing, expanding the phenotypic spectrum of OPTN mutations. Close follow-up of mutation carriers for the development of new clinical features and wider investigation of additional family members with further genetic analyses will be conducted to investigate the possibility of other genetic modifiers in this family which could explain phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dominguez
- Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jeryl Tan Yu
- Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Yi Jayne Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arlene Ng
- Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ma Fe De Guzman
- Research and Biotechnology Division, St Luke's Medical Centre, Quezon, Philippines
| | - Boots Natividad
- Research and Biotechnology Division, St Luke's Medical Centre, Quezon, Philippines
| | - Ma Luisa Daroy
- Research and Biotechnology Division, St Luke's Medical Centre, Quezon, Philippines
| | - Jemellee Cano
- Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Justine Yu
- Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Michelle M Lian
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weng Khong Lim
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adeline S L Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Molecular Factors Mediating Neural Cell Plasticity Changes in Dementia Brain Diseases. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8834645. [PMID: 33854544 PMCID: PMC8021472 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8834645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity-the ability to alter a neuronal response to environmental stimuli-is an important factor in learning and memory. Short-term synaptic plasticity and long-term synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation and long-term depression, are the most-characterized models of learning and memory at the molecular and cellular level. These processes are often disrupted by neurodegeneration-induced dementias. Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for 50% of cases of dementia. Vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) constitute much of the remaining cases. While vascular lesions are the principal cause of VaD, neurodegenerative processes have been established as etiological agents of many dementia diseases. Chief among such processes is the deposition of pathological protein aggregates in vivo including β-amyloid deposition in AD, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in AD and FTD, and the accumulation of Lewy bodies composed of α-synuclein aggregates in DLB and PDD. The main symptoms of dementia are cognitive decline and memory and learning impairment. Nonetheless, accurate diagnoses of neurodegenerative diseases can be difficult due to overlapping clinical symptoms and the diverse locations of cortical lesions. Still, new neuroimaging and molecular biomarkers have improved clinicians' diagnostic capabilities in the context of dementia and may lead to the development of more effective treatments. Both genetic and environmental factors may lead to the aggregation of pathological proteins and altered levels of cytokines, such that can trigger the formation of proinflammatory immunological phenotypes. This cascade of pathological changes provides fertile ground for the development of neural plasticity disorders and dementias. Available pharmacotherapy and disease-modifying therapies currently in clinical trials may modulate synaptic plasticity to mitigate the effects neuropathological changes have on cognitive function, memory, and learning. In this article, we review the neural plasticity changes seen in common neurodegenerative diseases from pathophysiological and clinical points of view and highlight potential molecular targets of disease-modifying therapies.
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18
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Lee JY, Marian OC, Don AS. Defective Lysosomal Lipid Catabolism as a Common Pathogenic Mechanism for Dementia. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:1-24. [PMID: 33550528 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dementia poses an ever-growing burden to health care and social services as life expectancies have grown across the world and populations age. The most common forms of dementia are Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Lewy body dementia, which includes Parkinson's disease (PD) dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Genomic studies over the past 3 decades have identified variants in genes regulating lipid transporters and endosomal processes as major risk determinants for AD, with the most significant being inheritance of the ε4 allele of the APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E. A recent surge in research on lipid handling and metabolism in glia and neurons has established defective lipid clearance from endolysosomes as a central driver of AD pathogenesis. The most prevalent genetic risk factors for DLB are the APOE ε4 allele, and heterozygous loss of function mutations in the GBA gene, encoding the lysosomal catabolic enzyme glucocerebrosidase; whilst heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, required for lysosomal catabolism of sphingolipids, are responsible for a significant proportion of FTD cases. Homozygous mutations in the GBA or GRN genes produce the lysosomal storage diseases Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Research from mouse and cell culture models, and neuropathological evidence from lysosomal storage diseases, has established that impaired cholesterol or sphingolipid catabolism is sufficient to produce the pathological hallmarks of dementia, indicating that defective lipid catabolism is a common mechanism in the etiology of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yup Lee
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Oana C Marian
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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19
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Jiang Y, Jiao B, Xiao X, Shen L. Genetics of frontotemporal dementia in China. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2021; 22:321-335. [PMID: 33538206 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2021.1880596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Backgbround: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common presenile dementia, characterized by prominent behavioral, language, and cognitive impairment, which has a strong genetic component contributing to its pathogenesis. Due to geographical and ethnic variability, the prevalence of the causative genes of FTD may be different. Methods: To explore the genetics of FTD in the Chinese population, we reviewed 97 closely related studies that were searched in PubMed and Web of Science. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of each FTD gene. We also reassessed their pathogenicity and revised some mutations from pathogenic to uncertain significance according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Results: Thirty-two rare variants in genes of MAPT, GRN, C9orf72, CHCHD10, VCP, and TBK1 were identified in Chinese FTD populations, including 25 pathogenic mutations and seven variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Among them, the frequency of rare variants in the CHCHD10 gene was the highest. Surprisingly, twelve variants reported as pathogenic mutations were revised as VUS by ACMG. The correlations between genes and clinical manifestations were MAPT and frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), GRN and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP), C9orf72/CHCHD10/TBK1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-FTD spectrum, and VCP corresponds inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD). Conclusions: It is necessary to strictly interpret the contributions of genes to diseases by ACMG. MAPT is the most common pathogenic gene for FTD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China, and
| | - Xuewen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China, and.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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20
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Mood and emotional disorders associated with parkinsonism, Huntington disease, and other movement disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 183:175-196. [PMID: 34389117 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a review of mood, emotional disorders, and emotion processing deficits associated with diseases that cause movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism, Huntington's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia. For each disorder, a clinical description of the common signs and symptoms, disease progression, and epidemiology is provided. Then the mood and emotional disorders associated with each of these diseases are described and discussed in terms of clinical presentation, incidence, prevalence, and alterations in quality of life. Alterations of emotion communication, such as affective speech prosody and facial emotional expression, associated with these disorders are also discussed. In addition, if applicable, deficits in gestural and lexical/verbal emotion are reviewed. Throughout the chapter, the relationships among mood and emotional disorders, alterations of emotional experiences, social communication, and quality of life, as well as treatment, are emphasized.
