1
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Ng XY, Cao M. Dysfunction of synaptic endocytic trafficking in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2649-2660. [PMID: 38595283 PMCID: PMC11168511 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and dopamine deficiency in the striatum. The precise reasons behind the specific degeneration of these dopamine neurons remain largely elusive. Genetic investigations have identified over 20 causative PARK genes and 90 genomic risk loci associated with both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Notably, several of these genes are linked to the synaptic vesicle recycling process, particularly the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. This suggests that impaired synaptic vesicle recycling might represent an early feature of Parkinson's disease, followed by axonal degeneration and the eventual loss of dopamine cell bodies in the midbrain via a "dying back" mechanism. Recently, several new animal and cellular models with Parkinson's disease-linked mutations affecting the endocytic pathway have been created and extensively characterized. These models faithfully recapitulate certain Parkinson's disease-like features at the animal, circuit, and cellular levels, and exhibit defects in synaptic membrane trafficking, further supporting the findings from human genetics and clinical studies. In this review, we will first summarize the cellular and molecular findings from the models of two Parkinson's disease-linked clathrin uncoating proteins: auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19) and synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1/PARK20). The mouse models carrying these two PARK gene mutations phenocopy each other with specific dopamine terminal pathology and display a potent synergistic effect. Subsequently, we will delve into the involvement of several clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related proteins (GAK, endophilin A1, SAC2/INPP5F, synaptotagmin-11), identified as Parkinson's disease risk factors through genome-wide association studies, in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. We will also explore the direct or indirect roles of some common Parkinson's disease-linked proteins (alpha-synuclein (PARK1/4), Parkin (PARK2), and LRRK2 (PARK8)) in synaptic endocytic trafficking. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging novel functions of these endocytic proteins in downstream membrane traffic pathways, particularly autophagy. Given that synaptic dysfunction is considered as an early event in Parkinson's disease, a deeper understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying synaptic vesicle endocytic trafficking may unveil novel targets for early diagnosis and the development of interventional therapies for Parkinson's disease. Future research should aim to elucidate why generalized synaptic endocytic dysfunction leads to the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Ng
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mian Cao
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Rajan R, Holla VV, Kamble N, Yadav R, Pal PK. Genetic heterogeneity of early onset Parkinson disease: The dilemma of clinico-genetic correlation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024:107146. [PMID: 39313403 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
With advances in genetic testing increasing proportion of early onset Parkinson disease (EOPD) are being identified to have an underlying genetic aetiology. This is can be in the form of either highly penetrant genes associated with phenotypes with monogenic or mendelian inheritance patterns or those genes known as risk factor genes which confer an increased risk of PD in an individual. Both of them can modify the phenotypic manifestation in a patient with PD. This improved knowledge has helped in deciphering the intricate role of various cellular pathways in the pathophysiology of PD including both early and late and even sporadic PD. However, the phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity is a major challenge. Different deleterious alterations in a same gene can result in a spectrum of presentation spanning from juvenile to late onset and typical to atypical parkinsonism manifestation. Similarly, a single phenotype can occur due to abnormality in two or more different genes. This conundrum poses a dilemma in the clinical approach and in understanding the clinico-genetic correlation. Understanding the clinico-genetic correlation carries even more importance especially when genetic testing is either not accessible or affordable or in many regions both. In this narrative review, we aim to discuss briefly the approach to various PARK gene related EOPD and describe in detail the clinico-genetic correlation of individual type of PARK gene related genetic EOPD with respect to their classical clinical presentation, pathophysiology, investigation findings and treatment response to medication and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Rajan
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikram V Holla
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.
