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Korobkin JJD, Deordieva EA, Tesakov IP, Adamanskaya EIA, Boldova AE, Boldyreva AA, Galkina SV, Lazutova DP, Martyanov AA, Pustovalov VA, Novichkova GA, Shcherbina A, Panteleev MA, Sveshnikova AN. Dissecting thrombus-directed chemotaxis and random movement in neutrophil near-thrombus motion in flow chambers. BMC Biol 2024; 22:115. [PMID: 38764040 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboinflammation is caused by mutual activation of platelets and neutrophils. The site of thromboinflammation is determined by chemoattracting agents release by endothelium, immune cells, and platelets. Impaired neutrophil chemotaxis contributes to the pathogenesis of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS). In this hereditary disorder, neutrophils are known to have aberrant chemoattractant-induced F-actin properties. Here, we aim to determine whether neutrophil chemotaxis could be analyzed using our previously developed ex vivo assay of the neutrophils crawling among the growing thrombi. METHODS Adult and pediatric healthy donors, alongside with pediatric patients with SDS, were recruited for the study. Thrombus formation and granulocyte movement in hirudinated whole blood were visualized by fluorescent microscopy in fibrillar collagen-coated parallel-plate flow chambers. Alternatively, fibrinogen, fibronectin, vWF, or single tumor cells immobilized on coverslips were used. A computational model of chemokine distribution in flow chamber with a virtual neutrophil moving in it was used to analyze the observed data. RESULTS The movement of healthy donor neutrophils predominantly occurred in the direction and vicinity of thrombi grown on collagen or around tumor cells. For SDS patients or on coatings other than collagen, the movement was characterized by randomness and significantly reduced velocities. Increase in wall shear rates to 300-500 1/s led to an increase in the proportion of rolling neutrophils. A stochastic algorithm simulating leucocyte chemotaxis movement in the calculated chemoattractant field could reproduce the experimental trajectories of moving neutrophils for 72% of cells. CONCLUSIONS In samples from healthy donors, but not SDS patients, neutrophils move in the direction of large, chemoattractant-releasing platelet thrombi growing on collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia-Jessica D Korobkin
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Deordieva
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan P Tesakov
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina-Iva A Adamanskaya
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna E Boldova
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonina A Boldyreva
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofia V Galkina
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria P Lazutova
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Martyanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Galina A Novichkova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Panteleev
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia N Sveshnikova
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Carminita E, Crescence L, Panicot-Dubois L, Dubois C. Role of Neutrophils and NETs in Animal Models of Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031411. [PMID: 35163333 PMCID: PMC8836215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. Notably, it is not only implicated in cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and pulmonary embolism (PE), but also in cancers. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in platelet thrombus formation is a major challenge for scientists today. For this purpose, new imaging technologies (such as confocal intravital microscopy, electron microscopy, holotomography, etc.) coupled with animal models of thrombosis (mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.) allow a better overview of this complex physiopathological process. Each of the cellular components is known to participate, including the subendothelial matrix, the endothelium, platelets, circulating cells, and, notably, neutrophils. Initially known as immune cells, neutrophils have been considered to be part of the landscape of thrombosis for more than a decade. They participate in this biological process through their expression of tissue factor (TF) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Moreover, highly activated neutrophils are described as being able to release their DNA and thus form chromatin networks known as “neutrophil extracellular traps” (NETs). Initially, described as “dead sacrifices for a good cause” that prevent the dissemination of bacteria in the body, NETs have also been studied in several human pathologies, such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Many articles suggest that they are involved in platelet thrombus formation and the activation of the coagulation cascade. This review presents the models of thrombosis in which neutrophils and NETs are involved and describes their mechanisms of action. We have even highlighted the medical diagnostic advances related to this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Carminita
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM 1263 (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche), INRAE 1260 (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l’Environnement), C2VN (Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research), 13885 Marseille, France; (E.C.); (L.C.); (C.D.)
- Aix Marseille University, PIVMI (Plateforme d’Imagerie Vasculaire et de Microscopie Intravitale), C2VN (Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research), 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Lydie Crescence
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM 1263 (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche), INRAE 1260 (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l’Environnement), C2VN (Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research), 13885 Marseille, France; (E.C.); (L.C.); (C.D.)
- Aix Marseille University, PIVMI (Plateforme d’Imagerie Vasculaire et de Microscopie Intravitale), C2VN (Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research), 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Panicot-Dubois
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM 1263 (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche), INRAE 1260 (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l’Environnement), C2VN (Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research), 13885 Marseille, France; (E.C.); (L.C.); (C.D.)
- Aix Marseille University, PIVMI (Plateforme d’Imagerie Vasculaire et de Microscopie Intravitale), C2VN (Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research), 13385 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Christophe Dubois
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM 1263 (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche), INRAE 1260 (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l’Environnement), C2VN (Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research), 13885 Marseille, France; (E.C.); (L.C.); (C.D.)