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21
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Vilasboas-Campos D, Costa MD, Teixeira-Castro A, Rios R, Silva FG, Bessa C, Dias ACP, Maciel P. Neurotherapeutic effect of Hyptis spp. leaf extracts in Caenorhabditis elegans models of tauopathy and polyglutamine disease: Role of the glutathione redox cycle. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:202-215. [PMID: 33096249 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyptis suaveolens (HS), Hyptis pectinata (HP) and Hyptis marrubioides (HM) are plants used in folk medicine for treatment of several diseases. Here, we tested the in vivo antioxidant and neuroprotective potential of methanolic extracts from these plants, containing several rosmarinic acid derivatives and isoquercetin. In C. elegans, HS, HP and HM leaf extracts enhanced the antioxidant responses through the induction of specific antioxidant enzymes and demonstrated neurotherapeutic potential in transgenic models of genetically determined human neurodegenerative diseases - Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 and Machado-Joseph disease. Chronic treatment of disease models with HS, HP and HM leaf extracts improved the animals' motor function and increased their tolerance to an oxidative insult. The restorative effect of HM extract in motor performance of both disease models required the presence of glutathione reductase (gsr-1), an enzyme that assures the glutathione redox cycle, highlighting the role of this pathway and unveiling a common candidate therapeutic target for these diseases. Our findings strengthen the relevance of plant-derived bioactive compound discovery for neurodegenerative disorders that remain without effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vilasboas-Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; Biology Department - University of Minho, School of Sciences (DB-ECUM), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta Daniela Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rejaine Rios
- Biology Department - University of Minho, School of Sciences (DB-ECUM), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Biology Departament, Campus Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Biology Departament, Campus Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Carlos Bessa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alberto C P Dias
- Biology Department - University of Minho, School of Sciences (DB-ECUM), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA) - University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; CITAB-UM, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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22
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Ando T, Nakamura R, Kuru S, Yokoi D, Atsuta N, Koike H, Suzuki M, Hara K, Iguchi Y, Harada Y, Yoshida Y, Hattori M, Murakami A, Noda S, Kimura S, Sone J, Nakamura T, Goto Y, Mano K, Okada H, Okuda S, Nishino I, Ogi T, Sobue G, Katsuno M. The wide-ranging clinical and genetic features in Japanese families with valosin-containing protein proteinopathy. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 100:120.e1-120.e6. [PMID: 33339634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene are known to cause various neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we report 8 Japanese patients [6 men, 2 women; median age at onset: 49.5 (range, 35-58) years] from 5 unrelated families with VCP missense mutations. Although 7 of 8 patients were diagnosed with either inclusion body myopathy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1 patient showed demyelinating polyneuropathy, which was confirmed by longitudinal nerve conduction studies. Sural nerve biopsy of the patient revealed intranuclear ubiquitin staining in Schwann cells. Three known pathogenic VCP mutations (p.Arg191Gln, p.Arg155Cys, and p.Ile126Phe) were detected. A novel mutation, c.293 A>T (p.Asp98Val), was also identified in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. This mutation was predicted to be "deleterious" or "disease causing" using in silico mutation analyses. In conclusion, demyelinating polyneuropathy may be a novel phenotype caused by VCP mutations. The p.Asp98Val mutation was found to be a novel pathogenic mutation of VCP proteinopathy. We believe our cases represent a wide clinical spectrum of VCP mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ando
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuru
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Suzuka National Hospital, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Daichi Yokoi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Neurology, Kakeyu-Misayama Rehabilitation Center Kakeyu Hospital, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Naoki Atsuta
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Haruki Koike
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hara
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yohei Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yumiko Harada
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayuka Murakami
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Suzuka National Hospital, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Seiya Noda
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Suzuka National Hospital, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Seigo Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Suzuka National Hospital, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Jun Sone
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Suzuka National Hospital, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoji Goto
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Mano
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Okada
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okuda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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23
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Oka Y, Saiki H, Hashimoto Y, Terada Y, Nakamura T, Ayaki T, Orimo S, Matsumoto S. Japanese Familial Cases of Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinsonism with N279K Tau Gene Mutation. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2020; 8:126-132. [PMID: 33426168 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the tau gene linked to chromosome 17 cause frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism (FTDP-17). Objective This study presents 3 Japanese familial cases diagnosed with N279K tau gene mutation, including 1 autopsy-confirmed case. Methods We compared the clinical presentations, cognitive functions, and images between the 3 familial cases diagnosed with N279K mutation. Results All 3 patients presented symptoms in their early 40s. One patient showed severe cognitive dysfunction and died in his sixth year after onset. The remaining 2 cases presented with parkinsonism-dominant clinical features. Among the 2 cases, 1 presented the characteristic symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy. The pathological features of the dementia-dominant case showed frontal and temporal lobe-dominant neuronal loss and gliosis. Tau-positive neuronal and glial inclusions were found throughout. Further, tufted astrocytes and globose tangles were present whereas there were no Pick bodies and astrocytic plaques, compatible with pathology-confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) -tau subtypes. Conclusions Patients with FTDP-17 can be classified into the following 2 major groups: dementia and parkinsonism-plus predominant phenotypes. Among our 3 cases, 1 showed dementia predominance whereas the other 2 showed parkinsonism predominance. Mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) present with several pathological features. Clinically, our case presented a behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). However, morphologically, the observed glial and neuronal pathology met the criteria for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). This study highlights the clinical heterogeneity within and between families with same MAPT mutation. Few pathologically confirmed PSP cases have been reported with mutations in MAPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwa Oka
- Department of Neurology Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute Osaka Japan
| | - Hidemoto Saiki
- Department of Neurology Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute Osaka Japan
| | - Yasumasa Hashimoto
- Department of Neurology Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute Osaka Japan.,Department of Molecular Therapy National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Neuroscience Kodaira Japan
| | - Yuta Terada
- Department of Neurology Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute Osaka Japan.,Department of Neurology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute Osaka Japan.,Department of Neurology Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital Osaka Japan
| | - Takashi Ayaki
- Department of Neurology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Satoshi Orimo
- Department of Neurology Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public-School Teachers Tokyo Japan
| | - Sadayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute Osaka Japan
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24
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Loss of TDP-43 in astrocytes leads to motor deficits by triggering A1-like reactive phenotype and triglial dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29101-29112. [PMID: 33127758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007806117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can have abnormal TDP-43 aggregates in the nucleus and cytosol of their surviving neurons and glia. Although accumulating evidence indicates that astroglial dysfunction contributes to motor neuron degeneration in ALS, the normal function of TDP-43 in astrocytes are largely unknown, and the role of astroglial TDP-43 loss to ALS pathobiology remains to be clarified. Herein, we show that TDP-43-deleted astrocytes exhibit a cell-autonomous increase in GFAP immunoreactivity without affecting astrocyte or microglia proliferation. At the transcriptomic level, TDP-43-deleted astrocytes resemble A1-reactive astrocytes and induce microglia to increase C1q expression. These astrocytic changes do not cause loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord or denervation at the neuromuscular junction. In contrast, there is a selective reduction of mature oligodendrocytes, but not oligodendrocyte precursor cells, suggesting triglial dysfunction mediated by TDP-43 loss in astrocytes. Moreover, mice with astroglial TDP-43 deletion develop motor, but not sensory, deficits. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TDP-43 is required to maintain the protective functions of astrocytes relevant to the development of motor deficits in mice.