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3
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Cotrin JC, Piergiorge RM, Gonçalves AP, Pereira JS, Gerber AL, de Campos Guimarães AP, de Vasconcelos ATR, Santos-Rebouças CB. Co-occurrence of PRKN and SYNJ1 variants in Early-Onset Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:915-928. [PMID: 38836947 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease globally, with a fast-growing prevalence. The etiology of PD exhibits a multifactorial complex nature and remains challenging. Herein, we described clinical, molecular, and integrative bioinformatics findings from a Brazilian female affected by Early-Onset PD (EOPD) harboring a recurrent homozygous pathogenic deletion in the parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase gene (PRKN; NM_004562.3:c.155delA; p.Asn52Metfs*29; rs754809877), along with a novel heterozygous variant in the synaptojanin 1 gene (SYNJ1; NM_003895.3:c.62G > T; p.Cys21Phe; rs1486511197) found by Whole Exome Sequencing. Uncommon or unreported PRKN-related clinical features in the patient include cognitive decline, auditory and visual hallucinations, REM sleep disorder, and depression, previously observed in SYNJ1-related conditions. Moreover, PRKN interacts with endophilin A1, which is a major binding partner of SYNJ1. This protein plays a pivotal role in regulating the dynamics of synaptic vesicles, particularly in the context of endocytosis and recycling processes. Altogether, our comprehensive analyses underscore a potential synergistic effect between the PRKN and SYNJ1 variants over the pathogenesis of EOPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cordovil Cotrin
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, PHLC - sala 501F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mina Piergiorge
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, PHLC - sala 501F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Andressa Pereira Gonçalves
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, PHLC - sala 501F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brazil
| | - João Santos Pereira
- Movement Disorders Section, Neurology Service, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Lehmkuhl Gerber
- Bioinformatics Laboratory (LABINFO), National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Petrópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cíntia Barros Santos-Rebouças
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, PHLC - sala 501F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brazil.
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4
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Yahya V, Di Fonzo A, Monfrini E. Genetic Evidence for Endolysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076338. [PMID: 37047309 PMCID: PMC10094484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population, and no disease-modifying therapy has been approved to date. The pathogenesis of PD has been related to many dysfunctional cellular mechanisms, however, most of its monogenic forms are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in endolysosomal function (LRRK2, VPS35, VPS13C, and ATP13A2) and synaptic vesicle trafficking (SNCA, RAB39B, SYNJ1, and DNAJC6). Moreover, an extensive search for PD risk variants revealed strong risk variants in several lysosomal genes (e.g., GBA1, SMPD1, TMEM175, and SCARB2) highlighting the key role of lysosomal dysfunction in PD pathogenesis. Furthermore, large genetic studies revealed that PD status is associated with the overall “lysosomal genetic burden”, namely the cumulative effect of strong and weak risk variants affecting lysosomal genes. In this context, understanding the complex mechanisms of impaired vesicular trafficking and dysfunctional endolysosomes in dopaminergic neurons of PD patients is a fundamental step to identifying precise therapeutic targets and developing effective drugs to modify the neurodegenerative process in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidal Yahya
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Maj M, Taylor CL, Landau K, Toriello HV, Li D, Bhoj EJ, Hakonarson H, Nelson B, Gluschitz S, Walker RH, Sobering AK. A novel SYNJ1 homozygous variant causing developmental and epileptic encephalopathy in an Afro-Caribbean individual. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 11:e2064. [PMID: 36148638 PMCID: PMC9834178 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SYNJ1 encodes Synaptojanin-1, a dual-function poly-phosphoinositide phosphatase that is expressed in the brain to regulate neuronal synaptic vesicle dynamics. Biallelic SYNJ1 variants cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, from early onset parkinsonism to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. METHODS Proband-only exome sequencing was used to identify a homozygous SYNJ1 pathogenic variant in an individual with epileptic encephalopathy. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the variant. RESULTS We present an Afro-Caribbean female who developed uncontrollable seizures shortly after birth, accompanied by developmental delay and severe generalized dystonia. She had homozygosity for a novel c.242-2A > G variant in SYNJ1 with both parents being heterozygous carriers. An older sister was reported to have had a similar presentation but was not examined. Both siblings died at an approximate age of 16 years. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel pathogenic variant in SYNJ1 present in homozygosity leading to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Currently, there are only 4 reports describing 10 individuals with SYNJ1-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. This case expands the clinical knowledge and the allelic heterogeneity associated with SYNJ1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Maj
- Department of BiochemistrySt. George's University School of MedicineSt. George'sGrenada
| | - Christie L. Taylor
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership Campus of the Medical College of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kevin Landau
- Department of BiochemistrySt. George's University School of MedicineSt. George'sGrenada