- Aix Marseille University, PIVMI (Plateforme d’Imagerie Vasculaire et de Microscopie Intravitale), C2VN (Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research), 13385 Marseille, France
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Martyanov AA, Morozova DS, Sorokina MA, Filkova AA, Fedorova DV, Uzueva SS, Suntsova EV, Novichkova GA, Zharkov PA, Panteleev MA, Sveshnikova AN. Heterogeneity of Integrin α IIbβ 3 Function in Pediatric Immune Thrombocytopenia Revealed by Continuous Flow Cytometry Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093035. [PMID: 32344835 PMCID: PMC7246588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune condition primarily induced by the loss of immune tolerance to the platelet glycoproteins. Here we develop a novel flow cytometry approach to analyze integrin αIIbβ3 functioning in ITP in comparison with Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) (negative control) and healthy pediatric donors (positive control). Continuous flow cytometry of Fura-Red-loaded platelets from whole hirudinated blood was used for the characterization of platelet responses to conventional activators. Calcium levels and fibrinogen binding were normalized to ionomycin-induced responses. Ex vivo thrombus formation on collagen was observed in parallel-plate flow chambers. Platelets from all ITP patients had significantly higher cytosolic calcium concentration in the quiescent state compared to healthy donors (15 ± 5 nM vs. 8 ± 5 nM), but calcium increases in response to all activators were normal. Clustering analysis revealed two subpopulations of ITP patients: the subgroup with high fibrinogen binding (HFB), and the subgroup with low fibrinogen binding (LFB) (8% ± 5% for LFB vs. 16% ± 3% for healthy donors in response to ADP). GT platelets had calcium mobilization (81 ± 23 nM), fibrinogen binding (5.1% ± 0.3%) and thrombus growth comparable to the LFB subgroup. Computational modeling suggested phospholipase C-dependent platelet pre-activation for the HFB subgroup and lower levels of functional integrin molecules for the LFB group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Martyanov
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow 117198, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya str., Moscow 109029, Russia
- Institute for Biochemical Physics (IBCP), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Russian Federation, Moscow, Kosyigina 4 119334, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daria S. Morozova
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1 Lomonosovsky av., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maria A. Sorokina
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A. Filkova
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow 117198, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya str., Moscow 109029, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daria V. Fedorova
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Selima S. Uzueva
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Elena V. Suntsova
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Galina A. Novichkova
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Zharkov
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Panteleev
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow 117198, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya str., Moscow 109029, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Russia
| | - Anastasia N. Sveshnikova
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow 117198, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya str., Moscow 109029, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Covarrubias R, Chepurko E, Reynolds A, Huttinger ZM, Huttinger R, Stanfill K, Wheeler DG, Novitskaya T, Robson SC, Dwyer KM, Cowan PJ, Gumina RJ. Role of the CD39/CD73 Purinergic Pathway in Modulating Arterial Thrombosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1809-20. [PMID: 27417582 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating blood cells and endothelial cells express ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). CD39 hydrolyzes extracellular ATP or ADP to AMP. CD73 hydrolyzes AMP to adenosine. The goal of this study was to examine the interplay between CD39 and CD73 cascade in arterial thrombosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS To determine how CD73 activity influences in vivo thrombosis, the time to ferric chloride-induced arterial thrombosis was measured in CD73-null mice. In response to 5% FeCl3, but not to 10% FeCl3, there was a significant decrease in the time to thrombosis in CD73-null mice compared with wild-type mice. In mice overexpressing CD39, ablation of CD73 did not inhibit the prolongation in the time to thrombosis conveyed by CD39 overexpression. However, the CD73 inhibitor α-β-methylene-ADP nullified the prolongation in the time to thrombosis in human CD39 transgenic (hC39-Tg)/CD73-null mice. To determine whether hematopoietic-derived cells or endothelial cell CD39 activity regulates in vivo arterial thrombus, bone marrow transplant studies were conducted. FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis in chimeric mice revealed a significant prolongation in the time to thrombosis in hCD39-Tg reconstituted wild-type mice, but not on wild-type reconstituted hCD39-Tg mice. Monocyte depletion with clodronate-loaded liposomes normalized the time to thrombosis in hCD39-Tg mice compared with hCD39-Tg mice treated with control liposomes, demonstrating that increased CD39 expression on monocytes protects against thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that ablation of CD73 minimally effects in vivo thrombosis, but increased CD39 expression on hematopoietic-derived cells, especially monocytes, attenuates in vivo arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Covarrubias
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Elena Chepurko
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Adam Reynolds
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Zachary M Huttinger
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Ryan Huttinger
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Katherine Stanfill
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Debra G Wheeler
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Tatiana Novitskaya
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Simon C Robson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Karen M Dwyer
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Peter J Cowan
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.)
| | - Richard J Gumina
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.C., E.C., T.N., R.J.G.), Department of Pharmacology (R.J.G.), and Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology (R.J.G.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A.R., Z.M.H., R.H., K.S., D.G.W.); Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.C.R.); School of Medicine, Deakin University (K.M.D., P.J.C.); Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital (K.M.D.); and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.M.D., P.J.C.).
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