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25
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Guillaud L, El-Agamy SE, Otsuki M, Terenzio M. Anterograde Axonal Transport in Neuronal Homeostasis and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:556175. [PMID: 33071754 PMCID: PMC7531239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.556175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with an elongated axon that extends far away from the cell body. To maintain their homeostasis, neurons rely extensively on axonal transport of membranous organelles and other molecular complexes. Axonal transport allows for spatio-temporal activation and modulation of numerous molecular cascades, thus playing a central role in the establishment of neuronal polarity, axonal growth and stabilization, and synapses formation. Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport are supported by various molecular motors, such as kinesins and dynein, and a complex microtubule network. In this review article, we will primarily discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying anterograde axonal transport and its role in neuronal development and maturation, including the establishment of functional synaptic connections. We will then provide an overview of the molecular and cellular perturbations that affect axonal transport and are often associated with axonal degeneration. Lastly, we will relate our current understanding of the role of axonal trafficking concerning anterograde trafficking of mRNA and its involvement in the maintenance of the axonal compartment and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillaud
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Sara Emad El-Agamy
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Miki Otsuki
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Marco Terenzio
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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26
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Magrinelli F, Latorre A, Balint B, Mackenzie M, Mulroy E, Stamelou M, Tinazzi M, Bhatia KP. Isolated and combined genetic tremor syndromes: a critical appraisal based on the 2018 MDS criteria. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 77:121-140. [PMID: 32818815 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 2018 consensus statement on the classification of tremors proposes a two-axis categorization scheme based on clinical features and etiology. It also defines "isolated" and "combined" tremor syndromes depending on whether tremor is the sole clinical manifestation or is associated with other neurological or systemic signs. This syndromic approach provides a guide to investigate the underlying etiology of tremors, either genetic or acquired. Several genetic defects have been proven to cause tremor disorders, including autosomal dominant and recessive, X-linked, and mitochondrial diseases, as well as chromosomal abnormalities. Furthermore, some tremor syndromes are recognized in individuals with a positive family history, but their genetic confirmation is pending. Although most genetic tremor disorders show a combined clinical picture, there are some distinctive conditions in which tremor may precede the appearance of other neurological signs by years or remain the prominent manifestation throughout the disease course, previously leading to misdiagnosis as essential tremor (ET). Advances in the knowledge of genetically determined tremors may have been hampered by the inclusion of heterogeneous entities in previous studies on ET. The recent classification of tremors therefore aims to provide more consistent clinical data for deconstructing the genetic basis of tremor syndromes in the next-generation and long-read sequencing era. This review outlines the wide spectrum of tremor disorders with defined or presumed genetic etiology, both isolated and combined, unraveling diagnostic clues of these conditions and focusing mainly on ET-like phenotypes. Furthermore, we suggest a phenotype-to-genotype algorithm to support clinicians in identifying tremor syndromes and guiding genetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Melissa Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Eoin Mulroy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
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27
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Picillo M, Vitale E, Rendina A, Donizetti A, Aliperti V, Tepedino MF, Dati G, Ginevrino M, Valente EM, Barone P. Clinical and Molecular Characterization of a Novel Progranulin Deletion Associated with Different Phenotypes. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:341-347. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Picillo
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND); Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Emilia Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Rendina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Donizetti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Aliperti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Tepedino
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND); Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanna Dati
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND); Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Monia Ginevrino
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND); Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Italy
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28
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Ducharme S, Dols A, Laforce R, Devenney E, Kumfor F, van den Stock J, Dallaire-Théroux C, Seelaar H, Gossink F, Vijverberg E, Huey E, Vandenbulcke M, Masellis M, Trieu C, Onyike C, Caramelli P, de Souza LC, Santillo A, Waldö ML, Landin-Romero R, Piguet O, Kelso W, Eratne D, Velakoulis D, Ikeda M, Perry D, Pressman P, Boeve B, Vandenberghe R, Mendez M, Azuar C, Levy R, Le Ber I, Baez S, Lerner A, Ellajosyula R, Pasquier F, Galimberti D, Scarpini E, van Swieten J, Hornberger M, Rosen H, Hodges J, Diehl-Schmid J, Pijnenburg Y. Recommendations to distinguish behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia from psychiatric disorders. Brain 2020; 143:1632-1650. [PMID: 32129844 PMCID: PMC7849953 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a frequent cause of early-onset dementia. The diagnosis of bvFTD remains challenging because of the limited accuracy of neuroimaging in the early disease stages and the absence of molecular biomarkers, and therefore relies predominantly on clinical assessment. BvFTD shows significant symptomatic overlap with non-degenerative primary psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorders and even personality disorders. To date, ∼50% of patients with bvFTD receive a prior psychiatric diagnosis, and average diagnostic delay is up to 5-6 years from symptom onset. It is also not uncommon for patients with primary psychiatric disorders to be wrongly diagnosed with bvFTD. The Neuropsychiatric International Consortium for Frontotemporal Dementia was recently established to determine the current best clinical practice and set up an international collaboration to share a common dataset for future research. The goal of the present paper was to review the existing literature on the diagnosis of bvFTD and its differential diagnosis with primary psychiatric disorders to provide consensus recommendations on the clinical assessment. A systematic literature search with a narrative review was performed to determine all bvFTD-related diagnostic evidence for the following topics: bvFTD history taking, psychiatric assessment, clinical scales, physical and neurological examination, bedside cognitive tests, neuropsychological assessment, social cognition, structural neuroimaging, functional neuroimaging, CSF and genetic testing. For each topic, responsible team members proposed a set of minimal requirements, optimal clinical recommendations, and tools requiring further research or those that should be developed. Recommendations were listed if they reached a ≥ 85% expert consensus based on an online survey among all consortium participants. New recommendations include performing at least one formal social cognition test in the standard neuropsychological battery for bvFTD. We emphasize the importance of 3D-T1 brain MRI with a standardized review protocol including validated visual atrophy rating scales, and to consider volumetric analyses if available. We clarify the role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET for the exclusion of bvFTD when normal, whereas non-specific regional metabolism abnormalities should not be over-interpreted in the case of a psychiatric differential diagnosis. We highlight the potential role of serum or CSF neurofilament light chain to differentiate bvFTD from primary psychiatric disorders. Finally, based on the increasing literature and clinical experience, the consortium determined that screening for C9orf72 mutation should be performed in all possible/probable bvFTD cases or suspected cases with strong psychiatric features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Str., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Annemiek Dols
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZ InGeest, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME), Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emma Devenney
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona Kumfor
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jan van den Stock