| | - Helga V. Toriello
- Department of Pediatrics and Human DevelopmentMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied GenomicsThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA,Division of Human Genetics, Department of PediatricsThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA,Department of PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Elizabeth J. Bhoj
- Center for Applied GenomicsThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA,Division of Human Genetics, Department of PediatricsThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA,Department of PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Pediatrics and Human DevelopmentMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA,Center for Applied GenomicsThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA,Department of PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Beverly Nelson
- Pediatrics WardGrenada General HospitalSt. George'sGrenada,Clinical Teaching UnitSt. George's University School of MedicineSt. George'sGrenada
| | - Sarah Gluschitz
- Department of Anatomical SciencesSt. George's University School of MedicineSt. George'sGrenada
| | - Ruth H. Walker
- Department of NeurologyJames J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical CenterBronxNew YorkUSA,Department of NeurologyMount Sinai School of MedicineNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrew K. Sobering
- Department of BiochemistrySt. George's University School of MedicineSt. George'sGrenada,Department of Basic Sciences, University of Georgia Health Sciences CampusAugusta University/University of Georgia Medical PartnershipAthensGeorgiaUSA,Windward Islands Research and Education FoundationSt. George'sGrenada
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6
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Guadagnolo D, Piane M, Torrisi MR, Pizzuti A, Petrucci S. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Monogenic Parkinson Disease: A Review on Clinical and Molecular Findings. Front Neurol 2021; 12:648588. [PMID: 34630269 PMCID: PMC8494251 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.648588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, usually with multifactorial etiology. It is characterized by prominent movement disorders and non-motor symptoms. Movement disorders commonly include bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Non-motor symptoms can include behavior disorders, sleep disturbances, hyposmia, cognitive impairment, and depression. A fraction of PD cases instead is due to Parkinsonian conditions with Mendelian inheritance. The study of the genetic causes of these phenotypes has shed light onto common pathogenetic mechanisms underlying Parkinsonian conditions. Monogenic Parkinsonisms can present autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or even X-linked inheritance patterns. Clinical presentations vary from forms indistinguishable from idiopathic PD to severe childhood-onset conditions with other neurological signs. We provided a comprehensive description of each condition, discussing current knowledge on genotype-phenotype correlations. Despite the broad clinical spectrum and the many genes involved, the phenotype appears to be related to the disrupted cell function and inheritance pattern, and several assumptions about genotype-phenotype correlations can be made. The interest in these assumptions is not merely speculative, in the light of novel promising targeted therapies currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Guadagnolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto i Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Piane
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics Unit, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics Unit, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto i Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics Unit, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
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7
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Lesage S, Mangone G, Tesson C, Bertrand H, Benmahdjoub M, Kesraoui S, Arezki M, Singleton A, Corvol JC, Brice A. Clinical Variability of SYNJ1-Associated Early-Onset Parkinsonism. Front Neurol 2021; 12:648457. [PMID: 33841314 PMCID: PMC8027075 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.648457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Mutations of three genes, PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1 cause pure phenotypes usually characterized by levodopa-responsive Parkinson's disease. By contrast, mutations of other genes, including ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7, DNAJC6, SYNJ1, VPS13C, and PTRHD1, cause rarer, more severe diseases with a poor response to levodopa, generally with additional atypical features. We performed data mining on a gene panel or whole-exome sequencing in 460 index cases with early-onset (≤ 40 years) Parkinson's disease, including 57 with autosomal recessive disease and 403 isolated cases. We identified two isolated cases carrying biallelic mutations of SYNJ1 (double-heterozygous p.D791fs/p.Y232H and homozygous p. Y832C mutations) and two siblings with the recurrent homozygous p.R258Q mutation. All four variants were absent or rare in the Genome Aggregation Database, were predicted to be deleterious on in silico analysis and were found to be highly conserved between species. The patient with both the previously unknown p.D791fs and p.Y232H mutations presented with dystonia-parkinsonism accompanied by a frontal syndrome and oculomotor disturbances at the age of 39. In addition, two siblings from an Algerian consanguineous family carried the homozygous p.R258Q mutation and presented generalized tonic-clonic seizures during childhood, with severe intellectual disability, followed by progressive parkinsonism during their teens. By contrast, the isolated patient with the homozygous p. Y832C mutation, diagnosed at the age of 20, had typical parkinsonism, with no atypical symptoms and slow disease progression. Our findings expand the mutational spectrum and phenotypic profile of SYNJ1-related parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, CIC Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Graziella Mangone