- Laboratory for Translational Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Flora Gossink
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZ InGeest, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Everard Vijverberg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Huey
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Colombia University, New York, USA
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Masellis
- Department of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Calvin Trieu
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZ InGeest, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chiadi Onyike
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Landqvist Waldö
- Division of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Olivier Piguet
- Division of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wendy Kelso
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dhamidhu Eratne
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Manabu Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - David Perry
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Peter Pressman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, USA
| | - Bradley Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Mendez
- Department of Neurology, UCLA Medical Centre, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Carole Azuar
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Richard Levy
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Baez
- Department of Psychology, Andes University, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Alan Lerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | - Ratnavalli Ellajosyula
- Department of Neurology, Manipal Hospital and Annasawmy Mudaliar Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ Lille, Inserm U1171, Memory Center, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille, France
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit Milan, Italy
| | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Howard Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - John Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Yolande Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shademan B, Biray Avci C, Nikanfar M, Nourazarian A. Application of Next-Generation Sequencing in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Opportunities and Challenges. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:225-235. [PMID: 32399804 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors (gene mutations) lead to various rare and prevalent neurological diseases. Identification of underlying mutations in neurodegenerative diseases is of paramount importance due to the heterogeneous nature of the genome and different clinical manifestations. An early and accurate molecular diagnosis are cardinal for neurodegenerative patients to undergo proper therapeutic regimens. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) method examines up to millions of sequences at a time. As a result, the rare molecular diagnoses, previously presented with "unknown causes", are now possible in a short time. This method generates a large amount of data that can be utilized in patient management. Since each person has a unique genome, the NGS has transformed diagnostic and therapeutic strategies into sequencing and individual genomic mapping. However, this method has disadvantages like other diagnostic methods. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to briefly summarize the NGS method and correlated studies to unravel the genetic causes of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and MS. Finally, we discuss the NGS challenges and opportunities in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Shademan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Masoud Nikanfar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Nourazarian
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St., 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran. .,Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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30
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Carlisle TC, Galetta KM, McGinnis SM, Bockow Kaplan T. Clinical Reasoning: A 58-year-old woman presents with progressive memory deficits, odd behavior, and falls. Neurology 2020; 94:e557-e561. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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31
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Kresojević N, Mandić-Stojmenović G, Dobričić V, Petrović I, Brajković L, Stefanova E, Svetel M, Kostić V. Very Late-Onset Niemann Pick Type C Disease: Example of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Look-Alike Disorder. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2020; 7:211-214. [PMID: 32071943 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gorana Mandić-Stojmenović
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Centre of Serbia Belgrade Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | | | - Igor Petrović
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Centre of Serbia Belgrade Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | | | - Elka Stefanova
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Centre of Serbia Belgrade Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Marina Svetel
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Centre of Serbia Belgrade Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Vladimir Kostić
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Centre of Serbia Belgrade Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
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Douglass A, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D, Abel L. Visual Search in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 72:1303-1312. [PMID: 31707370 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes to visual search have shown specific patterns in a number of dementia subtypes. The cortical regions involved in the control of visual search overlap with the regions affected in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Previous literature has examined visual search in bvFTD with smaller array sizes. OBJECTIVE To examine the pattern of behavior shown by bvFTD patients while undertaking visual search in the presence of larger numbers of distractors to model increased cognitive load. METHODS 15 bvFTD and 17 control participants undertook three visual search tasks: color, orientation, and conjunction searches. A wide range of array sizes was used, from 16 to 100 items arranged as a square. Behavior was quantified using accuracy, response time, and eye movements. RESULTS BvFTD participants displayed a reduction in accuracy and an increased response time across all task types. BvFTD participants displayed an increase in number of objects examined and number of fixations made for color and conjunction tasks. Fixation duration was increased for orientation and conjunction (the more difficult tasks) but not color search. Results indicated the increase in time to response to be due to an increased intercept, with no significant difference in slope for the different tasks. CONCLUSION BvFTD participants display a pattern of visual search behavior consisting of a decrease in accuracy, an increase in response time, and a corresponding increase in the number and length of eye movements made during visual search. The pattern seen corresponds to studies of frontal lobe damage, while differing in pattern from that seen in a range of other cognitive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Douglass
- Optometry, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia.,Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Larry Abel
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Mishima T, Fujioka S, Fukae J, Yuasa-Kawada J, Tsuboi Y. Modeling Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123870. [PMID: 30518093 PMCID: PMC6321610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes are age-dependent multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases, which are clinically characterized by bradykinesia, tremor, muscle rigidity and postural instability. Although these diseases share several common clinical phenotypes, their pathophysiological aspects vary among the disease categories. Extensive animal-based approaches, as well as postmortem studies, have provided important insights into the disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. However, the exact pathological mechanisms triggering such diseases still remain elusive. Furthermore, the effects of drugs observed in animal models are not always reproduced in human clinical trials. By using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, it has become possible to establish patient-specific iPSCs from their somatic cells and to effectively differentiate these iPSCs into different types of neurons, reproducing some key aspects of the disease phenotypes in vitro. In this review, we summarize recent findings from iPSC-based modeling of PD and several atypical parkinsonian syndromes including multiple system atrophy, frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 and Perry syndrome. Furthermore, we discuss future challenges and prospects for modeling and understanding PD and atypical parkinsonian syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Mishima
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Fujioka
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Jiro Fukae
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | | | - Yoshio Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Yoo HS, Chung SJ, Kim SJ, Oh JS, Kim JS, Ye BS, Sohn YH, Lee PH. The role of 18F-FP-CIT PET in differentiation of progressive supranuclear palsy and frontotemporal dementia in the early stage. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:1585-1595. [PMID: 29728749 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the pattern of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability could differentiate between progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in the first few years of the disease. METHODS We enrolled patients who had Parkinsonism and frontal dysfunction and/or language deficit, visited the clinic within 2 years of the onset of symptoms, and had been followed-up for longer than 5 years; thus resulting in 26 patients with PSP and 24 patients with FTD. By quantitatively analyzing N-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-2β-carbon ethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane PET, we compared the pattern of DAT availability at the time of the baseline evaluation between the two groups. The discriminatory power of variables including DAT activity and clinical parameters was investigated by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses. Additionally, we analyzed the correlation between striatal subregional DAT availability and cognitive profiles. RESULTS Patients with PSP and FTD had significantly lower DAT availability than normal controls in the whole striatum and in each striatal subregion. When comparing the two groups, DAT availability was significantly lower in patients with PSP than those with FTD in all striatal subregions. The PSP and FTD groups had generally similar subregional patterns of DAT activity in terms of the anteroposterior and ventrodorsal gradients and asymmetry, except for a different preferential involvement in the caudate. The ROC analysis showed that the DAT activity of the whole striatum had an excellent discriminatory power relative to Parkinsonism or neurocognitive profiles. Correlation analysis showed that verbal memory was significantly correlated with DAT availability in the whole striatum and the putaminal subregion only in patients with PSP. CONCLUSIONS DAT scans have prognostic value in determining whether patients with Parkinsonism and behavioral and/or language dysfunction will develop features of PSP or FTD later in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Soo Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jung Su Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Ye
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea. .,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Murley AG, Rowe JB. Neurotransmitter deficits from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Brain 2018; 141:1263-1285. [PMID: 29373632 PMCID: PMC5917782 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration causes a spectrum of complex degenerative disorders including frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome, each of which is associated with changes in the principal neurotransmitter systems. We review the evidence for these neurochemical changes and propose that they contribute to symptomatology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, over and above neuronal loss and atrophy. Despite the development of disease-modifying therapies, aiming to slow neuropathological progression, it remains important to advance symptomatic treatments to reduce the disease burden and improve patients' and carers' quality of life. We propose that targeting the selective deficiencies in neurotransmitter systems, including dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, acetylcholine, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid is an important strategy towards this goal. We summarize the current evidence-base for pharmacological treatments and suggest strategies to improve the development of new, effective pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Murley
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Sir William Hardy Building, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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Galimberti D, Bertram K, Formica A, Fenoglio C, Cioffi SMG, Arighi A, Scarpini E, Colosimo C. Plasma Screening for Progranulin Mutations in Patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Syndromes. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:445-9. [PMID: 27163816 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin gene (GRN) mutations are characterized by heterogeneous presentations. Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is often associated with GRN mutations, whereas association with progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome (PSPS) is rare. Plasma progranulin levels were evaluated in 34 patients, including 19 with PSPS, 12 with CBS, and 3 with mixed signs, with the purpose to screen for the presence of causal mutations, associated with low levels. We found undetectable levels in a patient with CBS. Sequencing confirmed the presence of the Thr272fs deletion. Progranulin mutation screening is suggested in cases of CBS, even in the absence of positive family history for dementia and/or movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Galimberti
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Kelly Bertram
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alessandra Formica
- Dipartimento di Neurologia e Psichiatria, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara M G Cioffi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Arighi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Colosimo
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria, Terni, Italy
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He S, Chen S, Xia MR, Sun ZK, Huang Y, Zhang JW. The role of MAPT gene in Chinese dementia patients: a P301L pedigree study and brief literature review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:1627-1633. [PMID: 29950844 PMCID: PMC6018486 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s155521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common presenile dementia characterized by behavioral changes and language impairment. The diagnosis of FTD relies heavily on neuroimaging, and sometimes on genetic screening. However, the genetic components in Chinese FTD patients remain largely unknown. Only a few FTD cases with established mutations have been reported in China. This study reported the detailed clinical and neuroimaging features in a Chinese behavioral variant FTD family. The role of MAPT gene mutation in Chinese dementia patients was also reviewed. METHODS By detailed inquiry of all affected individuals in the family, this study summarized the main clinical features of the disease. Four candidate genes (MAPT, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP) were screened by direct sequencing. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional imaging of cerebral blood flow with arterial spin-labeled MRI (ASL-MRI), and cerebral metabolism with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) were collected in the proband and healthy mutation carriers. RESULTS By direct sequencing of candidate genes (MAPT, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP), this study identified the P301L mutation in the MAPT gene in the proband and three unaffected family members. The phenotype of the affected cases was consistent within the pedigree. In this genetically proven behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) patient, the maps of hypoperfusion on ASL-MRI look fairly similar to the hypometabolism on FDG-PET. The clinical feature for this bvFTD was in line with the hypoperfusion or hypometabolism pattern on functional neuroimagings. The phenotype of P301L in east Asia seems similar to western countries. CONCLUSION For the inherited FTD patients, ASL-MRI and genetic identification were strongly recommended for the final diagnosis. In case of being underestimated, the role of MAPT gene mutation in Chinese FTD patients warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang He
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Ming-Rong Xia
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Sun
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jie-Wen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
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38
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Clinical and biological phenotypes of frontotemporal dementia: Perspectives for disease modifying therapies. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 817:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tang SS, Li J, Tan L, Yu JT. Genetics of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: From the Bench to the Clinic. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:1157-76. [PMID: 27104909 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with a strong genetic component. In this review, we summarize most common mutations in MAPT, GRN, and C90RF72, as well as less common mutations in VCP, CHMP2B, TARDBP, FUS gene and so on. Several guidelines have been developed to help gene testing based on genotype-phenotype correlation, the underlying histopathological subtypes, and the neuroanatomic associations. Furthermore, we also summarize molecular pathways implicated by genes and novel targets for FTLD prevention and management in recent years.