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, CIC Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Tesson
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, CIC Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, CIC Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, CIC Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, CIC Neurosciences, Paris, France
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8
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Wittke C, Petkovic S, Dobricic V, Schaake S, Respondek G, Weissbach A, Madoev H, Trinh J, Vollstedt EJ, Kuhnke N, Lohmann K, Dulovic Mahlow M, Marras C, König IR, Stamelou M, Bonifati V, Lill CM, Kasten M, Huppertz HJ, Höglinger G, Klein C. Genotype-Phenotype Relations for the Atypical Parkinsonism Genes: MDSGene Systematic Review. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1499-1510. [PMID: 34396589 PMCID: PMC9070562 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This Movement Disorder Society Genetic mutation database Systematic Review focuses on monogenic atypical parkinsonism with mutations in the ATP13A2, DCTN1, DNAJC6, FBXO7, SYNJ1, and VPS13C genes. We screened 673 citations and extracted genotypic and phenotypic data for 140 patients (73 families) from 77 publications. In an exploratory fashion, we applied an automated classification procedure via an ensemble of bootstrap-aggregated (“bagged”) decision trees to distinguish these 6 forms of monogenic atypical parkinsonism and found a high accuracy of 86.5% (95% CI, 86.3%–86.7%) based on the following 10 clinical variables: age at onset, spasticity and pyramidal signs, hypoventilation, decreased body weight, minimyoclonus, vertical gaze palsy, autonomic symptoms, other nonmotor symptoms, levodopa response quantification, and cognitive decline. Comparing monogenic atypical with monogenic typical parkinsonism using 2063 data sets from Movement Disorder Society Genetic mutation database on patients with SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1 mutations, the age at onset was earlier in monogenic atypical parkinsonism (24 vs 40 years; P = 1.2647 × 10−12) and levodopa response less favorable than in patients with monogenic typical presentations (49% vs 93%). In addition, we compared monogenic to nonmonogenic atypical parkinsonism using data from 362 patients with progressive supranuclear gaze palsy, corticobasal degeneration, multiple system atrophy, or frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Although these conditions share many clinical features with the monogenic atypical forms, they can typically be distinguished based on their later median age at onset (64 years; IQR, 57–70 years). In conclusion, age at onset, presence of specific signs, and degree of levodopa response inform differential diagnostic considerations and genetic testing indications in atypical forms of parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wittke
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sonja Petkovic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Susen Schaake
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Gesine Respondek
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Harutyun Madoev
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Joanne Trinh
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Neele Kuhnke
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Connie Marras
- Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Department, HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece.,School of Medicine, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Neurology Clinic, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina M Lill
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Günter Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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9
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Paesmans J, Martin E, Deckers B, Berghmans M, Sethi R, Loeys Y, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Verstreken P, Galicia C, Versées W. A structure of substrate-bound Synaptojanin1 provides new insights in its mechanism and the effect of disease mutations. eLife 2020; 9:64922. [PMID: 33349335 PMCID: PMC7781601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptojanin1 (Synj1) is a phosphoinositide phosphatase, important in clathrin uncoating during endocytosis of presynaptic vesicles. It was identified as a potential drug target for Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, and TBC1D24-associated epilepsy, while also loss-of-function mutations in Synj1 are associated with epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. Despite its involvement in a range of disorders, structural, and detailed mechanistic information regarding the enzyme is lacking. Here, we report the crystal structure of the 5-phosphatase domain of Synj1. Moreover, we also present a structure of this domain bound to the substrate diC8-PI(3,4,5)P3, providing the first image of a 5-phosphatase with a trapped substrate in its active site. Together with an analysis of the contribution of the different inositide phosphate groups to catalysis, these structures provide new insights in the Synj1 mechanism. Finally, we analysed the effect of three clinical missense mutations (Y793C, R800C, Y849C) on catalysis, unveiling the molecular mechanisms underlying Synj1-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Paesmans
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ella Martin
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Babette Deckers
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marjolijn Berghmans
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ritika Sethi
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannick Loeys
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Pardon
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Galicia
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim Versées
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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