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Lin HC, Lin CH, Chen PL, Cheng SJ, Chen PH. Intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity in a Taiwanese family with a MAPT p.R5H mutation: a case report and literature review. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:186. [PMID: 28923025 PMCID: PMC5604294 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterized by deficits in executive function that frequently overlaps with parkinsonism and motor neuron disorders. Several genes have been identified to cause autosomal dominant forms of FTD, including the gene coding for the protein associated with microtubule tau (MAPT). While most reported pathogenic mutations in MAPT occur in exons 9–13, few families have been reported with mutations outside of this region. Herein, we report a first Taiwanese family having the exon 1 p.Arg5His mutation in MAPT with intrafamilial phenotype heterogeneity. Case presentation A 63-year-old man presented with progressive non-fluent speech and impaired memory for 3 years. He then developed apraxia, myoclonus and parkinsonism feature at his right hand. Extensive neurologic and neurocognitive examination lead to a diagnosis of FTD mixed with corticobasal syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed asymmetric atrophy in the left frontal and temporal lobes and single-photon emission computed tomography indicated decreased metabolism in the same areas as well as the left basal ganglia. The patient’s mother had been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) at the age of 60 and was deceased 10 years later due to respiratory failure. The patient’s younger sister had persistent depressive disorder in her early forties and did not have any prominent cognitive or motor dysfunctions. We performed genetic analysis applying a targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) panel covering MAPT, GRN, VCP, FUS, CHMP2B, and TARDBP on the proband, followed by Sanger sequencing of candidate genes in eight family members. Hexanucleotide repeat expansion of C9Orf72 was determined by repeat-primed PCR. We identified a missense mutation in exon 1 of MAPT gene, c.14G > A (p.R5H), which was previously reported in only two Japanese patients in a literature review. This substitution co-segregated with the disease phenotypes in the family. Conclusions This is the first report of the occurrence of the MAPT p.R5H mutation in the Taiwanese population. Our findings extend the current knowledge of phenotypic heterogeneity among family members carrying the MAPT p.R5H mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chi Lin
- Department of Neurology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist, Taipei City, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Cheng
- Department of Neurology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist, Taipei City, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist, Taipei City, 10449, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
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41
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Krüger R, Klucken J, Weiss D, Tönges L, Kolber P, Unterecker S, Lorrain M, Baas H, Müller T, Riederer P. Classification of advanced stages of Parkinson's disease: translation into stratified treatments. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1015-1027. [PMID: 28342083 PMCID: PMC5514193 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced stages of Parkinson's disease (advPD) still impose a challenge in terms of classification and related stage-adapted treatment recommendations. Previous concepts that define advPD by certain milestones of motor disability apparently fall short in addressing the increasingly recognized complexity of motor and non-motor symptoms and do not allow to account for the clinical heterogeneity that require more personalized approaches. Therefore, deep phenotyping approaches are required to characterize the broad-scaled, continuous and multidimensional spectrum of disease-related motor and non-motor symptoms and their progression under real-life conditions. This will also facilitate the reasoning for clinical care and therapeutic decisions, as neurologists currently have to refer to clinical trials that provide guidance on a group level; however, this does not always account for the individual needs of patients. Here, we provide an overview on different classifications for advPD that translate into critical phenotypic patterns requiring the differential therapeutic adjustments. New concepts refer to precision medicine approaches also in PD and first studies on genetic stratification for therapeutic outcomes provide a potential for more objective treatment recommendations. We define novel treatment targets that align with this concept and make use of emerging device-based assessments of real-life information on PD symptoms. As these approaches require empowerment of patients and integration into treatment decisions, we present communication strategies and decision support based on new technologies to adjust treatment of advPD according to patient demands and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Jochen Klucken
- Molecular Neurology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Weiss
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tönges
- Department of Neurology of the Ruhr-University Bochum at St Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 , Bochum, Germany
| | - Pierre Kolber
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Stefan Unterecker
- Center of Mental Health, Clinic and Policlinic of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Horst Baas
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Hanau GmbH, Hanau, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weissensee, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Clinic and Policlinic of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
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Pottier C, Ravenscroft TA, Sanchez-Contreras M, Rademakers R. Genetics of FTLD: overview and what else we can expect from genetic studies. J Neurochem 2017; 138 Suppl 1:32-53. [PMID: 27009575 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) comprises a highly heterogeneous group of disorders clinically associated with behavioral and personality changes, language impairment, and deficits in executive functioning, and pathologically associated with degeneration of frontal and temporal lobes. Some patients present with motor symptoms including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Genetic research over the past two decades in FTLD families led to the identification of three common FTLD genes (microtubule-associated protein tau, progranulin, and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72) and a small number of rare FTLD genes, explaining the disease in almost all autosomal dominant FTLD families but only a minority of apparently sporadic patients or patients in whom the family history is less clear. Identification of additional FTLD (risk) genes is therefore highly anticipated, especially with the emerging use of next-generation sequencing. Common variants in the transmembrane protein 106 B were identified as a genetic risk factor of FTLD and disease modifier in patients with known mutations. This review summarizes for each FTLD gene what we know about the type and frequency of mutations, their associated clinical and pathological features, and potential disease mechanisms. We also provide an overview of emerging disease pathways encompassing multiple FTLD genes. We further discuss how FTLD specific issues, such as disease heterogeneity, the presence of an unclear family history and the possible role of an oligogenic basis of FTLD, can pose challenges for future FTLD gene identification and risk assessment of specific variants. Finally, we highlight emerging clinical, genetic, and translational research opportunities that lie ahead. Genetic research led to the identification of three common FTLD genes with rare variants (MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72) and a small number of rare genes. Efforts are now ongoing, which aimed at the identification of rare variants with high risk and/or low frequency variants with intermediate effect. Common risk variants have also been identified, such as TMEM106B. This review discusses the current knowledge on FTLD genes and the emerging disease pathways encompassing multiple FTLD genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Pottier
- Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Fujimaki M, Kanai K, Funabe S, Takanashi M, Yokoyama K, Li Y, Hattori N. Parkinsonism in a patient with valosin-containing protein gene mutation showing: a case report. J Neurol 2017; 264:1284-1286. [PMID: 28364293 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Fujimaki
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyouku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kanai
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyouku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Funabe
- Department of Neurology, Sendai Nishitaga National Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masashi Takanashi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyouku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyouku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyouku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyouku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
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Sawyer RP, Rodriguez-Porcel F, Hagen M, Shatz R, Espay AJ. Diagnosing the frontal variant of Alzheimer's disease: a clinician's yellow brick road. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2017; 4:2. [PMID: 28265458 PMCID: PMC5333400 DOI: 10.1186/s40734-017-0052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Disruption of the frontal lobes and its associated networks are a common consequence of neurodegenerative disorders. Given the wide range of cognitive, behavioral and motor processes in which the frontal lobes are involved, there can be a great variety of manifestations depending on the pathology distribution. The most common are the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and the frontal variant of Alzheimer’s disease (fvAD), which are particularly challenging to disentangle. Recognizing fvAD from bvFTD-related pathologies is a diagnostic challenge and a critical need in the management and counseling of these patients. Case presentation Here we present three pathology-proven cases of Alzheimer’s disease initially misdiagnosed as bvFTD and discuss the distinctive or less overlapping historical, examination, and laboratory findings of fvAD and bvFTD, deriving analogies for mnemonic endurance from the Wizard of Oz worldview. Conclusion The Yellow Brick Road to diagnosing these disorders may be served by the metaphor of fvAD as the irritable, paranoid, and tremulous Scarecrow and bvFTD the heartless, ritualistic, and rigid Tin Man. An Oz-inspired creative license may help the clinician recognize the differential disease progression, caregiver burden, and treatment response of fvAD compared with bvFTD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40734-017-0052-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Sawyer
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, 260 Stetson Street Suite 2300, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA
| | - Federico Rodriguez-Porcel
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, 260 Stetson Street Suite 2300, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA.,UC Memory Disorders Center, University of Cincinnati, 234 Goodman Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA.,Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, 234 Goodman Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA
| | - Matthew Hagen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 234 Goodman Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0533 USA
| | - Rhonna Shatz
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, 260 Stetson Street Suite 2300, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA.,UC Memory Disorders Center, University of Cincinnati, 234 Goodman Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, 260 Stetson Street Suite 2300, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA.,Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, 234 Goodman Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA
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45
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Mouse models of frontotemporal dementia: A comparison of phenotypes with clinical symptomatology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:126-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ferrari R, Wang Y, Vandrovcova J, Guelfi S, Witeolar A, Karch CM, Schork AJ, Fan CC, Brewer JB, Momeni P, Schellenberg GD, Dillon WP, Sugrue LP, Hess CP, Yokoyama JS, Bonham LW, Rabinovici GD, Miller BL, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Hardy J, Desikan RS. Genetic architecture of sporadic frontotemporal dementia and overlap with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:152-164. [PMID: 27899424 PMCID: PMC5237405 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical, pathological and genetic overlap between sporadic frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been suggested; however, the relationship between these disorders is still not well understood. Here we evaluated genetic overlap between FTD, AD and PD to assess shared pathobiology and identify novel genetic variants associated with increased risk for FTD. METHODS Summary statistics were obtained from the International FTD Genomics Consortium, International PD Genetics Consortium and International Genomics of AD Project (n>75 000 cases and controls). We used conjunction false discovery rate (FDR) to evaluate genetic pleiotropy and conditional FDR to identify novel FTD-associated SNPs. Relevant variants were further evaluated for expression quantitative loci. RESULTS We observed SNPs within the HLA, MAPT and APOE regions jointly contributing to increased risk for FTD and AD or PD. By conditioning on polymorphisms associated with PD and AD, we found 11 loci associated with increased risk for FTD. Meta-analysis across two independent FTD cohorts revealed a genome-wide signal within the APOE region (rs6857, 3'-UTR=PVRL2, p=2.21×10-12), and a suggestive signal for rs1358071 within the MAPT region (intronic=CRHR1, p=4.91×10-7) with the effect allele tagging the H1 haplotype. Pleiotropic SNPs at the HLA and MAPT loci associated with expression changes in cis-genes supporting involvement of intracellular vesicular trafficking, immune response and endo/lysosomal processes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate genetic pleiotropy in these neurodegenerative diseases and indicate that sporadic FTD is a polygenic disorder where multiple pleiotropic loci with small effects contribute to increased disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Aree Witeolar
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chun C Fan
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James B Brewer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Parastoo Momeni
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William P Dillon
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leo P Sugrue
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christopher P Hess
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Rahul S Desikan
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Fan TS, Wu RM, Chen PL, Chen TF, Li HY, Lin YH, Chen CY, Chen ML, Tai CH, Lin HI, Lin CH. Clinical heterogeneity of LRRK2 p.I2012T mutation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 33:36-43. [PMID: 27628070 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, only few cases carrying LRRK2 mutations have been reported in Taiwanese PD patients. METHODS We used targeted next generation sequencing (NGS), covering 24 candidate genes involved in neurodegenerative disorders, to analyze 40 probands with familial PD, and 10 patients with mixed neurodegenerative disorders. Sanger sequencing of the identified mutation in the first set of the study was performed in additional 270 PD patients, including 139 familial PD and 131 early-onset PD (onset age less than 50 years old), and 300 age/gender matched control subjects. RESULTS We found a missense variant, p.I2012T, in the LRRK2 gene in one sporadic patient having early-onset frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism and dystonia. Sanger sequencing this substitution in additional 270 PD patients in the second set of the study revealed two additional variant carriers: one having autosomal-dominant familial PD, and one with sporadic PD. The p.I2012T substitution was absent in 300 normal control subjects. Analyzing family members of the proband with p.I2012T revealed co-segregation of the variant and parkinsonism. Clinical presentations, levodopa responses, and Tc99mTRODAT-SPECT imaging findings of this index family were similar to idiopathic PD. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed clinical heterogeneity of the LRRK2 p.I2012T substitution, and demonstrated the use of targeted NGS for genetic diagnosis in multiplex families with PD or mixed neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Sin Fan
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Landseed Hospital, Ping-jen City, Tao-Yuan County, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ying Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hwei Tai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hang-I Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yoshitake J, Soeda Y, Ida T, Sumioka A, Yoshikawa M, Matsushita K, Akaike T, Takashima A. Modification of Tau by 8-Nitroguanosine 3',5'-Cyclic Monophosphate (8-Nitro-cGMP): EFFECTS OF NITRIC OXIDE-LINKED CHEMICAL MODIFICATION ON TAU AGGREGATION. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22714-22720. [PMID: 27601475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillar tangles caused by intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau inclusion and extracellular amyloid β peptide deposition are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Tau contains one or two cysteine residues in three or four repeats of the microtubule binding region following alternative splicing of exon 10, and formation of intermolecular cysteine disulfide bonds accelerates tau aggregation. 8-Nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) acts as a novel second messenger of nitric oxide (NO) by covalently binding cGMP to cysteine residues by electrophilic properties, a process termed protein S-guanylation. Here we studied S-guanylation of tau and its effects on tau aggregation. 8-Nitro-cGMP exposure induced S-guanylation of tau both in vitro and in tau-overexpressed HEK293T cells. S-guanylated tau inhibited heparin-induced tau aggregation in a thioflavin T assay. Atomic force microscopy observations indicated that S-guanylated tau could not form tau granules and fibrils. Further biochemical analyses showed that S-guanylated tau was inhibited at the step of tau oligomer formation. In P301L tau-expressing Neuro2A cells, 8-nitro-cGMP treatment significantly reduced the amount of sarcosyl-insoluble tau. NO-linked chemical modification on cysteine residues of tau could block tau aggregation, and therefore, increasing 8-nitro-cGMP levels in the brain could become a potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yoshitake
- From the Departments of Aging Neurobiology and.,Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | | | - Tomoaki Ida
- the Department of Environmental Health Science and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and
| | - Akio Sumioka
- the Department of Life Science, Gakushuin University Graduate School of Science, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Matsushita
- Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- the Department of Environmental Health Science and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and
| | - Akihiko Takashima
- the Department of Life Science, Gakushuin University Graduate School of Science, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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Woollacott IOC, Rohrer JD. The clinical spectrum of sporadic and familial forms of frontotemporal dementia. J Neurochem 2016; 138 Suppl 1:6-31. [PMID: 27144467 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term frontotemporal dementia (FTD) describes a clinically, genetically and pathologically diverse group of neurodegenerative disorders. Symptoms of FTD can present in individuals in their 20s through to their 90s, but the mean age at onset is in the sixth decade. The most common presentation is with a change in personality and impaired social conduct (behavioural variant FTD). Less frequently patients present with language problems (primary progressive aphasia). Both of these groups of patients can develop motor features consistent with either motor neuron disease (usually the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis variant) or parkinsonism (most commonly a progressive supranuclear palsy or corticobasal syndrome). In about a third of cases FTD is familial, with mutations in the progranulin, microtubule-associated protein tau and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 genes being the major causes. Mutations in a number of other genes including TANK-binding kinase 1 are rare causes of familial FTD. This review aims to clarify the often confusing terminology of FTD, and outline the various clinical features and diagnostic criteria of sporadic and familial FTD syndromes. It will also discuss the current major challenges in FTD research and clinical practice, and potential areas for future research. This review clarifies the terminology of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and summarizes the various clinical features and most recent diagnostic criteria of sporadic and familial FTD syndromes. It also discusses the current major challenges in FTD research and clinical practice, and highlights potential areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione O C Woollacott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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50
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Gasca-Salas C, Masellis M, Khoo E, Shah BB, Fisman D, Lang AE, Kleiner-Fisman G. Characterization of Movement Disorder Phenomenology in Genetically Proven, Familial Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153852. [PMID: 27100392 PMCID: PMC4839564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in granulin (PGRN) and tau (MAPT), and hexanucleotide repeat expansions near the C9orf72 genes are the most prevalent genetic causes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Although behavior, language and movement presentations are common, the relationship between genetic subgroup and movement disorder phenomenology is unclear. Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature characterizing the spectrum and prevalence of movement disorders in genetic frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Methods Electronic databases were searched using terms related to frontotemporal lobar degeneration and movement disorders. Articles were included when cases had a proven genetic cause. Study-specific prevalence estimates for clinical features were transformed using Freeman-Tukey arcsine transformation, allowing for pooled estimates of prevalence to be generated using random-effects models. Results The mean age at onset was earlier in those with MAPT mutations compared to PGRN (p<0.001) and C9orf72 (p = 0.024). 66.5% of subjects had an initial non-movement presentation that was most likely a behavioral syndrome (35.7%). At any point during the disease, parkinsonism was the most common movement syndrome reported in 79.8% followed by progressive supranuclear palsy (PSPS) and corticobasal (CBS) syndromes in 12.2% and 10.7%, respectively. The prevalence of movement disorder as initial presentation was higher in MAPT subjects (35.8%) compared to PGRN subjects (10.1). In those with a non-movement presentation, language disorder was more common in PGRN subjects (18.7%) compared to MAPT subjects (5.4%). Summary This represents the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the occurrence of movement disorder phenomenology in genetic frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Standardized prospective collection of clinical information in conjunction with genetic characterization will be crucial for accurate clinico-genetic correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gasca-Salas
- The Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, TWH, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centro integral en Neurociencias A.C. (CINAC)/HM Hospitales- Puerta del Sur, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Mario Masellis
- Centro integral en Neurociencias A.C. (CINAC)/HM Hospitales- Puerta del Sur, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
- Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edwin Khoo
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Binit B. Shah
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David Fisman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- The Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, TWH, Toronto, Canada
| | - Galit Kleiner-Fisman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Jeff and Diane Ross Movement Disorders Clinic, Baycrest Center for Geriatric Health, Toronto, Canada
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